Nama : Aldrichsyah Yoga Pratama PJP : Puji Rianti

NIM : F24198007 Assistants :

Group : 5 1. Ade Buchori (A24160007)
Date : Saturday, 16 May 2020 2. Kael Dilon Ezra (G34160096)

Practicum report topic 13th.

Method

1. Observation of Nematodes

Googling 5 species of worms that live as parasites in the human body. Draw with a pencil
and give a description of the morphological parts of the body. Besides parasites in the human body,
where can they live? Make its classification (Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species).
Classification References Hand draw

Phylum :
Nematoda
Class :
Chromadorea
Order :
Rhabditida
Family :
Oxyuridae
Genus :
Enterobius
Species:
Enterobius
vermicularis

Live in the anal

area causing
itchy anal.
Phylum:
Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoda
Order:
Cyclophyllidea
Family:
Taeniidae
Genus: Taenia
Species :
T.solium

Live in human’s
small intestine
and they also
live in the pig.

Phylum:
Platyhelminthes
Class: Cestoda
Order:
Cyclophyllidea
Family:
Taeniidae
Genus: Taenia
Species :
T.saginata

Live in human’s
small intestine
and they also
live in cow and
sheep.
Phylum:
Nematoda
Class:
Chromadorea
Order: Ascaridia
Family:
Ascarididae
Genus: Ascaris
Species :
A.lumbricoides

Live in human’s
small intestine
and they also
live in poor
sanitation
environment
and raw human
faces

Phylum:
Nematoda
Class:
Chromadorea
Order:
Rhabditida
Family:
Ancylostomatid
ae
Genus:
Ancylostoma
Species:
A.duodenale

Live in human’s
lungs, skin, and
small intestine
and they also
live on the soil.

2. Observation of Mollusca

Observe a snail (Achatina fulica). Look for these animals in the yard, garden or humid habitat.
Draw with a pencil the morphology of the snails when walking, complete the drawing with the details of
their body anatomy. Observe the rotation direction of the shell, the apex, and leg muscles. If you don't
find it in your surroundings, look for the video on YouTube. Observe and draw with pencil the
squid body (Loligo sp.), Especially the parts of the tentacles, arms, chiffon channel, mantle, and fin
(fins). Find this squid in the market, or if not , find the picture or video with Google. Explain how this
animal moves. What is the role of the tentacles and chiffon in locomotion? Make its classification
(Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species).

Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Mollusca
Class : Gastropoda
Order : Achatinoidea
Family : Achatinidae
Genus : Achatina
Species : Achatina fulica

Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Mollusca
Class : Cephalopoda
Order : Decapod
Family : Loliginidae
Genus : Loligo
Species : Loligo sp.
The squid moves using tentacles and spray water from the mentel cavity. When the mentel
cavity is full of water, and air spray through the chiffon causes the body of the squid to be
pushed backward. Water sprays inflict a very strong boost to the body of the Fondly, so that the
same movement arises arrows, which is why squid is often called the Sea arrows. Locomsi or
an active trip from one to the squid is by swimming. As I mentioned above, chiffon serves to
spray the air so that the squid can be pushed back. Next the tentacles will be the steering wheel
when swimming.

3. Observation of Arthropods

(a) Find a spider in your house or around you. Draw with pencil and determine their body parts :
eyes, mouth structure, pedipalps, number of limbs, spinneret.
(b) Observe a shrimp . Draw with pencil and determine their body parts : eyes, antennae, rostrum,
cheliped, walking foot, swimming foot, uropod, telson.
(c) Observe a grasshopper, bee and beetle. Draw with a pencil and determine their body parts (head,
thorax, abdomen), mouth structure, number of antennas, number and properties of wings, number of
legs.
(d) Make a classification of each observed animal (phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species). If
it is difficult to identify the genus name and its species, classification is enough until the family. If you have
trouble finding live specimens or wet specimens, use pictures or videos with Google.

Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Arachnida
Ordo : Araneae
Family : Araneidae
Genus : Araneus
Species : Araneus diadematus
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Malacostraca
Order : Decapoda
Family : Penaeidae
Genus : Penaeus
Species : Penaeus monodon

Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Ordo : Orthoptera
Family : Acrididae
Genus : Valanga
Species : Valanga nigricornis
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Order : Hymenoptera
Family : Apidae
Genus : Apis
Species : Apis andreniformis

Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Order : Coleoptera
Family : Scarabaeidae
 4. Observation of Fish

Observe a Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) or Mozambique tilapia (Tilapia

mossambica). Draw with pencil and determine their body parts: mouth, eyes, operculum, scales, fins
(dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal, caudal), lateral lines. Determine the type of their caudal fin: homocercal,
diphycercal, or heterocercal. Observe and image scales of her (looking pictures with google). Notes its
classification (Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species).

Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Osteichtyes
Order : Percomorphi
Family : Cichlidae
Genus : Oreochormis
Species : Oreochormis niloticus

5. Observation of Amphibians and Reptiles

Observe a living frog (Rana sp.) and draw it with pencil their body parts: eyes, teeth, nostrils,
tympani membrane, legs, fingers, phalanges. Observe a living lizard ( Cosymbotus platyurus )and draw
it with pencil the parts of their body : nostril, legs, tail and scales. Observe the structure of the sole of the
foot. How can lizards crawl on the wall, without falling? What kind of mechanism do they have?
Classify these two types of animals (Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species). If it is difficult
tofind it in your surroundings, search them with Google.
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Amphibi
Order : Diploceola
Family: Ranidae
Genus : Rana
Species : Rana sp

Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Reptilia
Order : Squamata
Family : Gekkonidae
Genus : Cosymbotus
Species : Cosymbotus platyurus
Lizards have billions of tiny hairs on the soles of their feet. The hair forms a strong bond
with the surface of the wall so that lizards can stick to the wall.
6. Birdwatching

Observe a live pigeons or other bird species around you. Draw it with a pencil and write down
their body parts. Observe the shape of the beak, legs, and structure of the fur. In the wing feathers,
observe the structure of the rachis, barb, barbule, and hook. If there are no living specimens, find the
images or videos with google. Notes its classification (Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and
Species).

Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Aves
Order : Columbiformes
Family : Columbidae
Genus : Columba
Species : Columba livia
7. Observation of Mammals

Observe a living white mice (Mus musculus). Draw it with pencil and write down their body parts.
You can also doo this observation through a picture or video from the internet. Can use pictures or videos
in cyberspace. Notes its classification (Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species).

Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Class : Mammalia
Order : Rodentia
Family : Muridae
Genus : Mus
Species : Mus musculus
 QUESTIO
N

1) What is the type of nematode that lives in a cow's stomach? Explain the characteristics of this
nematodes!
2) Is the direction of the land snail shell rotation a specific characteristic? Is it difference than the
rotation direction of the water snail shell?
3) Explain the differences of all arthropods that you observe!

4) What do you know about homocercal, diphycercal, heterocercal!

5) Explain the difference between Amphibia and Reptiles?

6) What do amphibians, reptiles and mammals have in common? What is the function of hair in
the white mice?

Answer

1) Examples of nematodes that live in the stomach of a cow are Mecistocirrus sp. and
Oesophagustomum sp. and Mecistocirrus sp. adults have bodies that are red and white.
The length of the female worm is 29.7 ± 1.5 mm and the distance of the vulva from the
posterior end is 0.57 ± 0.23 mm, while the length of the male worm is 21.2 ± 0.9 mm.
Male worms have a copulatric bursa, with symmetrical lateral lobes and dorsal lobes,
completed with spicules (Harvey 2000). Besides being able to infect cow, Mecistocirrus
sp. can also infect buffalo. Spread of Mecistocirrus sp in general through grass or forage
that is contaminated by infectile stage larvae (L3). In the stomach, stage L3 will undergo
an ecdysis into stage L4, at stage L4 begins the period in the abomasum. Stage L4 lasts
from the 9th day until the 28th day after infection (Kusumamihardja, 1993). Another
nematode that infects and lives in the stomach of a cow is Oesophagustomum sp. This
worm is white to white. Male worms are 12-16 mm long and female worms 14-18 mm
long. Larvae are in the small intestine and large intestine, but adult worms are only found
in the large intestine (Akoso 1996). This worm has a life cycle that starts from the egg,
then the larvae that actively creep into the buds of grass, which will then be eaten by
herbivores (cows). The larvae first live in the intestine for one week to five months.
Furthermore, the larvae will penetrate the right gastric wall (Akoso 1996).

2) The direction of rotation of the land snail shell is not a specific characteristic because in
general the snails that live in salt water have a torsional shell rotation direction to the right
called dextral. Whereas, the direction of rotation of the shell to the left is called sinistral
which is usually owned by land snails and freshwater snails (Hugdahl and Anderson
1984). Sea snails that live in the sea have a thicker surface than land snails because they
 are influenced by the amount of lime
owned by sea conch shells. The direction of rotation of the shell is also influenced by the
type of egg division, namely holoblastic spiral division. The gene that regulates the
direction of the right rotation is the D gene. Whereas, the d gene is the allele that controls
the direction of rotation to the left.

3)

Spider Shrimp Grasshopper

The body consists of 2 The body consists of 2 The body consists of 3

parts, namely parts, namely parts, namely the head,
cephalothorax and cephalothorax and chest and stomach
abdomen abdomen

Feet totaling 4 pairs The foot of the road is 5 Feet totaling 3 pairs
pairs

Having a net making tool Swimming legs are found Having wings
in all segments of the body

Has a calisera and Having claws Has a facet eye and a

pedipalps single eye

Have cephalothorax Having an antenna Has a chewing mouth

Arachnid phylum Phylum crustaceans Insect phylum

4) The terms ‘homocercal’, ‘diphycercal’, ‘and‘ heterocercal ’are the distribution of fish tail
types based on the development of the back end of the notochord. In homocercals, the tip
of the notochord at the tail slightly turns toward the dorsal so that the cauda is divided
asymmetrically when viewed from the inside but divided symmetrically when viewed
from the outside. Examples of homocercal tails are found in teleostei. Diphycercal, the tip
of the notochord is straight toward the cauda so that the tail fin is divided symmetrically
both from the inside and from the outside. This type of tail is found in Dipnoi and
Latimeria fish. Whereas at the back end of the heterocercal notochord on the tail it turns
slightly toward the dorsal so that the cauda is divided asymmetrically, for example in a
conical fish (Moriyama and Takeda 2013). Homocercal is a curved or not shaped form of
pinna caudis and is supported by the radius of the caudal fin. Examples of homocercal in
fish are swordfish. Diphycercal is a rounded or tapered, symmetrical form of pinna
caudalis with the last vertebrae segment not reaching the tip of the fin. Examples of
diphycercal in ancient Coelacanth fish, lung fish, and salamanders. Heterocercal is a
 symmetrical form of pinna caudalis
some of the vertral ends are shorter. Examples of heterocercal whale sharks, sun sharks,
sand sharks, and hammerheads (Desvignes et al. 2018).

5) Although amphibians and reptiles are included in one field of study, they are still different
organisms. Reptiles have an outer shell (integument) that is covered by water-resistant
scales, which allows it to not depend completely on water. Amphibians, on the other
hand, have very permeable skin so they must depend entirely on water (Paul and Hogan
2008). Amphibians occupy a variety of habitats, ranging from stagnant water to high tree
tops (Iskandar 1998), while according to Halliday and Alder (2000) the spread of reptiles
is determined by the amount of sunlight in a habitat. To maintain body temperature,
amphibians usually live not far from water sources (Mistar, 2008). Unlike amphibians,
reptiles are not too dependent on water sources because reptiles do not need to keep their
skin moist (James, 2005). Amphibians fertilize externally while reptiles carry out internal
fertilization (Goin, 1971). According to Kusrini (2008), the main difference between
amphibians and reptiles lies in the development of the embryo. Reptile eggs are protected
by extra-embryonic membranes called amnions and eggshells, whereas amphibian eggs
are only protected by a semi-permeable gelatinous layer.

6) Amphibians, reptiles and mammals have several similarities. The three classes have a body
that can be divided into three parts, namely the head, body, and tail. In addition, these three
classes also have a tetrapoda, a pair of legs. Amphibians, reptiles and mammals are the
lungs. But in amphibians who have not yet matured, such as frogs, their breathing
apparatus is gills. The next equation is the habitat or place to live. All three classes have a
place to live on land or water. Examples of mammals that live in water are dolphins and
whales. The last equation is the circulatory system of these three classes. The circulatory
system is a closed circulatory system with each room in the heart totaling three in
amphibians and four in reptiles and mammals. White mice, which are mammals, have hair
on their bodies. Hair on white mice functions as a regulator of body temperature or known
as thermoregulation. Hair on white mice serves to hold body temperature to keep warm,
especially in cold air conditions (Tucker et al. 2007)
References

Akoso, TB. 1996. Kesehatan Sapi. Yogyakarta (ID): Kanisius.

Desvignes T, Carey A, Braascha I, Enright T, Postlethwait JH. 2018. Skeletal development in
the heterocercal caudal fin or spotted gar and other lepisosteiformes. Developmental
Dynamics. 247(5): 217-246.

Goin CJ, Goin OB. 1971. Introduction to Herpetology. San Francisco (US): W.H. Freeman
Halliday T, Alder K. 2000. The Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians.Global reptile
assesment: Natural history. Oxford (GB): UNESCO.
Harvey, D. 2002. Modern Analitycal Chemistry. New York (US): McGraw-Hill Comp.
Hugdahl K, Anderson L. 1984. A dichotic listening study of differences in cerebral
organization in dextral and sinistral subjects. Cortex. 20(1): 135-141.
Iskandar DT. 1998. Panduan Lapangan Amfibi Jawa dan Bali. Bogor (ID): Puslitbang LIPI.
James MG. 2005. Summary of Reptile Biology and Physiology. London (GB): Animal Legal
& Historical Center.
Kusrini MD. 2008. Pengenalan Herpetofauna. Bogor (ID): Fakultas Kehutanan IPB.
Kusumamihardja, S. 1993. Parasit dan Parasitosis pada Hewan Ternak dan Hewan
Piaraan. PAU Bioteknologi. Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Mistar. 2008. Panduan Lapangan Amfibi dan Reptil di Areal Mawas Provinsi Kalimantan
Tengah (Catatan Di Hutan Lindung Beratus). Palangkaraya (ID):
The Borneo Orang Utan Survival Foundation.

Moriyama Y, Takeda H. 2013. Retracted: Evolution and development of the homocercal

caudal fin in teleosts. Development, Growth, and Differentiation. 55(8): 99-120.

Paul DN, Hogan CM. 2008. Species Predator and Prey Biodiversity. Amphibian. 6(5): 77-98.

Tucker CB, Rogers AR, Verkerk GA, Kendall PE, Webster JR, Matthews LR. 2007. Effects of
shelter and body condition on the behaviour and physiology of dairy cattle in winter.
Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 105(3): 1-13.