Beams: Deformation by Integration: by Dr. Ibrahim A. Assakkaf

Third Edition
LECTURE
BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY
INTEGRATION
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering •Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
16 by
Dr. Ibrahim A. Assakkaf
SPRING 2003
Chapter ENES 220 – Mechanics of Materials
9.1 – 9.3 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 1

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
Introduction
– In the previous chapter our concern with
beams was to determine the flexural and
transverse shear stresses is straight
homogenous beams of uniform cross
section.
– We also dealt with various types of
composite beams, and we’re able to find
these stresses with some method such as
the transformed section.
1
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
Introduction
– In this chapter our concern will be beam
deformation (or deflection).
– There are important relations between
applied load and stress (flexural and shear)
and the amount of deformation or
deflection that a beam can exhibit.

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
Deflection of Beams
Figure 1
P1
w1
w2 P2
(a) w2 >> w1 (b) P2 >> P1
2
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
• Curvature varies linearly with x

1
• At the free end A, ρ = 0, ρA = ∞
A
1 EI
• At the support B, ≠ 0, ρ B =
ρB PL

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
3
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
Introduction
– In design of beams, it is important
sometimes to limit the deflection for
specified load.
– So, in these situations, it is not enough
only to design for the strength (flexural
normal and shearing stresses), but also for
excessive deflections of beams.

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
Introduction
– Figure 1 shows generally two examples of
how the amount of deflections increase
with the applied loads.
– Failure to control beam deflections within
proper limits in building construction is
frequently reflected by the development of
cracks in plastered walls and ceilings.
4
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
Introduction
– Beams in many machines must deflect just
right amount for gears or other parts to
make proper contact.
– In many instances the requirements for a
beam involve:
• A given load-carrying capacity, and
• A specified maximum deflection.

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
Methods for Determining Beam

Deflections
– The deflection of a beam depends on
four general factors:
1. Stiffness of the materials that the beam is
made of,
2. Dimensions of the beam,
3. Applied loads, and
4. Supports
5
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
Methods for Determining Beam

Deflections
– Three methods are commonly used to
find beam deflections:
1) The double integration method,
2) The singularity function method, and
3) The superposition method

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
General Load-Deflection Relationships

– Whenever a real beam is loaded in any
manner, the beam will deform in that an
initially straight beam will assume some
deformed shape such as those illustrated
(with some exaggerations) in Figure 1
– In a well-designed structural beam the
deformation of the beam is usually
undetectable to the naked eye.
6
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
– On the other hand, the bending of a
swimming pool diving board is quite
observable.
– The word deflection generally refers to the
deformed shape of a member subjected to
bending loads.
– The deflection is used in reference to the
deformed shape and position of the
longitudinal neutral axis of a beam.

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation

– In the deformed condition the neutral axis,
which his initially a straight longitudinal
line, assumes some particular shape that is
called the deflection curve.
– The derivation of this curve from its initial
position at any point is called the deflection
at that point.
7
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
Figure 2
Deflection or
Elastic Curve
s
x

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
Elastic Curve
– The Differential Equation
• The differential equation that governs beam
deflection will now be developed.
• The basis for this differential equation, plus
more other approximations, is that plane
sections within the beam remain plane before
and after loading, and the deformation of the
fibers (elongation and contraction) is
proportional to the distance from N.A.
8
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
Development of the Differential
Equation
– Consider the beam shown in Fig. 3 that is
subjected to the couple shown.
y A B
• x
Figure 3

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
Equation
y ρ
θ
A B
• x
M
c L
M
A B
Figure 4
L+δ
9
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation

Equation
– In region of constant bending moment, the
elastic curve is an arc of a circle of radius ρ
as shown in Fig. 4.
– Since the portion AB of the beam is bent
only with couples, sections A and B remain
plane as indicated earlier.

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation

Equation
From Fig. 4, we have
L L +δ (1)
θ= =
ρ ρ +c
Or
ρ + c L +δ (2)
=
ρ L
10
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation

Equation
– Dividing the right left-hand side of Eq. 2 by
ρ, yields 1+
c
ρ L +δ
=
1 L
or
c L +δ L +δ − L
= −1 =
ρ L L
Therefore,
c δ (3)
=
ρ L

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation

Equation
But δ σ Mc
= strain ε = , and σ =
L E I
Therefore,
c Mc
=
ρ EI
or
1 M
= (4)
ρ EI
11
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation

Equation
– Eq. 4 for the elastic curvature of the elastic
curve is useful only when the bending
moment is constant for the interval of the
beam involved.
– For most beams, however, the moment is
a function of position along the beam as
was seen in Chapter 8.

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
Equation
Recall from calculus, the curvature is given
by
d2y
1 dx 2
= (5)
ρ 3
  dy   2 2
1 +   
  dx  
12
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
Equation
– Eq. 5 is difficult to apply in real situation.
– However, if we realize that for most beams
the slope dy/dx is very small, and its
1
d2y square is much smaller, then term
= dx 2 2
ρ 3
  dy  2  2  dy 
1 +     
  dx    dx 
in Eq. 5 can be neglected as compared to
unity.

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation

Equation
With this assumption on the slope dy/dx
being very small quantity, Eq. 5 becomes
1 d2y
= (6)
ρ dx 2
Combining Eqs. 4 and 6, we get
d2y
EI 2 = M ( x ) (7)
dx
13
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
The Differential Equation

y of the Elastic
Curve for a Beam
• x
2
d y
EI = M (x ) (8)
dx 2
E = modulus of elsticity for the material
I = moment of inertia about the neutral axis of cross section
M(x) = bending moment along the beam as a function of x

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
• Relationship between bending moment and

curvature for pure bending remains valid for
general transverse loadings.
1 M ( x)
=
ρ EI
• Cantilever beam subjected to concentrated

load at the free end,
1 Px
=−
ρ EI
14
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
• From elementary calculus, simplified for beam

parameters, 2
d y
1 dx 2 d2y
= ≈
ρ   dy  2 
32
dx 2
1 +   
• Substituting and integrating,   dx  
1 d2y
EI = EI = M (x )
ρ dx 2
x
dy
= M ( x )dx + C1
dx ∫
EI θ ≈ EI
0
x x
EI y = ∫ dx ∫ M ( x ) dx + C1x + C2
0 0

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
y
Sign Convention
y • x
M - negative
M - positive
d2y
− negative d2y
dx 2 − negative
dx 2
x
Figure 5. Elastic Curve
15
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
Sign Convention Figure 6

y
V V
• x
M M (b) Positive Shear (clockwise)
L.H.F R.H.F M M
V V
(a) Positive Shear & Moment
(c) Positive Moment
(concave upward)

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
Relation of the Deflection y with

Physical Quantities such as V and M
deflection = y
dy
slope =
dx
d2y (9)
moment ( M ) = EI 2
dx
dM d3y
shear (V ) = = EI 3 (for EI constant)
dx dx
dV d4y
load ( w) = = EI 4 (for EI constant)
dx dx
16
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
Construction of Slope and Deflection
Diagrams
– In Chapter 8, a method based on the
previous relations was presented for
starting from the load diagram and drawing
first the shear diagram and then the
moment diagram.
– This method can readily be extended to the
construction of slope diagram and
deflection diagram.

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
Equation for Slope Diagram

Note that from Eq. 9, the moment is given
by
d2y d  dy  dθ
M = EI = EI   = EI
dx dx  dx  dx
from which Slope θ
θB xB
M
θ A-B = ∫ dθ = ∫ EI dx (10)
θA xA
17
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
Equation for Deflection Diagram

Note that from Eq. 9, the slope is given by
dy
θ=
dx
from which
xB xB xB
M
y A− B = ∫ θdx = ∫ ∫ EI dx
xA xA xA
(11)

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
P
Load Figure 7
L – Complete
P/2
(+)
Series of
Shear (V) Diagrams
(-)
P/2 for Simply
PL
Supported
4 (+)
Moment (M) beam
PL2
Slope (θ) PL2
16 EI
16 EI
Deflection (y)
PL3
48 EI
18
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Beam Deformation
Assumptions on Elastic Curve
Equation
1. The square of the slope of the beam is
negligible compared to unity.
2. The beam deflection due to shearing stresses
is negligible (plane section remains plane)
3. The values of E and I remain constant along
the beam. If they are constant, and can be
expressed as functions of x, then a solution
using Eq. 8 is possible.

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Deflection by Integration
Boundary Conditions
– Definition:
• A boundary condition is defined as a known
value for the deflection y or the slope θ at a
specified location along the length of the beam.
One boundary condition can be used to
determine one and only one constant of
integration.
19
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Example Boundary Conditions
Figure 8
y y
x x
(a) Slope = 0 at x = 0
(b) Slope at L/2 = 0
Deflection = 0 at x = 0
y Deflection = 0 at x = 0, and L
y
x x
(c) Slope at rollers ? (d) Slope = 0 at x =0

Deflection at rollers = 0 Deflection = 0 at x = 0 and x = L

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
General Procedure for Computing
1. Select the interval or intervals of the
beam to be used; next, place a set of
coordinate axes on the beam with the
origin at one end of an interval and then
indicate the range of values of x in each
interval.
2. List the variable boundary and matching
20
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
General Procedure for Computing
Deflection by Integration (cont’d)
Conditions for each interval selected.
3. Express the bending moment M as a
function of x for each interval selected
and equate it to EI(d2y/dx2).
4. Solve the differential equation from step 3
and evaluate all constants of integration.
Calculate y at specific points when
required

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Example 1
A beam is loaded and supported as shown in
the figure.
a) Derive the equation of the elastic curve in
terms of P, L, x, E, and I.
b) Determine the slope at the left end of the
beam.
c) Determine the deflection at x = L/2.
21
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Example 1 (cont’d)
y P
A x B
L L
2 2
FBD P
P P
RA = RA =
2 2

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
y P
M
+ ∑M S = 0; − M +
2
x=0
A x s• P
⇒M = x for 0 ≤ x ≤ L / 2 (12a)
P x V 2
RA =
2
y P
M P  L
A x s• M= x − P x −  for L / 2 ≤ x ≤ L
2  2
P L/2 V
RA = (12b)
2 x
22
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Boundary conditions:
• θ = 0 at x = L/2 (from symmetry)
• y = 0 at x = 0 and x = L
Using Eqs 8 and 12a:
d2y P
EI = M (x ) = x
dx 2 2
dy P
EI = EIθ = ∫ M ( x)dx = ∫ x
dx 2
P x2 P 2
EIθ =
2 2
+ C1 = x + C1
4
(12c)

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Expression for the deflection y can be
found by integrating Eq. 12c:
P 
EIy = ∫ EIθ dx = ∫  x 2 + C1 
4 
3
Px
EIy = + C1 x + C2
4 3
P
EIy = x 3 + C1 x + C2 (12d)
12
23
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
The objective now is to evaluate the
constants of integrations C1 and C2:
EIθ ( L / 2) = 0
P 2 P  L2 
x + C1 = 0 ⇒   + C1 = 0
4 4 4 
PL2
C1 = − (12e)
16

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
y (0 ) = 0
P 3 P
x + C1 x + C2 = 0 ⇒ (0 ) + C1 (0) + C2 = 0
12 12
C2 = 0 (12f)
(a)The equation of elastic curve from Eq. 12d
P 3 0
EIy = x + C1 x + C2
12
1  P 3 PL2  (12g)
y=  x − x
EI  12 16 
24
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
(b) Slope at the left end of the beam:
• From Eq. 12c, the slope is given by
P 2 P PL2
EIθ = x + C1 = x 2 −
4 4 16
1  P 2 PL2 
θ =  x − 
EI  4 16 
• Therefore,
1  P 2 PL2  PL2
θ A = θ (0) =  (0 ) −  = −
EI  4 16  16

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
– (c) Deflection at x = L/2:
• From Eq. 12g of the elastic curve:
1  P 3 PL2 
y=  x − x 
EI  12 16 
1  P  L  PL2  L  
3
y (L / 2 ) =   −  
EI  12  2  16  2  
PL3
=−
48 EI
25
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Example 2
A beam is loaded and supported as
shown in the figure.
a) Derive the equation for the elastic curve in
terms of w, L, x, E, and I.
b) Determine the slope at the right end of the
beam.
c) Find the deflection at x = L.

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
y
w
A x B
L
FBD
wL  2 L  wL2
MA =  =
2  3  6
wL
RA =
2
26
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Find an expression for a segment of the
distributed load:
Equation of Straight Line
w
wx = w − x
w L
wx
x
L
wx w w(L − x ) w
= ⇒ wx = = w− x (13a)
L−x L L L

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
w wx
2 M
wL
MA =
6
wL V
RA =
2
wL2 wL x (w − wx )x 2 x
+ ∑M s = 0; − M − + x − (wx x ) − =0
6 2 2 2 3
or
M ( x) = −
wL2 wL
+
w
x − x x2 −
(w − wx )x 2 (13b)
6 2 2 3
27
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
– The solution for parts (a), (b), and (c) can
be completed by substituting for wx into Eq.
13b, equating the expression for M(x) to
the term EI(d2y/dx2), and integrating twice
to get the elastic curve and expression for
the slope.
– Note that the boundary conditions are that
both the slope and deflection are zero at
x = 0.
d2y
i.e.; EIy′′ = EI 2 = M (x )
dx

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Example 3
For the overhanging steel beam ABC that
subjected to concentrated load of 50 kips
as shown, (a) derive an expression for the
elastic curve, (b) determine the maximum
deflection, and (c) find the slope at point A.
The modulus of elasticity E is 29 × 106 psi
and the moment of inertia of the cross
section of the beam was found as 723 in4.
28
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
y
E = 29 ×106 psi 50 kips
I = 723 in 4 B
A x C
15 ft 4 ft

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
We first find the reactions as follows:
y 50 kips
B
A x C
15ft 4 ft
RA = -13.33 kips RB = 63.33 kips

+ ∑ M B = 0; RA (15) + 50(4) = 0
∴ RA = −13.33 kips
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0; RA + RB − 50 = 0
∴ RB = 50 − RA = 50 − (−13.33) = 63.33 kips
29
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
y
M + ∑M S = 0; − M − 10.53 x = 0
A x s
x V ∴ M = −13.33 x (14a)
13.33 kips
y
B
+ ∑M S = 0; − M − 13.33x + 63.33( x − 15) = 0
M
A x s ∴ M = −13.33 x + 63.33 x − 949.95
15 V
x (14b)
M = −50 x − 949.95
13.33 kips 63.33 kips

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
Boundary conditions:
y(0) = 0, and y(15)=0
EIy′′ = M (x ) = −13.33x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 15
x2
EIy′ = EIθ = −13.33 + C1 = −6.67 x 2 + C1 (14c)
2
x3
EIy = −6.67 + C1 x + C2 (14d)
3
(0)3
EIy(0 ) = 0 = −6.67 + C1 (0) + C2
3
∴ C2 = 0 (14e)
30
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
EIy(15) = 0 = −6.67
(15)3 + C (15) + 0
1
3
∴ C1 = 500.25 (14f)
(a) The elastic curve is

1  x3 
y ( x) =  − 6.67 + 500.25 x  ft (14g)
EI  3 

ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
(b) Maximum deflection occurs when the
slope is zero. So setting dy/dx = θ = 0 in
Eq. 14c, gives
y′ = θ = 0 =
1
EI
(− 6.67 x 2 + 500.25 )
Conversion
∴ x = 8.66 ft
factor Using Eq. 14g with xmax = 8.66 ft, gives
ymax =
(12)2  − 6.67 (8.66)3 + 500.25(8.66)  = 0.01984 ft = 0.238 in
29 ×103 (723)  3 

31
ENES 220 ©Assakkaf
(c) The slope at point A (x = 0) can be
computed from Eq. 14c by substituting
zero for x as follows:
1
y′(0 ) = θ (0 ) =
EI
(
− 6.67 x 2 + 500.25 )
∴θ A =
(12) 2
29 ×10 3
[ 2
]
− 6.67(0 ) + 500.25 = 0.00344 rad
32

Beams: Deformation by Integration: by Dr. Ibrahim A. Assakkaf

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Third Edition

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 1

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 3

(a) w2 >> w1 (b) P2 >> P1

• Curvature varies linearly with x

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 5

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 7

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 9

 Methods for Determining Beam

 Methods for Determining Beam

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 11

 General Load-Deflection Relationships

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 13

 General Load-Deflection Relationships

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 15

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 17

 Development of the Differential

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 19

 Development of the Differential

 Development of the Differential

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 21

 Development of the Differential

 Development of the Differential

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 23

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 25

 Development of the Differential

 The Differential Equation

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 27

• Relationship between bending moment and

• Cantilever beam subjected to concentrated

• From elementary calculus, simplified for beam

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 29

 Sign Convention Figure 6

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 31

 Relation of the Deflection y with

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 33

 Equation for Slope Diagram

 Equation for Deflection Diagram

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 35

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 37

(c) Slope at rollers ? (d) Slope = 0 at x =0

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 39

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 41

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 43

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 45

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 47

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 49

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 51

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 53

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 55

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 57

RA = -13.33 kips RB = 63.33 kips

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 59

(a) The elastic curve is

LECTURE 16. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY INTEGRATION (9.1 – 9.3) Slide No. 61

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