Human Anatomy and Physiology with Gross/ Macroscopic Anatomy

Pathophysiology (HAPP111)
 Study of normal structures of the human body
Chapter 1: The Human Organism big enough to be studied by unaided eye

1.1 Human Anatomy 1. Systemic Anatomy – by specific body systems

Anatomy
 Scientific discipline that investigates the
structure of the human body
 Derived from Greek word
 Meaning -> “cut into”, “cut apart and separate”,
to dissect
 Implication -> study of structure by dissection of
dead human bodies
History: Cadavers and the Law
 The bodies of dead people used by anatomist for
study
 Early 1800
- Used for cadavers increased beyond the
ability to acquire them legally
- Resurrectionists/ body snatchers (grave)
- William Burke, William Hare (scottland) –
murdered 17 people and sold them to
medical schools
 Studies the structure of body parts, their
microscopic organization and the processes by
which they develop
 Examines the relationship between the structure
of a body part and its function
(e.g: nervous system, circulatory system)
2. Regional Anatomy – by body region
(e.g: head region, thoracic region)
3. Surface Anatomy – landmarks on the body
surface of different visceral organs
Microscopic Anatomy
 Study of structures of the human body through
the use of microscope
1. Cytology – chemical and microscopic study of
cells
2. Histology – study of normal tissues of the body
Embryology
 Study of development of the human body from
fertilization of ovum up to the period of
extrauterine life
Neuroanatomy
 Study of normal microscopic, gross features and
development of the nervous system
1.2 Human Physiology
Physiology

 “fiz”, the study of nature

 The scientific discipline that deals with the
Divisions of Human Anatomy processes or functions of living things
2 Major Goals of Physiology:
Gross/Macroscopic Microscopic Neuro
Embryology
Anatomy Anatomy Anatomy 1. To understand and predict the body’s responses
to stimuli
Systemic 2. To understand how the body maintains
Anatomy Cytology
conditions within a narrow range of values in the
Regional presence of continually changing internal and
Anatomy Histology external environments

Surface
Anatomy

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 Molecules – 2 or more atoms joining together (fats,
Divisions of Human Physiology proteins, carbohydrates)
* the structural and functional characteristics of all
Special Systemic Pathologic organisms are determined by their chemical make – up
Cell Physiology Physiology
Physiology Physiology
Cellular Level

 Cells – basic structural and functional units of

Cell Physiology organisms
 Molecules combine to form organelles (small
 The study of the functions of living cells
structures that make up of cells)
 Cornerstone of human physiology
 Nucleus – hereditary information
Special Physiology  Mitochondria – ATP Production

 The study of the functions of specific organs Tissue Level

 E.g: cardiac physio – study of the functions of
 Tissue – a group of similar cells and the material
the heart
surrounding them (intercellular substances)
Systemic Physiology  4 fundamental types of tissues: epithelial,
connective, muscular and nervous
 Includes all aspects of the functions of specific
organ system Organ Level
 E.g: cardiovascular physio, respiratory physio,
 Organ – composed of 2 or more tissue types that
reproductive physio
together perform 1 or more common functions
Pathologic Physiology (e.g stomach, urinary bladder, skin, heart)

 The study of the effects of diseases on organ or Organ System Level

system functions
 Organ system – a group of organs classified as a
unit because of a common function or set of
1.3 Structural and Functional Organization of function
the Human Body  11 major organ systems: integumentary,
muscular, respiratory, nervous, cardiovascular,
reproductive, skeletal, lymphatic, digestive,
endocrine and urinary
BODY SYSTEMS:
1. Integumentary System – the skin and its
Organism Level appendages (e.g. hairs, nails)
Organ System Level 2. Skeletal System – articular system (e.g. bones,
Organ Level certain cartilaginous parts in the nose and chest,
Tissue Level joints and their associated bones and ligaments)
Cell Level 3. Muscular System – primary function is for
Chemical
Level locomotion (e.g. skeletal muscle)
4. Nervous System – the master system that
controls and coordinates the activities of all
Chemical Level
other systems (e.g. brain, spinal cord and other
Includes Atoms – the smallest unit of matter nerves arising from them)
(hydrogen, oxygen, calcium) 5. Circulatory System – also called as vascular
system (e.g. heart, blood vessels and blood)

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 6. Digestive System – extend from mouth to anus
(e.g. oral cavity, pharynx, gut, associated glands
such as pancreas and liver)
7. Respiratory System – exchanges oxygen and
carbon dioxide. Consists of the lungs and
respiratory passages
8. Urinary System – removes waste products from
the blood, regulated pH, water balance (e.g.
kidneys, urinary bladder, ducts that carry urine)
9. Endocrine System – ductless glands which
produce hormones. Major regulatory system
influencing metabolism, growth, reproduction
etc.
10. Reproductive System – female (ovaries,
vagina, uterus, mammary glands etc.) male
(testes, penis, accessory structures)
11. Lymphatic System – removes foreign
substances from blood and lymph etc. (e.g.
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes etc.
1.4 Characteristics of Life
1. Organization
2. Metabolism
3. Responsiveness
4. Growth
5. Development
6. Reproduction
 Organization
- Specific interrelationships among the parts
of an organism and how those parts interact
to perform specific functions
- Living things -> highly organized
- All organism -> either composed of 1 or
more cells
- Disruption – loss of function; death
 Metabolism
- The ability to use energy to perform vital
functions
Homeostasis Regulation
- Growth, movement and reproduction
- Plants – energy captures from sunlight
- Humans – obtain energy from food
 Responsiveness
- The ability to sense changes – make
adjustments – helps maintain life
- Movement toward food or water
- Movement away from danger
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- Movement away from poor environmental
conditions
- Make adjustments that maintain their
internal environment
- (e.g. when body temperature increases in a
hot environment – sweat production:
cooling)
 Growth
- Refers to an increase in size of all or part of
the organism
- Results from: increase in cell number and
size, or increase in the amount of substance
surrounding cells
- (e.g. bone cells, bone matrix)
 Development
- Includes the changes an organism undergoes
through time
- The greatest developmental changes occur
before birth, but many changes continue
after birth, and some continue throughout
life
 Reproduction
- The formation of new cells, or new
organisms
- Without reproduction: growth and tissue
repair are impossible and species become
extinct
1.5 Homeostasis
 Homeostasis
- Homeo means “the same”
- refers to the existence of a stable internal
environment
- Body’s internal environment remain within
certain physiologic limits
- Essential for survival
1. Autoregulation
- Occurs when the activities of a
cell/tissue/organ/organ system change
automatically when faced with some
environment variation
- e.g. when cells lack oxgen –> they release
chemicals (blood vessels dilate)
2. Extrinsic Regulation
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 - Results from the activities of the nervous side
system or endocrine system, organ systems Superior Up/above
that control or adjust the activities of many Inferior Down/below
different systems simultaneously Anterior/ventral Front
- e.g. during exercise -> nervous system Posterior/dorsal Back
commands the increase of heart rate -> Proximal Nearest
blood circulate faster Distal Distant
Lateral Away from the midline of
Negative Feedback Mechanisms the body
Medial Toward the midline of the
- Most systems of the body are regulated by
body
negative feedback mechanism Superficial Toward or on the surface
- Maintain homeostasis Deep Away from the surface;
- Negative – any deviation from the set point internal
is made smaller or is resisted
- Does not prevent variation
- Maintains variation within a normal range Terms of Movement

Term Definition
Flexion Bending or decreasing
Positive Feedback Mechanism the angle between body
Extension Straightening or
- Occurs when the initial stimulus further
increasing the angle
stimulates the response between body parts
- The deviation from the set point becomes Abduction Moving away from the
even greater median plane
- At times, this type of response is required to Adduction Moving toward the
re-achieve homeostasis (e.g. during blood median plane
loss – clot formation production Rotation Moving around the long
- Can be detrimental (e.g. inadequate delivery axis
of blood to cardiac muscle during blood loss Circumduction Circular movement
– decreasing BP more combining flexion,
extension, abduction and
1.6 Terminology and Body Plan adduction
Eversion Moving the foot wherein
the sole faces laterally
Body Positions Inversion Moving the foot wherein
the sole faces medially
 Anatomical Position Supination Rotating the forearm and
- A person standing erect (or lying supine as if hand laterally so that the
erect) palm faces anteriorly
- Head and eyes directed forward Pronation Rotating the forearm and
- Upper limbs by the sides with the palms hand medially so that the
facing forward palm faces posteriorly
- Lower limbs together with toes pointing Protraction Movement of mandible
forward forward
Retraction Moving of mandible
Directional Terms backward

Term Definition
right Towards the body’s right
side
Left Towards the body’s left
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 1. Head – brain, face with eyes, nose, mouth, ears
are found
2. Neck – connects head and trunk
3. Trunk:
a. Thorax – heart and lungs
b. Abdomen – most parts of digestive and
urinary systems
c. Pelvic Cavity and Perineum – with
reproductive, digestive, urinary systems
4. Upper Extremities – arm, forearm, wrist and
hand
5. Lower Extremities – thigh, leg, ankle and foot

Planes of Sections of the Body

1. Medial or Sagittal Plane – runs vertically
through the body and separates it into right and
left parts
2. Coronal or Frontal Plane – runs vertically
from right to left and divides the body into
anterior and posterior parts
3. Transverse or Horizontal Plane – runs parallel
to the surface of the ground, dividing the body
into superior and inferior parts

Body Regions
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Subdivisions of the Abdomen Longitudinal Section – a cut through the long axis of
the organ
Right Epigastric Left
Hypochondriac Region Hypochondriac Transverse or Cross Section – a cut at a right angle to
Region Region the long axis
Right Lumbar Umbilical Left Lumbar
Region Region Region Oblique Section – a cut made across the long axis at
Right Iliac Hypogastric Left Iliac other than a right angle
Region Region Region

Right – Upper Quadrant Left – Upper Quadrant

Right – Lower Quadrant Let – Lower Quadrant

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