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2 Chemical Basis - Anaphysio
2 Chemical Basis - Anaphysio
Pathophysiology (HAPP111)
Chapter 2: The Chemical Basis of Life 5. Atom – smallest particle of an element that has
the chemical characteristic of that element
2.1 Basic Chemistry (e.g. carbon is composed only of carbon
atoms)
Chemistry Contains Nucleus (a dense inner core)
Scientific discipline 3 Subatomic Particles
1. Protons – positively charged
Concerned with atomic composition and
particles
structure of substances and reactions they
2. Electrons – negatively charged,
undergo
surround the nucleus
3. Neutrons – no electrical charge
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Inorganic Chemistry
- Deals with substances that do not
contain carbon except CO2, CO
Organic Chemistry
- The study of Carbon – containing
molecules
- Organic Molecules – carbon atoms
bound together by Covalent Bonds
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4 major groups of organic molecules in living - Group of compounds with diverse
organisms: Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein, chemical structure and composition
Nucleic Acid - Insoluble in water (polar solvents)
- Soluble in nonpolar solvents/other
A. Carbohydrates (C, H, O) lipids and inorganic compounds
- Hydrates of carbon (alcohol, acetone)
- Contains Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Fats
Carbon
- Function: Energy Energy storage
Energy source: Monosaccharides Pad and insulate the body
Energy storage: Polysaccharides Glycerol and fatty acids (Fatty acid 14 – 18
(glycogen) carbon atoms)
Monosaccharid Disaccharides Polysaccharides 1. Saturated – single covalent bonds between
e carbon atoms
- building blocks 2. Unsaturated – with double covalent bonds
of carbohydrates a. Monounsaturated
- Smallest CHO - Combination - long chain of b. Poly unsaturated
molecule of 2 monosaccharide e.g. triglycerides – 3 fatty acids bound to a
monosaccharid glycerol molecule
e.g. glucose, e.g. maltose, e.g. glycogen
galactose, lactose, (animal starch), Phospholipids
mannose, sucrose plant starch,
fructose cellulose (plant structure, components of cell membrane
cell walls) glycerol, fatty acids, with phosphorus
1. Polar End (with phosphorus); water loving
(hydrophilic)
Functions of Carbohydrates 2. Nonpolar End – hydrophobic – repelled by
Short – term energy storage water
Converted to glucose quickly e.g. phospholipids, cholesterol
Glucose is used to make ATP (energy) Eicosanoids
Brain cells require glucose
Regulation; role in the response o tissues to
injuries
e.g. prostaglandins
Steroids
D. Nucleic Acids
Made up of nucleotides
Composition: nitrogenous base,
phosphate, pentose sugar
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