DC Short Circuit Classical and IEC 61660

DC Short Circuit Classical and IEC 61660
Power Analytics Corporation

10805 Rancho Bernardo Road, Suite 270
San Diego, California 92127
U.S.A.
U.S. Toll Free Phone: 800-362-0603
Fax: 858-675-9724
www.PowerAnalytics.com
©Copyright Power Analytics Corporation 2012

All rights reserved
Version 6.10.00 November 2012

Table of Contents
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 4
2. Program Capabilities ........................................................................................................................ 6
3. Number of Batteries ......................................................................................................................... 7
4. Number of Chargers and Distribution Panels .................................................................................. 7
5. System Voltage Considerations ....................................................................................................... 7
6. Determination of Battery Duty Cycle ................................................................................................ 7
7. Battery Size (Capacity) .................................................................................................................... 8
8. Sources of Short Circuit Current ...................................................................................................... 8
9. Bus Short Circuit Current Calculation .............................................................................................. 8
10. Feeder Short Circuit Calculation ...................................................................................................... 8
11. Resistance Diagram ......................................................................................................................... 8
12. Inductance Diagram ......................................................................................................................... 9
13. IEC DC Short Circuit Calculations ................................................................................................. 11
14. References ..................................................................................................................................... 11
15. Tutorial Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 12
16. DesignBase DC Short Circuit Current Analysis Capabilities ......................................................... 12
17. Required Data for Performing DC Short Circuit Current Study...................................................... 12
18. DC System Short Circuit Current Calculations .............................................................................. 12
19. Time Constant and Rate of Rise of Short Circuit Current .............................................................. 13
20. Short Circuit Characteristics of Battery .......................................................................................... 14
21. Short Circuit Characteristics of Power Rectifier ............................................................................. 15

21.1 Power Rectifier ................................................................................................................................... 15
21.2 Synchronous Converter .................................................................................................................... 16
21.3 Double-Wye Rectifier ........................................................................................................................ 17
21.4 Double-Way Rectifier ........................................................................................................................ 18
22. Short Circuit Characteristics of DC Generators and Motors .......................................................... 19

22.1 Generator ............................................................................................................................................ 19
i
22.2 Motors .................................................................................................................................................. 20
23. ANSI DC Short Circuit Sample File ................................................................................................ 21
24. IEC DC Short Circuit Sample File .................................................................................................. 28
List of Figures
Figure 1 Typical DC System ....................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2 125 V Class 1E DC System Key Diagram .................................................................................... 5
Figure 3 125 1E DC System Instrumentation and Alarms .......................................................................... 5
Figure 4 Diagram of a Feeder Short Circuit ................................................................................................ 9
Figure 5 Resistance Diagram for DC System of Figure 4 ........................................................................... 9
Figure 6 Inductance Diagram for DC System of Figure 4 ......................................................................... 10
Figure 7 One line Diagram of Figure 4 ...................................................................................................... 10
Note: You can view this manual on your CD as an Adobe Acrobat PDF file. The file name is:
 DC Short Circuit Analysis DCSC.pdf
You will find the Test/Job files used in this tutorial in the following location:
 C:\DesignBase\Samples\DCSC = DC Short Circuit
Test Files: DC_sc2, DC_scge, Iec1
IMPORTANT NOTE: Power Analytics Corporation’s software products are tools intended to be used by
trained professionals only. They are not substitutes for your professional judgment or for independent
verification and testing of results as they pertain to your specific application. Use of all Power Analytics
Corporation software products is governed by the terms and conditions of the End-User License Agreement
(“EULA”) you accepted when purchasing and installing the software. You must comply with these terms and
conditions in applying the instructional material in this manual. If you do not have or are unfamiliar with the
contents of your EULA for this software, you should request, read, and understand a copy of your EULA
before proceeding.
Please accept and respect the fact that Power Analytics Corporation has enabled you to make an authorized disk as a
backup to prevent losing the contents that might occur to your original disk drive. DO NOT sell, lend, lease, give, rent
or otherwise distribute Power Analytics Corporation programs / User's Guides to anyone without prior written
permission from Power Analytics Corporation.
All Rights Reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written consent from
Power Analytics Corporation.
ii
What is New in 6.10.00
 Scenario-Dependent Short Circuit Temperatures. Fully integrated capability to simulate effects of multiple
temperature variations on DC system faults.
3
DC POWER SYSTEM
1. Introduction
DC auxiliary power systems play an important role in power generating station control, and in providing
backup power in emergency situations. Because of its inherent reliability, battery-supplied DC power is the
last chance of the electrical source for powering essential services in the event of a failure of the AC power
system. The battery supplies emergency power for circuit breaker control, protective relaying,
instrumentation, inverters, emergency lighting, communications, annunciators, fault recorders and auxiliary
motors.
Generally, the DC system includes motors, generators, rectifiers, batteries, electrolytic cells and
synchronous converters. A typical DC system consists of three major components: a battery, a charger
and a distribution system. Normally, the battery is float-charged by the battery charger; that is, the battery
charger supplies all continuous loads connected to the bus and supplies power to the battery to maintain it
in a full state of charge. Under normal conditions the battery does not supply any loads, but is held in
the fully charged conditions to supply the DC loads if all AC sources to the battery charger are lost.
Figure 1 Typical DC System
4
The following diagram has been copied with permission of IEEE Standard Committee.
Figure 2 125 V Class 1E DC System Key Diagram
Figure 3 125 1E DC System Instrumentation and Alarms
5
2. Program Capabilities
This program is capable of calculating the short circuit values of loop and radial DC systems. It can handle
multiple sources of short circuit, contributing loads, and all the present classes of DC motors and
generators. It can also handle islanding and user defined motors and generators.
This program is user friendly and can be a very powerful tool for professional engineers and designers in
short circuit analysis of DC systems.
The DC Short Circuit Analysis program can calculate short circuit of batteries, rectifiers, generators,
and any combination of these sources of faults. The values of short circuit are calculated for every
bus. DC branch current can also be calculated.
CLASSIFICATION OF DC MOTORS
CLASS = "MA" CLASS = "MB" CLASS = "MC" CLASS = "MD"

Pole face winding No No No Yes
Temp. rise 40C 40C 40 / 50C 40 and 60C
Loading Continuous Continuous Nema Continuous
Ventilation Open Open Open Forced and Open
Speed Constant Constant Adjustable Adjustable
Volts, Rated 115 230-250 230 230-750
Field Winding Shunt or Shunt or Shunt or Shunt or
compound wound compound wound compound wound compound wound
CLASS = "ME" Curve X Curve Y

Pole face winding No No
Temp. rise 75C 75C
Loading 1 Hour 1 Hour
Ventilation Self-closed Self-closed
Speed Adjustable Adjustable
Volts, Rated 230 230
Field Winding Compound wound Series
CLASSIFICATION OF DC GENERATORS
Class CLASS = "GA" CLASS = "GB" CLASS = "GC" CLASS = "GD"

Pole face winding No No Yes Yes
Temp. rise 40 C 40/50 C 40 C 40 C
Loading Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous
Ventilation Open Open Forced and open Forced and open
Speed Constant Constant Constant Constant
Volts, rated 120, 125 230-250, 300, 250 600, 750
600
Field winding Shunt or Shunt or Shunt or Shunt or
compound wound compound wound compound wound compound wound
6
3. Number of Batteries
As a minimum, a separate battery shall be provided for each engineered safety feature (ESF) division to make
it independent. In nuclear power stations, for example, in a unit with four reactor protection channels, four
batteries should be provided.
4. Number of Chargers and Distribution Panels
As a minimum, one battery charger and the corresponding main distribution panels should be provided for each
battery. Standby chargers should be considered for increased operating flexibility.
5. System Voltage Considerations
The nominal voltages of 250, 125, 48 and 24 are generally utilized in station battery systems. The type, rating,
cost, availability, and location of the connected equipment should be used to determine which nominal battery
voltage is appropriate for a specific application. A 250 V battery is typically used to power motors for
emergency pumps, and large inverters. A 125 V battery is typically used for control power for most relay logic
circuits, and the closing and tripping of switchgear circuit breakers. A 48 V or 24 V battery is typically used in
subsystems, as for example in specialized instrumentations.
6. Determination of Battery Duty Cycle
The battery duty cycle is the load current versus time demand placed on the battery during the loss of AC
power. It generally consists of various loads applied and removed during a defined period of AC power loss.
Examples of such loads are:
- Switchgear and load center control, tripping, closing, and indicating devices;
- Inverter (DC to AC) loads;
- Emergency turbine lube-oil pump;
- Protective relaying;
- Fire protection;
- Annunciators;
- Turbine-generator excitation breakers and controls;
- DC emergency lighting;
- Communications.
The application, removal, and duration of such loads produce a load current profile of the battery known as the
battery duty cycle. The duty cycle must be developed during the design of the DC system as per IEEE standard
485-1983 (5). The system designer must analyze the loads, anticipate at what times they are to be energized,
and for how long. The DC requirements can be first tabulated and then charted for easy analysis.
7
For example, the batteries are to supply power to the system for approximately one minute (the time
between loss of off-site power and the loading of the local generator) if, after such time, the charger
output and the DC loads return to normal. Such a design would be the minimum period meeting the
single failure criteria. More often, the overall period of the battery duty cycle is estimated at 0.5, 1, 2, or
4 hours. After the magnitude, the time duration of each component load, and the overall period have
been determined, each battery duty cycle should be constructed.
7. Battery Size (Capacity)
Battery sizing is a process in which the purchaser, using the duty cycle, defines the needs of the system and,
with the help of technical information supplied by the vendors, matches the requirements to standard cell
designs. In general, the positive-plate design defines the cell type, and the number of plates defines the cell
capacity. By varying the number of plates, a vendor is able to offer a variety of standard-size cells. Sizing may
be determined by using the procedures outlined in IEEE standard 485-1983 (8).
8. Sources of Short Circuit Current
The sources of short circuit current in direct current systems include motors, generators, rectifiers, batteries,
etc. The short circuit characteristics in each case include equivalent circuits to represent the particular source
when calculating the current initial rate of rise and the maximum short circuit current.
9. Bus Short Circuit Current Calculation
The calculation of short circuit current for a bus fault can generally be done by considering each source
individually, and then summing up the individual current to find the total short circuit current in the system.
10. Feeder Short Circuit Calculation
A short circuit on a feeder will result in the current from all of the sources flowing together through the system
elements. Refering to Fig. 4 for the indicated short circuit location, the current from all three sources must flow
through a common feeder from the bus to the short circuit location. The calculation of the short circuit current in
this case is performed with the aid of two-system diagrams: an inductance diagram and a resistance diagram.
11. Resistance Diagram
The resistance diagram for a direct current system is similar to a system one-line diagram and shows all of the
system resistances and is shown in Fig. 5. The values for the internal resistances of the sources of the short
circuit current are determined on the basis of the short circuit characteristics presented in the preceding
sections. This diagram is used to calculate the maximum short circuit current for a short circuit at any point in
the system. The resistances can be combined in parallel, or series, until one equivalent system resistance is
determined to represent the system from the point of short circuit back to the voltage source. The total
maximum short circuit current is then calculated by using this equivalent system resistance in the following
expression:
E
IT = amps
Req
Where E = System voltage (Volts);
8
Req = Equivalent system resistance (ohms);
IT = Total maximum short circuit current (amps).
Figure 4 Diagram of a Feeder Short Circuit

Showing The Current Sharing The Path Through The Common Circuit Element.
Figure 5 Resistance Diagram for DC System of Figure 4
12. Inductance Diagram
The inductance diagram for the DC system is also similar to a one-line diagram, and shows all the inductances
in the system, and is shown in Fig. 6. The inductance values for the sources of short circuit current can be
determined from the characteristics given in the preceding sections. The inductance diagram can be handled in
the same manner as the resistance diagram. The inductances can be combined as parallel, or series, elements
until one equivalent inductance is obtained to represent the entire system from the point of short circuit back to
the voltage source. The equivalent inductance is then used to calculate the initial rate of rise of the total short
circuit current from the expression:
9
diT E
= amps per second
dt Leq
Where Leq = Equivalent system inductance (henries).
Figure 6 Inductance Diagram for DC System of Figure 4
Figure 7 One line Diagram of Figure 4
Tc = Time Constant
Leq
= Sec.
Req
10
13. IEC DC Short Circuit Calculations
The IEC DC short circuit calculations are in accordance with IEC 61660. The DesignBase program
calculates:
Ik - Quasi steady state short circuit current

Ip - Peak short circuit current
Tp - Time to peak (ms)
T1 - Rise time of the standard approximation function (ms)
T2 - Decay time constant of the standard approximation function (ms)
For detailed analysis and formulas refer to the standard.
14. References
1. Linville, T. M., "Current and Torque of D-c Machines on Short-circuit," AIEE

Transactions, Vol. 65, Part I, pages 394-402;1946.
2. Linville, T. M. and Ward, H. C., Jr., "Solid Short-circuit of D-c Motors and Generators,"
AIEE Transactions, Vol. 68, Part I, pages 119-124; 1949.
3. McClinton, A. T., Brancato, E. L. and Panoff, Robert. "Transient Characteristics of D-c
Motors and Generators," pages 1100-1106.
4. "Maximum Short-circuit of D-c Motors and Generators," AIEE Committee Report, AIEE
Transactions, Vol. 69, Part I, pages 146-149; 1950.
5. Darling, A. G.; Linville, T. M., "Rate of Rise of Short-circuit Current of D-c Motors and
Generators," AIEE Transactions, Vol. 71, Part III, pages 314-325; 1952.
6. Jensen, L. E., Rettig, C. E.; "Regulation Curves and Transient Current of Double-way
and Double-wye Rectifiers," AIEE TP 55-65.
7. Dortort, I. K., "Extended Regulation Curves for Six-phase Double-way and Double-wye
Rectifiers," AIEE Transactions, vol. 72, pt. 1, pp. 192-198, 1952/53.
8. "Protection of Electronic Power Converters", AIEE Committee on Electronic Power
Converters, AIEE Trans., vol. 69, pt. 2, pp. 818-829, 1950.
9. Herskind, C. C., "Rectifier Fault Current, II," AIEE Trans., vol. 68, pt.1, pp. 243-251;
1949.
10. Dortort, I. K., "Equivalent Machine Constants for Rectifiers," AIEE Trans., vol. 72, pt. 1,
pp. 435-438; 1952/53.
11. Dillard, I. K.; Baldwin, C. J., Jr. "Rectifier Arc-back Study on the Analogue Computer,"
AIEE Trans., vol. 73, pt. 1, p. 198;
12. Jensen, L. E., "Mercury Arc Rectifier D-c Short-circuit Current Transients," DF-53-AD-
38.
13. Schmidt, A., Jr., "Fault Current in D-c Systems Which Include Rectifiers," DF-86706.
14. IEC 61660 “ Short Circuit Currents in d.c. Auxiliary Installations in Power Plants and
Substations” Part 1, 2, and 3
11
Tutorial
15. Tutorial Introduction
This tutorial illustrates step-by-step instructions for creating a DC system and performing DC short circuit
current calculations. The purpose of the tutorial is to familiarize the user with many of the functions of
DesignBase program (i.e. data entry, performing analysis and reporting).
Tutorial overview:
1. DesignBase DC Short Circuit Current Analysis Capabilities

2. Required Data For Performing DC Short Circuit Current Study
3. Start DesignBase program
4. Define Bus Record
5. Define Branch Record
6. Run DC Short Circuit Current Study and Review and Print Report
16. DesignBase DC Short Circuit Current Analysis Capabilities
The DesignBase DC Short Circuit Analysis program is capable of calculating the short circuit values of a
loop and radial DC systems. It can handle multiple sources of short circuit, contributing loads, and all
present classes of DC motors, DC generators and rectifiers. The short circuit values are calculated for
every bus, and the DC branch current can also be calculated.
There may be multiple batteries or generators in a DC distribution system. Each SC bus code (ie. battery,
rectifier, generator and DC motor) has its own pick list.
17. Required Data for Performing DC Short Circuit Current Study
In order to perform the calculations, the network topology must be defined. The required information are:
1. DC system alignment
2. Cable data: from/to, length, and size
3. Sources of short-circuit current (i.e. battery, rectifier, DC generator and/or DC motor)
The network file is made up of three parts: Master information, Nodes and Branches.
18. DC System Short Circuit Current Calculations
The sources of short circuit current in DC systems include batteries, rectifiers, motors, generators, etc.
The short circuit characteristics in each case include equivalent circuits to represent the particular source
when calculating the current initial rate of rise and the maximum short circuit current.
The calculation of short circuit current for a bus fault can generally be done by considering each source
individually, then summing up the individual current to find the total short circuit current in the system.
A short circuit on a feeder will result in the current from all of the sources flowing together through the
system elements.
The resistance diagram for a DC system is similar to a system one-line diagram and shows all of the
system resistances. The resistances can be combined in parallel or series until one equivalent system
12
resistance is determined to represent the system from the point of short circuit back to the voltage source.
The total maximum short circuit current is then calculated using this equivalent system resistance in the
following expression:
E
I SC = amps
Req
Where, E = System voltage (Volts)

Req = Equivalent system resistance (Ohms)
I SC = Total maximum short circuit current (Amps)
The inductance diagram for the DC system is also similar to a one-line diagram, and shows all the
inductance in the system. The inductance diagram can be handled in the same manner as the resistance
diagram. The inductance can be combined as parallel, or series, elements until one equivalent inductance
is obtained to represent the entire system from the point of short circuit back to the voltage source. The
equivalent inductance is then used to calculate the initial rate of rise of the total short circuit current from
the expression:
diT E
 amps per second
dt Leq
Where, Leq = Equivalent system inductance (henries)
The time constant is the time after the fault at which the current is equal to 63.2% of the maximum short
circuit value. Therefore, the total short circuit current has a value equal to 63.2% at E/Req at a time of
Leq/Req seconds after the short circuit occurs. Also, at a time equal to two (2) times the time constants,
the short circuit current is equal to approximately 87% of the maximum short circuit current. Therefore,
Leq
Tc = Time Constant = Sec.
Req
19. Time Constant and Rate of Rise of Short Circuit Current
The inductance (LBC) in the equivalent circuit represents the inductance of the conductors connecting the
cells.
RB LC Rcir+Rcell
EB Battery Terminals
The initial maximum rate of rise of the short circuit current is:
dI B EB
 amps per sec .
dt LBC + LCC
Where, LCC = Inductance of battery cells connector (Henries)

LBC = Inductance of battery circuit (Henries)
13
The inductance (in Henries) is calculated as follows:
X X
L  Henries
2 * PI * Frequency 377(for Freq  60Hz)
Time Constant:
TC = (LCCLBC)
Sec.
Req
20. Short Circuit Characteristics of Battery
If the user select ANSI standard for the short circuit calculations then the available types of battery are:
1. Custom (IEEE)
2. Max Short Circuit @ Terminal
3. 1 Minute
4. 8 Hour Rating
5. IEC 61660 Model
If Battery type selected is Custom (IEEE) then the battery resistance Rb is calculated from the battery
curve in the library in accordance with IEEE 946-1992.
 V1  V 2 
Rcell    / Np
 I 2  I1 
and Rb = Rcell x Nc
Where;
V1, V2, I1, I2 are the battery initial voltages and current from the battery library
Np is the number of positive plate
Nc is the number of cells
Otherwise; The battery internal resistance (RB) of the battery is determined by the formula:
RB = EB
MF x Idc
Where: RB = Battery internal resistance

EB = Battery actual voltage
Idc = Battery DC rated current in amps
MF = Short-circuit current Multiplying Factor
For MF, 10 times the one minute ampere rating (based on IEEE std. 946-1992 Section 7.9.1), 100 times
eight-hour-ampere-rating, or the maximum short-circuit current may be used to calculate the battery
14
internal resistance. If custom rating is selected, the battery equivalent R (OHMS) and X (OHMS) can be
entered.
The total equivalent resistance R eq is equal to:
Req  RBattery  RCell

The maximum short circuit current (IB) is calculated by:
IB = EB
amps
RB + Rcell
21. Short Circuit Characteristics of Power Rectifier
The available types of rectifier are:
1. Custom
2. Max Short Circuit @ Terminal
3. Double-Wye Rectifier
4. Double-Way Rectifier
5. Synchronous Converter
6. Power Rectifier
Power rectifiers are a major source of power for direct current systems in industry. Knowledge of the short
circuit characteristics of the power rectifier is essential for engineers who operate and design direct-
current systems that incorporate a rectifier.
The material presented here will provide assistance in determining the short circuit characteristics of the
power rectifier. For more detailed information refer to the GE Industrial Power System Data book.
The determination of rectifier short circuit characteristics (i.e. current-time curve for a bolted fault at the
rectifier terminals) is fairly simple, since the AC system (rectifier transformer included) is the controlling
factor.
It is necessary to develop an equivalent circuit to represent the rectifier for short circuit calculations. This
rectifier equivalent circuit would have an equivalent resistance and an equivalent inductance that would
be used as constants for calculating DC fault current.
The equivalent impedance for every type of rectifier is addressed in detail later in this tutorial.
21.1 Power Rectifier
The following information are needed to define a Power Rectifier.
System Volt: Rectifier rated voltage

Rated DC Current: Rectifier rated current (Amps)
Per Unit Z: Rectifier per unit AC impedance (If total AC Z is known, this value is
calculated automatically)
The rectifier Total AC Z (Ohms) is equal to:
15
Actual Voltage
Z (ohms)  Zac per unit x 2.3 x
Rectifier Rated DC current
The rectifier equivalent resistance (RR) is calculated as follows:
Zac per unit x Actual Voltage

RR 
1.15 x Rectifier Rated DC current
The rectifier equivalent inductance (henries) is equal to:

Actual Voltage
LR 
6 x Frequency * IDS
Where, IDS = Rectifier Short-Circuit Current (amps) for bolted fault
1.02 x Rectifier Rated DC Current (Idc)

IDS 
Zac per - unit
The rectifier reactance
XR = 2*PI*Frequency*LR
21.2 Synchronous Converter
The following information is needed to define a Synchronous Converter.

PU Resistance: Rectifier per-unit resistance, used to calculate the rectifier resistance
(RR)
PU Rate of Rise: Current rate of rise, used to calculate the rectifier inductance (Henries)
The synchronous converter resistance (RR) is equal to:
PU resistance * Actual Voltage

RR 
Rectifier Rated DC Current
The synchronous converter inductance (LR) is equal to:
Actual Voltage
LR  (Henries)
Rectifier Rated DC Current * PU Rate of Rise
16
21.3 Double-Wye Rectifier
The following information is needed to define a Double-Wye Rectifier.

Per Unit AC Z: Rectifier per unit AC impedance (If total AC Z is known, this value is
AC Resistance: Total AC resistance including rectifier transformer and AC system
AC Reactance: Total AC reactance including rectifier transformer and AC system
It should be noted that:
Total AC Z  AC Resistance2  AC Reactance 2
The rectifier Total AC Z (Ohms) is equal to:
Actual Voltage
Z (ohms)  Zac per - unit x 2.3 x
The short circuit current is calculated in accordance with the methodology of GE Industrial Power
Systems Data Book (Section .172)
The resistance and reactance constants (K3 & K4) for determining peak fault current factor (K1) are
calculated as follows:
2 * Circuit Reactance
K3 
AC Reactance
AC Resistance  2 * Circuit Resistance

K4 
AC Reactance
Actual Voltage
LR 
6 x Frequency * IDS

IDS 
Zac per - unit
17
21.4 Double-Way Rectifier
The following information is needed to define a Double-Way Rectifier.

Per Unit AC Z: Rectifier per unit AC impedance (If total AC Z is known this value is
Total AC Z: Rectifier AC impedance in Ohms impedance (If Per Unit AC Z is known
this value is calculated automatically)
AC Resistance: Total AC resistance including rectifier transformer and AC system
AC Reactance: Total AC reactance including rectifier transformer and AC system
It should be noted that:
Total AC Z  AC Resistance2  AC Reactance 2
The rectifier Total AC Z (ohms) is equal to:
Actual Voltage
Z (ohms)  Zac per - unit x 0.6 x
The short-circuit current is calculated in accordance with the methodology of GE Industrial Power
Systems Data Book (Section .172)
The resistance and reactance constants (K3 & K4) for determining peak fault current factor (K1) are
calculated as follows:
Circuit Reactance
K3 
2 * AC Reactance
AC Resistance  0.5 * Circuit Resistance

K4 
AC Reactance
Actual Voltage
LR 
6 x Frequency * IDS

IDS 
Zac per - unit
18
22. Short Circuit Characteristics of DC Generators and Motors
It is not unusual for 15,000 kW of generation and a similar or greater amount of load to be connected to
one bus at 600 Volts. Likewise, at 250 Volts, concentrations of several thousand killoWatts of source
capacity and a similar amount of load on one bus are not uncommon. The magnitude of the short circuit
current available from such concentrations of power is often not fully appreciated. This section presents
the fundamental information on the short circuit characteristics of DC motors and generators. Knowledge
of these characteristics should provide the practicing engineers a better appreciation of short circuit
current.
DC motors and generators are probably the most common sources of short circuit current in a DC system.
The equivalent circuits used to represent the DC machine during short circuit is calculated in accordance
with the methodology of GE Industrial Power Systems Data Book (Section .171).
22.1 Generator
The available types of Generator are:
1. GA 120-125V, No Pole Face Winding

2. GB 230-250V, No Pole Face Winding
3. GC 250V, Pole Face Winding
4. GD 600-750V, Pole Face Winding
5. Custom
The following information is needed to define a generator.
Rated Volt: Generator rated voltage

Generator Class: Available options are: Type GA, GB, GC, GD, custom
Rated Output Power: Generator rated output in KW
Rated Current: Generator rated current in Amps
Rated Speed: Generator rated speed in RPM
Calculation of Generator Equivalent Resistance:
The generator per-unit resistance (Rpu) is obtained by calculating (KW*Rated Speed/100,000). The
actual resistance is calculated using the following formula:
Rated Voltage * Rpu

RG(Ohms) 
Rated DC Current
For calculating short circuit current, the resistance is adjusted based on System Voltage:
2
 Rated Voltage 
RGSC  RG *  
 System Voltage 
Calculation of Generator Equivalent Reactance:

For Type GA, GC, and GD generator, the armature circuit unsaturated inductance in henries is calculated
as follows:
19
19.1 * Cx * Rated Voltage

Lgen  (Henries)
120 * Frequency * Rated DC Current *1000
For Type GA Cx = 0.6

For Type GC & GD Cx = 0.2
Xgen = 2*PI*Frequency*Lgen
For Type GB generator, the inductance in millihenries is based on (KW*Rated Speed/1000).
For calculating rate of rise of short-circuit current, the reactance is adjusted based on System Voltage:
2
XG SC  Xeq *  
22.2 Motors
The available type of Motors are:
1. MA 115V, No Pole Face Winding, Constant Speed

2. MB 230-250V, No Pole Face Winding, Constant Speed
3. MC 230V, No Pole Face Winding, Adjustable Speed
4. MD 250-700V, Pole Face Winding, Adjustable Speed
5. ME 230, No Pole Face Winding, Mill
6. Custom
The following information are needed to define a motor.
Rated Voltage: Motor rated voltage

Motor Class: Available options are: Type MA, MB, MC, MD, ME, None (custom)
Rated Output Power: Motor rated output in HP
Rated Current: Motor rated current in Amps
Rated Speed: Motor rated speed in RPM
For Type ME DC motors select winding type as Series or Compound winding.
Calculation of Motor Equivalent Resistance:
The motor per-unit resistance (Rpu) is obtained by calculating (HP*Rated Speed/100,000). The actual
resistance is calculated using the following formula:
Rated Voltage * Rpu

RM(Ohms) 
Rated DC Current
For calculating short circuit current, the resistance is adjusted based on System Voltage:
2
RMSC  RM *  
Calculation of Motor Equivalent Reactance:
20
For Type MA, and ME motor, the armature circuit unsaturated inductance in henries is calculated as
follows:
19.1 * Cx * Rated Voltage

Lmotor  (Henries)
120 * Frequency * Rated DC Current *1000
For Type MA & ME Cx = 0.4
Xmotor = 2*PI*Frequency*Lmotor
For Type MB and MC motors, the inductance in millihenries is based on HP.
For Type MD motors, the inductance in millihenries is based on (HP*Rated Speed/1000).
For calculating rate of rise of short-circuit current, the reactance is adjusted based on System Voltage:
2
XMSC  XMotor*  
23. ANSI DC Short Circuit Sample File
Start DesignBase and open your DesignBase\Samples\DCSC folder:
21
Select the DC_sc2.axd sample file:
Click on the DC Short Circuit icon .
The DC Short Circuit Toolbar will appear as shown below:
22
The Option icon: allows to select the Default Output: Annotation or Report as can be seen in the figure
below:
For this tutorial ,select the “Report” output option.
23
Report Manager:
This feature allows the user to select:
Output Reports:
Time Constant / Rate of Rise;
Matrices;
Input Data;
Abbreviation;
Report Style Unit;
Print Style;
Unit Settings.
24
Back Annotation:
User can select:
Color and Font;

Components to be displayed;
Unit:
Volatge;
Current;
Capacity.
25
Click the “Analyze” icon and the Report below will be displayed. The output results can be printed, saved
to a file, or sent to the clipboard to be pasted the to a word document.
Paladin DesignBase
DC Short Circuit v6.10.00
Project No.: DC Short Circuit Page : 1

Project Name: Date : 10/19/12
Title : Time : 03:36:23PM
Drawing No.: Company :
Revision No.: Engineer :
JobFile Name: DC_SC2 Check by :
Scenario : 1: CheckDate:
Base kW : 100 Cyc/Sec : 60
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DC Short Circuit Tutorial
-----------------------
System Information
-----------------------
Total Number of Nodes Entered: 7

Total Number of Nodes: 7
Total Number of Branches: 6
Number of Active Sources: 3

Number of Inactive Sources: 0
Number of Active Motors: 1
Number of Inactive Motors: 0
Number of Open Switches: 0
Number of Islands: 1
Matrix Size: 28 Elements

224 Bytes
Calculation Methodology: Classical
26
Paladin DesignBase
Project No.: DC Short Circuit Page : 2

JobFile Name: DC_SC2 Check by :
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DC Short Circuit Tutorial
---------------
Bus Results
---------------
Thevenin
Resistance Inductance Sustain Time Const Rate of Rise
Bus Name Cd mOhms mH A mSec A/mSec
------------------------ -- ---------- ---------- ------- ---------- ------------
BATT-1A BT 5.2373 0.00016 47735 0.0302 1580054
CHARGER RT 5.3699 0.00327 46555 0.6097 76357
GEN-A GN 7.1272 0.00359 35077 0.5040 69593
GEN-BUS 8.0138 0.00333 31196 0.4159 75003
MAIN-BUS 5.1183 0.00307 48844 0.6005 81338
MOTOR MT 20.9434 0.00360 11937 0.1720 69416
MTR-BUS 14.0026 0.00334 17854 0.2384 74904
27
24. IEC DC Short Circuit Sample File
Open IEC1.AXD sample file from the DesignBase\Samples\DCSC folder.
By clicking on the DC Short Circuit icon the DC Short circuit tool bar below will appear.
28
By clicking on the Options icon the following screen will appear. User can select the Default Output
of their choice. For this tutorial we will select the “Report” option.
29
Clicking the report manager icon , will display the “SC Report Manager for DC Network” Window.
Within this window users can select:
Output Reports:
Time Constant / Rate of Rise;
Matrices;
Input Data;
Abbreviation;
Report Style Unit;
Print Style;
Unit Settings.
30
Click the “Analyze” icon and the Report below will be displayed. The output results can be printed, saved
to a file, or sent to the clipboard to be pasted the to a word document.
Paladin DesignBase
Project No.: Page : 1

JobFile Name: IEC1 Check by :
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------
System Information
-----------------------
Total Number of Nodes Entered: 7

Total Number of Nodes: 7
Total Number of Branches: 6
Number of Active Sources: 2

Number of Inactive Sources: 0
Number of Active Motors: 1
Number of Inactive Motors: 0
Number of Open Switches: 0
Number of Islands: 1
Matrix Size: 28 Elements

224 Bytes
Calculation Methodology: IEC61660
31
Paladin DesignBase

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------
Bus Results
---------------
Sustain Peak Peak Rising Decline

Thevenin Ik Ip Tp T1 T2 Rate of Rise
Bus Name Cd R(Ohm) L (mH) A A mSec mSec mSec A/mSec
------------------------ -- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------------
BATTERY BT 0.0059 0.0217 42276 51446 11.00 3.67 100.00 11530
CAP CP 0.0059 0.0220 42358 51926 11.20 3.73 100.00 11346
CHARGER RT 0.0059 0.0220 42359 51935 11.20 3.73 100.00 11346
F1 0.0059 0.0220 42359 51935 11.20 3.73 100.00 11346
F2 0.0060 0.0258 41395 50094 12.80 4.27 100.00 9702
F3 0.0070 0.0296 35463 41575 12.60 4.20 100.00 8444
MOTOR MT 0.0060 0.0258 41395 50094 12.80 4.27 100.00 9702
Paladin DesignBase

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------
Branch Results
--------------------
Branch Currents in Amps
Fault at Fault at Fault at Fault at Fault at Fault at

Branch Name BATTERY CAP CHARGER F1 F2 F3
------------------------ ------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
BATTERY ->F1 -26077 15312 15312 15312 14882 12750
F1 ->F2 -4509 -4677 -4677 -4677 36625 31377
32
F2 ->F3 35463
Paladin DesignBase

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------
Branch Results
--------------------
Branch Currents in Amps
Fault at
Branch Name MOTOR
------------------------ -------
BATTERY ->F1 14882
F1 ->F2 36625
33
34

DC Short Circuit Classical and IEC 61660

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

DC Short Circuit Classical and IEC 61660

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

DC Short Circuit Classical and IEC 61660

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DC Short Circuit Classical and IEC 61660

Power Analytics Corporation

©Copyright Power Analytics Corporation 2012

Version 6.10.00 November 2012

2. Program Capabilities ........................................................................................................................ 6

3. Number of Batteries ......................................................................................................................... 7

4. Number of Chargers and Distribution Panels .................................................................................. 7

5. System Voltage Considerations ....................................................................................................... 7

6. Determination of Battery Duty Cycle ................................................................................................ 7

7. Battery Size (Capacity) .................................................................................................................... 8

8. Sources of Short Circuit Current ...................................................................................................... 8

9. Bus Short Circuit Current Calculation .............................................................................................. 8

10. Feeder Short Circuit Calculation ...................................................................................................... 8

11. Resistance Diagram ......................................................................................................................... 8

12. Inductance Diagram ......................................................................................................................... 9

13. IEC DC Short Circuit Calculations ................................................................................................. 11

14. References ..................................................................................................................................... 11

15. Tutorial Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 12

16. DesignBase DC Short Circuit Current Analysis Capabilities ......................................................... 12

17. Required Data for Performing DC Short Circuit Current Study...................................................... 12

18. DC System Short Circuit Current Calculations .............................................................................. 12

20. Short Circuit Characteristics of Battery .......................................................................................... 14

21. Short Circuit Characteristics of Power Rectifier ............................................................................. 15

22. Short Circuit Characteristics of DC Generators and Motors .......................................................... 19

22.2 Motors .................................................................................................................................................. 20

23. ANSI DC Short Circuit Sample File ................................................................................................ 21

24. IEC DC Short Circuit Sample File .................................................................................................. 28

 DC Short Circuit Analysis DCSC.pdf

 C:\DesignBase\Samples\DCSC = DC Short Circuit

Test Files: DC_sc2, DC_scge, Iec1

All Rights Reserved.

What is New in 6.10.00

Figure 1 Typical DC System

Figure 2 125 V Class 1E DC System Key Diagram

Figure 3 125 1E DC System Instrumentation and Alarms

CLASS = "MA" CLASS = "MB" CLASS = "MC" CLASS = "MD"

CLASS = "ME" Curve X Curve Y

Class CLASS = "GA" CLASS = "GB" CLASS = "GC" CLASS = "GD"

4. Number of Chargers and Distribution Panels

5. System Voltage Considerations

6. Determination of Battery Duty Cycle

- Inverter (DC to AC) loads;

- Emergency turbine lube-oil pump;

- Turbine-generator excitation breakers and controls;

7. Battery Size (Capacity)

8. Sources of Short Circuit Current

9. Bus Short Circuit Current Calculation

10. Feeder Short Circuit Calculation

11. Resistance Diagram

Where E = System voltage (Volts);

Req = Equivalent system resistance (ohms);

IT = Total maximum short circuit current (amps).

Figure 4 Diagram of a Feeder Short Circuit

Figure 5 Resistance Diagram for DC System of Figure 4

12. Inductance Diagram

Where Leq = Equivalent system inductance (henries).

Figure 6 Inductance Diagram for DC System of Figure 4

Figure 7 One line Diagram of Figure 4