NON VIOLENCE REVIEWER
Violence: Roots, Impact and Responses
THEORIES ON CAUSES
1. Biological theories
a. Aggression as a rooted instinct
i. Dual instinct Theory (Freud,
1920)​ - human behavior is driven
by 2 basic forces; life and death
instinct
ii. These instincts are a source of
intrapsychic conflict which can
be resolved by diverting the
destructive force away on to
others
b. Built-in Instinct Theory (Lorenz,
1966)​ - aggression is innate, an
unavoidable feature of human
nature
c. Aggressive behavior serves an
adaptive function-“survival of the
strongest”
Determinants of aggression: Some theories
(Factors that contribute to aggressive
behavior)
● Personal variables
1. Sex - men as generally more
aggressive than women:
a. Men have more criminal
records
b. Men show more aggressive
behavior
c. Men have higher levels of
testosterone
2. Genetic Make-up
a. Abnormal sex chromosome
patterns (ex an extra Y
chromosome); low
intelligence as mediating
influence
EXPLANATION BEYOND GENETICS
1. Psychological Explanations
a. Drive​ - not a consistently present
energy but is activated when there
is deprivation
i. Frustration-aggression (Dollard,
1941) - aggression is cause by
frustration that stems not only
from deprivation but also from
the gap between expectations
and results
ii. Aggression-aversion stimulation
(Berkowitz, 1989) - fear,
physical pair and psychological
discomfort
b. Fear of death, unrestrained anger, a
longing to put things right,
dehumanization, to get what one
wants, family dysfunction, person
has been hurt, banned emotion,
substance abuse
2. Environmental Explanation
a. Situation variables
i. Availability and accessibility of
weapons
ii. Alcohol consumption
iii. Temperature
iv. Noise
v. Crowding
3. Socio-cultural Explanations
(Bandura, Ross and Ross, 1963)
a. Aggressive behavior as produced
by “nurture” as opposed to
“nature” (acquired through
learning processes)
i. Process of socialization (good
vs. bad guys)
ii. Sympathy for kin (ethnicity
and religion)
 iii. Ethnic
chauvinism/ethnocentrism/
intolerance
iv. Bad neighbors
v. Machismo - a strong sense of
masculinity
vi. Gangs/groupings
b. Media influence
i. Weaken viewers’ inhibition
against aggression
ii. habituation or reduction of
sensitivity to suffering
iii. Desensitizing viewers from
empathy
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC
EXPLANATIONS
1. Political Causes
a. Contests over territory-control,
access to and/or ownership of
physical space
b. Increasing search for
statehood/self determination
c. Continuing process of state
formation and consolidation
d. Attempts to maintain dominance
or power
e. Human rights violations
f. Response to tyranny/to end
victimization or oppression
g. Narrow nationalism (training for
war in Pakistan)
h. Imperialism (policy of extending
one’s rule beyond borders)
i. Ideology (involved in 42% of the
wars after 1945)
j. Violations of state sovereignty
k. Presence of weapons
2. Economic Causes
a. Economics - competition for
monopolies over trade and for
exclusive and preferential access
to markets
b. Economic inequality/lack of basic
needs
THE SEVILLE STATEMENT ON
VIOLENCE
Key points:
● War is inevitable.
● Violence is not part of our human
nature but it is influenced by our
environment and society
● Humans don’t have a violent brain,
violence emerges from how we are
conditioned and socialized
● The same species who invented war
is capable of inventing peace. It
depends on each of us.
Impact of Violence
EFFECTS OF VIOLENCE
1. Death
a. Around 3000 people die each day
from armed violence with people
from the developing world twice
as likely to die as a person from
the industrialized world
b. 3rd world countries are more
likely to have wars than 1st world
countries
2. Injury
a. War and criminality account for
14% of the 5.8M people who die
each year as a result of injuries
3. Poverty
a. Armed violence inhibits access to
social services and diverts energy
and resources away from efforts
to improve human development
 b. Countries plagued by armed
violence in situations of crime or
conflict often perform poorly in
terms of MDGs. Moreover, armed
violence forms a serious
impediment to economic growth
c. Armed violence forces up defense
spending in developing countries
and diverts resources that could
otherwise fund social
development
d. Impedes development or reverses
development gains
i. Loss of opportunities for direct
foreign investment and local
investment
ii. Reduction in local economic
activities/loss of livelihood
opportunities
iii. Decline in tourism
iv. Damage to property
v. Difficulty in carrying out
development programs
vi. Disruption of health and
education services
vii. Disruption of trade and
production
viii. Destruction of houses and
crops
e. The economic cost in terms of lost
productivity is roughly
USD95-163 B annually
4. Human rights violations
a. Killing and maiming
b. Enforced disappearances
c. Torture and other cruel treatments
d. Forced recruitment of children
e. Extra-judicial killings
5. Sexual Violence
a. Women and girls targeted as a
tactic for war to humiliate,
dominate, instill fear in, punish,
disperse and/or forcibly relocate
members of community/ethnic
group
b. Women cannot access water
points/markets; children cannot
safely get to school; phenomenon
of war babies
6. Displacement
a. The World Refugee Survey for
2003 indicates that there were
approximately 13M refugees and
21.8M IDPs at the end of 2002
7. Violation of International
Humanitarian Law
a. Extensively destroying property
not justified by military necessity
8. Environmental destruction
a. Greenhouse gas and air pollution
from military vehicles
b. Acceleration of fuel use - in the
US military used 1.2M barrels of
oil in Iraq in just 1 month of
2008
c. Destruction and degradation of
forests
d. Wildlife destruction
e. Water pollution
9. Proliferation of weapons
a. 1000 people daily killed by
gunshots
b. Landmines (anti-personnel and
command-detonated)
c. Cluster munitions
d. Nuclear weapons
e. Nuclear clubs; US, UK, France,
China, Israel, India, Pakistan,
 North Korea, Germany, Italy,
Netherlands and Belgium
10. Psychological impact
a. Fear and trauma, nightmares,
difficulty of falling
asleep/staying asleep,
depression, suicide, angry
outbursts, high levels of stress
TRADITIONAL RESPONSES TO
VIOLENCE
1. Passivity/Non-action
a. Failure to act
Causes: fear, indifference, helplessness,
ignorance, narrow sense of responsibility,
not organized
Effects: aggressor is affirmed, injustice
remains/continues, passivity an accomplice
to injustice because injustice builds on
silence
2. Counter-violence
a. Reacting with the same means or
greater means to violence
experienced
Causes: desire to restore justice, life
preservation, defense, pushed to the limit
Effects: we affirm the aggressor, we remain
in the vicious cycle of violence, we invite
more violence
● We question the violence inflicted on
us but not our counter-violence
3. Active Non-Violence as an
alternative response
a. A philosophy and action based
on the truth (satya) and the power
of love in order to overcome
injustice and bring about change
and reconciliation.
Religious Traditions
Religious Support for Violence
● Judaism - “you must utterly destroy
them…show no mercy to them.”
● Glory of dying in defense of Islam
● Hindu texts emphasize the duty of
Hindus to fight even for a cause with
which they may disagree
● Buddhists committing
self-immolation
● Christianity’s Just War doctrine
● Human beings have so often used
religious certainty as a justification
for repression, intolerance and
cruelty
● At this stage of human history, when
our survival hangs in the balance,
revulsion against violence becomes
imperative.
Nonviolence as an alternative
● Most of the religious thinking about
nonviolence began in the Eastern
world
● Many practical applications in the
West
1. Jainism
“All tremble at violence, all fear death.
Putting oneself in the place of another, one
should not kill nor cause another to kill…”
(Dhammapada)
● A wise person does not kill, nor
cause others to kill, nor consent to
the killings by others
● Respect for all living beings is
nonviolence
● NV - in thought, word and deed - is
the highest form of religion
● Jains believe that only an ascetic can
attain ​Moksa​ (infinite bliss)
 ● NV means refraining from all injury
and violence to all living beings
● 3 Guptis: mental, verbal and physical
nonviolence
● Violence is violence under all
circumstances
2. Buddhism
● From the Way of Lao Tzu
“Weapons are instruments of evil,
not the instruments of a good ruler”
“The weak overcomes the strong and
the soft overcomes the hard”
“To patch up great hatred is surely to
leave some hatred behind. How can this be
regarded as good?”
3. Hinduism
● Ahimsa is the greatest gift…the
highest self-control...the highest
sacrifice...the highest power...the
highest friend...the highest truth..the
highest teaching (Mahabharata)
● Namaste ​- I bow to the divine in you
4. Islam
● Requires individuals to engage in a
struggle to attain inner peace thereby
furthering peace in the larger society
● Emphasis on spiritual principle of
equality that makes no distinction
between black and white, rich and
poor, strong and weak
● Strongly encourages compassion,
tolerance and love toward all human
beings
● “If anyone takes one life without
justification, it is as he has taken the
lives of all humanity”
5. Judaism
● After the domination of the Judaism
by the romans, jewish tradition
emphasize pacifism
● He who returns evil for good, evil
shall not depart
● Two point program for
reconciliation: control your urge to
hate and act in such a manner that
your enemy becomes your friend
● Take more care that he not injure
others than that he not be injured
● “They shall beat their swords into
ploughshares… one nation shall not
raise the sword against another nor
shall they train for war again”
● “I will break bow and sword and
weapons of war and sweep them off
the earth, so that all living creatures
may lie down without fear”
6. Christianity
● “Put back your sword where it
belongs. Those who use the word are
sooner or later destroyed by it”
● “Love your enemies and pray for
those who persecute you”
● “Be not overcome by evil but
overcome evil with good”
● “Blessed are the peacemakers, they
shall inherit the kingdom of God”
Just War Theory
1. Principles of Just War Theory
a. Jus Ad Bellum - justification
to wage wars
b. Jus In Bello - conducts of war
c. Jus Post Bellum - post-war
rehabilitation
2. Conditions of Just War Theory
a. Existence of just cause
b. Last resort
 c. War is fought with good
intent
d. The war’s harms is
dispropriate to its goods
e. Good reason
f. Chance of success
g. Weapons are proportionate
h. Decided by lawful authority
3. Strengths
a. Recognizes the actions
against aggressor
b. Defines the criteria before a
war will be considered as an
action against the aggressor
c. Mitigates future damages
d. Allows the defense of the
defenseless
e. It is motivated by a right
cause
f. Flexible and changes with
time, also combines many
different options from
philosophers over many
centuries
g. Differentiates combatants vs.
non combatants
h. Proportional casualties (limits
the violence, lessens the
probability of abuse)
i. Discipline
j. Gives parameters on how to
engage in war without a
cause
k. A country is not reasonable
to the side effects of the
military as long as the 3
conditions are met
l. Consistent with the
international standards to the
International Humanitarian
Law and Roman Statute
4. Weakness
a. Just a war, not a guarantee
that it can be applied
b. Application of the theory is
discretionary
c. The violence it inflicts upon
the aggressor compromises
the value for morality
d. The theory is outdated,
noncompliant to the recent
developments
e. More complex issues:
terrorism, cutting-edge
technologies used for
weapons
f. Allows violence but morality
would say that deliberate
violence is not permitted
g. Violence still breeds violence
h. Destruction of natural
resources and human life
i. Impedes security
j. Leads to emotional and
psychological trauma
k. Justifies the use of violence
and abuse
l. No one implements the rules
m. Vague distinction of
legitimate authority
n. The provisions are not
specific because there are a
lot of types of government
(clash of national interests)
o. The defense of an ally against
an aggressor is also an
aggressor, is also generally
considered a clear just cause
 p. Limited to state to state (civil
wars?)
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Biography
● Born in Atlanta on January 15, 1929
● Was born as Michael Luther King,
Jr. but later changed it to Martin
● “I had grown up abhorring not only
segregation but also the oppressive
and barbarous acts that grew out of
it.”
● “I had passed spots where Negroes
had be savagely lynched, and had
watched the Ku Klux Klan on its
rides at night.”
● BA degree in 1948 from Morehouse
College
● Enrolled in his graduate studies in
Boston University; completing his
residence for doctorate in 1953 and
receiving a degree in 1955
● Until King entered Crozer
Theological Seminary in 1948, he
did begin a serious intellectual quest
for a method to eliminate social evil
● Walter Rauschenbusch’s ​Christianity
and Social Crisis​ inspired King’s
theological basis for social concern
● King also studied the social and
ethical theories of great philosophers
such as plato, aristotle, rousseau,
hobbes, bentham, mill and locke
● He did not like the concept of
communism due to the ff reasons:
○ He rejected the materialistic
interpretation of history.
Communism, avowedly
secularistic, has no place for God
○ He strongly disagreed with
communism's ethical relativism
(no absolute moral order, no
divine government)
○ He opposed the implication of
totalitarianism cause by
communism
● For king, the depreciation of
individual freedom was
objectionable
● “To deprived man of freedom is to
relegate him to the status of a thing,
rather than elevate him to the status
of a person.”
● Coretta Scott - met in boston; 2 sons
and 2 daughters
● In 1954, King accepted the pastoral
of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
in Montgomery, Alabama
● King was also a member of the
executive committee of the National
Association for the advancement of
colored people, the leading
organization in this nation
● In early December 1965, King
accepted the leadership of the first
great non violent demonstration in
the US
○ Bus Boycott
● December 21, 1965 - it was a
moment of triumph for the
movement as the supreme court of
the US had declared unconstitutional
the laws of requiring segregation on
buses
● Negros and whites rode the buses as
equals
● During the series of boycotts, King
was arrested; his home was bombed;
he was subjected to personal abuse;
but at the same time he emerged as a
negro leader of the first rank
● In 1957, King was elected as
 president of the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference. It is an
organization formed to provide new
leadership for the rising civil rights
movements
● The ideals for this organization he
took from Christianity; its
operational techniques from Gandhi.
● Between 1957 and 1968, King
travelled all over 6M miles and
spoke over 2500 times. He appeared
whenever there was injustice, protest
and action
● He was also able to write 5 books, as
well as, numerous publications
● August 28, 1963 - King directed a
peace march in Washington, D.C. of
250000 people to whom he delivered
his address “I Have A Dream”
● King was named man of the year by
times magazine in 1963
● Awarded with 5 honorary degree
● He became not only a symbolic
figure in america, but also a world
figure
● At the age of 35, King had become
the youngest man to have the Nobel
Peace Prize
● April 4, 1968 - King was
assassinated while standing in the
balcony of his motel room in
Memphis, Texas
● He was to lead a protest march in
sympathy with garbage workers in
the city
Context in the country
● Jim Crow Law - legal separation
between the black and white
population
● Widespread discrimination
● Limited voting rights for the blacks
Advocacies
● Desegregate the South and protect
blacks political rights through love
and nonviolence and peaceful protest
● Freedom, equality and human rights
under the law for economically
disadvantaged and victims of
injustices
● Civil rights and racial equality
● Against poverty and international
conflict
● Emphasize and encourage the
importance of non-violent protest
and resistance
Strategies
● Nonviolent protest and persuasion
● Noncooperative actions
● Nonviolent intervention
1. Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1956
a. The protest began on Dec 1,
1955, after African-American
Rosa Parks was arrested for
refusing to give up her seat on a
bus to a white person. The next
day King proposed a citywide
boycott of public transportation
at a church meeting
b. Protest campaign against racial
segregation on the public transit
system
2. The Albany Movement, 1961
a. A coalition movement formed
to protest city segregation
policies
b. King was jailed during a mass
arrest of peaceful
demonstrators, and declined
bail until the city changed its
segregation policies
c. City made several concession
but after returning a year later,
 little had changed
d. Upon his return, he was
convicted of leading the prior
year's protest and sentenced
to 45 days in jail or a $178
fine. He chose jail. Three
days into King's sentence, an
Albany police chief arranged
for his release.
e. The movement eventually
dissolved, with few
substantial results after nearly
a year of continued peaceful
protests, but the campaign
tested tactics that would
shape future protests in the
national civil rights
movement.
3. Birmingham Campaign, 1963
a. A strategic effort by the
Southern Christian Leadership
Conference to end
discriminatory policies in
Alabama
b. Some of the protests include
boycotting certain businesses
that hired only white people or
that had segregated restrooms
4. March on Washington for jobs and
freedom, 1963
a. The largest political rally in
the US, it drew between
200000 to 300000 police and
participants, to whom King
delivered his famous “I Have
A Dream” speech on the
steps on the Lincoln
Memorial
b. The speech advocated racial
harmony and economic rights
for African-Americans
5. Bloody Sunday, 1965
a. A film footage of the police
brutality was broadcast
around the country, it sparked
widespread public outrage
and helped boost support for
civil rights movement
b. 3 marches for voting rights
for all
c. Bloody sunday had been a
turning point for the civil
rights movement, building
public support and clearly
demonstrating Kings strategy
on nonviolence
6. Chicago, 1966
a. King and other civil rights
leaders sought to spread the
movement north. They chose
Chicago as their next
destination to take on black
urban problems, especially
segregation
7. The Vietnam War Opposition, 1967
a. King had denounced
America’s involvement in a
series of speeches at rallies
and demonstrations
b. He delivered a speech called
“Beyond Vietnam” in which
he criticized the US
government as “the greatest
purveyor of violence in the
world today”
8. Poor People's Campaign, 1968
a. It sought to address issues of
economic justice and housing
for the poor
b. After Kings assassination the
protest continued in
Washington. They effectively
shut the down the city. The
bill of rights they envisioned
never became a law
Lessons for Nonviolent movements by King
● Dr. King's principles and
 methodology of nonviolence outline
a path to social change that still
holds true. In his strategy, the ends
are already present in the means; the
seeds of a peaceful outcome can be
found in our peaceful means. He
argues that if we resist injustice
through steadfast nonviolence and
build a movement along these lines,
we take the high ground as
demonstrated in the lives of Jesus
and Gandhi and can redeem society
and create a new culture of
nonviolence.
Problems and Challenges
1. King faced hostility from
segregationists, his life was
threatened repeatedly
2. King faced lifelong depression and
tension of uniting
African-Americans and sympathetic
whites into a movement that would
achieve his goals
3. Convincing the federal government
to become involved in helping the
civil rights movement
Victories
1. After the Montgomery Bus Boycott,
US Supreme Court ruled that racial
segregation in transport system was
unconstitutional
2. Civil Rights Act of 1964
3. 1965 Voting Rights Act
Henry David Thoreau
Biography
● Born July 12, 1817 in Concord,
Massachusetts
● American Essayist, poet, journalist
and philosopher
● Studied at Harvard University
between 1933 and 1937
● Opened a school with his brother,
John, in Concord
● Was introduced to transcendentalism
after meeting Ralph Waldo Emerson
● Emerson encouraged Thoreau to
write and submit a periodical called
“The Dial”
● Started living with Emerson before
going back to Concord to help his
father’s pencil factory
● 1945 - started living in Walden
Pond
○ Basis for his classic
“Walden”
● Thoreau refused to pay poll tax and
was jailed for one night
○ Led to the writing of his most
popular and influential essay
“Civil Disobedience”
● Dedicated abolitionist
○ Wrote “Slavery in
Massachusetts” in 1845
● Battled tuberculosis in his later years
and died in May 6, 1862
Context in the Country
● Slavery, while outlawed by 1808,
was still rampant
● The US was just properly starting out
as a country
● The US was fresh from the
Anglo-American War
● Mexican-American War
Advocacies
● Nonviolent Disobedience
● Argued that one must not blindly
follow civil laws but also act on
one’s individual conscience, but
 must also not enact violence
● Became an activist and was
dedicated to the abolition of slavery
● Took part in the Underground
Railroad
● His work and legacy later on inspired
nonviolent movements across the
world
○ The American Civil Rights
Movement
● Influenced the likes of Leo Tolstoy,
Gandhi and King
Strategies
1. Used writing as a tool to share his
advocacies and beliefs to the people
a. One of his most influential
essays, “Civil Disobedience”,
made a strong case about
acting on one’s individual
conscience and not following
the laws and the government
policies blindly
2. As a devoted abolitionist, he wrote
several essays against slavery and
the Mexican-American War
including the 1854 essay, “Slavery in
Massachusetts”
a. He took a stand for radical
abolitionist named Capt. John
Brown who led an uprising
against slavery in Virginia
Problems and Challenges
1. After graduating, had trouble in
maintaining a living
a. Had looked into several
teaching jobs and worked in
his father's pencil factory
2. Failed to cultivate the literary market
in New York
3. Lack of support for poets in
American society, he strived to write
and live as a poet
4. Paid for the printing of “A Week on
the Concord and Merrimack River”
which only sold 220 copies and the
remaining 700 was dumped in his
doorsteps
5. Spent one day in jail for refusing to
pay a poll tax
a. This event inspired him to
write “Civil Disobedience”,
which influenced several
people ahead of his time
6. Encountered many failures but it did
not faze him as he continued to write
and influence others
Victories
● Thoreau was revered as one of the
greatest american writers
● Regarded as a classic american
writer, as well as a cultural hero of
his country
● His essays about the government was
considered revolutionary
● Established a tradition of nature
writing which was later developed
by John Burroughs and John Muir
● His study of the practical uses of
nature also inspired several
conservationist and regional planners
● His work inspired many nonviolent
activist such as Gandhi and King
● Even after death, his writings were
known to be profound and relevant
Mohandas Gandhi
Biography
● Born October 2, 1869 in Porbandar
Kathiawar, India
 ● Gandhi grew up worshiping the
Hindu god, Vishnu, and following
Jainism
● Living in South Africa, Gandhi
continued to study world religions
● At 18 he sailed to London, England
to study Law
● He was the leader of India’s non
violent independence movement and
also was the architect of a form of
non violent independence movement
● 1915 - Gandhi founded the Ashram
that was open to all castes
Context in the Country
● Was appalled by the discrimination
and racial segregation faced by
Indian immigrants at the hands of
white british and boer authorities
● A white man objected his presence in
the 1st class railway compartment
even though he had a ticket
● His act of civil disobedience awoke
in him a determination to devote
himself to fighting the “deed disease
of color prejudice”
● He vowed to “try, if possible, to root
out the disease and suffer hardship in
the process”
Advocacies
● Gandhi, on of the greatest leaders in
human history; through his
philosophy he has changed the
indian and many concepts of the
world. The great Indian leader has
spread his policy of peaceful
resistance or nonviolence
● He has increased his interest in
defending the rights of Muslim
minority
● Formed the Natal Indian Congress in
1894 to fight discrimination
● He raised an all indian ambulance
corps of 1100 volunteers
Strategies
1. Satyagraha - literally means “holding
the truth”, it is the main instrument
used in the Indian Liberation
Movement
2. Civil Disobedience - refusal to
comply with certain laws
3. Non-cooperation - refusal to
cooperate with the government
Problems and Challenges
1. Racial discrimination
2. Opposition
3. Imprisonment
4. Chauri Chaura Incident
5. Amritsar Massacre
Victories
1. Independence from Great Britain
2. Fighting racial discrimination against
persons of color in south africa
3. Helped increased the visibility of
women in the Indian society
Thich Nhat Hanh
Biography
● Bon in Central Vietnam in 1926
● Entered the monastery by the age of
16
● When the war in Vietnam broke,
they were made to chose and adhere
to contemplative life and stay
meditating in monasteries or to help
those around them suffering under
the bombing and turmoil of war
● His life was dedicated to helping
people and engaging in peace
movements
 ● He founded engaged Buddhism from
his book “Vietnam: Lotus in a Sea of
Fire”
● In 1961, he travelled to the US to
begin teaching in Princeton
University and to start his research
on Buddhism in Colombia
University
● Few months later after he received a
lamp transmission from Master
Chan, he came back to US to make
the case for peace and to call for an
end to hostilities in Vietnam. There
he met Martin Luther King Jr., who
nominated him for a Nobel Peace
Prize in 1967.
● His advocacies led him to exile when
he was denied the right to return to
Vietnam
Thich Nhat Hanh; Road to Peace
● Mindfulness
● Compassion
● Engaged Buddhism
● On Oct 7, 2006, he was asked to
write a manual regarding the practice
of peace and nonviolence
○ Proposal 1: to build an
institute of peace (regional
peace institutes)
○ Proposal 2: Middle Eastern
Summit
○ Proposal 3: Global No Car
Day
● December 2, 2014 - delivered a
message to the Vatican City to
announce his mission and
commitment to end modern slavery
and “​to plea to those who traffic in
human beings to stop their
exploitation; and to ask world
leaders and organisations to protect
the dignity of these young women,
men and children. They are our
daughters and sons, our sisters and
brothers”
Goals
● He wants us to be able to control
their anger emotion to using
Buddhism
● Aims is to support each of us to
become Buddha getting with their
own anger
● Mindfulness
○ It is the thinking “we are
living in today not in the past
and not in the future”
○ He believes living in today is
the only way to make peace
for the world and for
themselves
● Walking
○ People living in today are
always hurried, so they don’t
have the time to listen to their
inner voice
○ Through walking people can
feel that we are living now
● Self understanding
○ It’s important to change their
anger to good energy because
in his idea the root of anger
comes from their own
misunderstanding
○ Only after loving themselves,
they are also able to love
others and its called
interbeing

Mother Teresa of Calcutta
Biography
● Born as Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu in
Skopje, Macedonia on August 26,
1910
● She attended public school in Skopje
and her interests in religious life
showed when she joined her school
society focusing on doing foreign
missions to spread religious beliefs
● Felt the calling of God at the age of
12; that she is on the mission of
leading a religious life by helping the
poor. A calling she perceived as
between her and God
● At 17, she visited the Shrine of
Madonna of Letnice arranged by her
mother. It was a pilgrimage that she
decided to become a missionary and
dedicate her life to caring for the sick
and poor
● Left home at the age of 18 to join the
Sisters of Loretto, an Irish
community with a mission in
Calcutta, India
● She recieved her training as member
of the religious community in
Dublin, Ireland then was sent to
Darjeeling, India where she made her
initial and final religious vow in
1928 and 1937 respectively
● After her vows, she received her first
assignment as a teacher in St. Mary’s
High School in Calcutta. Here, she
observed how the misery of living in
the slums was like during the time
she taught in the girls high school
● With her deep lamentation for the
poor, she requested the Vatican for
permission to leave the convent to
work directly with the poor in 1946
● In 1948, she received permission to
leave the Sisters of Loretto and
started working under the
supervision of the Archbishop of
Calcutta
Mother Teresa’s mission in her dedication to
the sick and poor
● Oct 7, 1950 - she received
permission from the Vatican to start
her own order, “The Missionaries of
Charity” which became recognized
by Pope Paul IV in 1965
○ The orders task is to provide
help to the poorest of the
poor, as well as victims of
natural disasters; mainly in
Asia, Africa and Latin
America
○ Challenge was, she was
having a difficulties with the
budget to carry out her
mission
● 1979 - she received both funding and
recognition from Joseph Kennedy,
Jr. Foundation and Pope John XXIII
Peace Prize. In that same year,
Mother Teresa’s group had over 200
operations in over 25 countries
○ This was the year she
received her Nobel Peace
Prize for her devotional work
for the poor and sick
● 1986 - she gained permission for
President Fidel Castro to spread her
mission in Cuba
● 1988 - Mother Teresa, through the
 help of voluntary workers and
benefactors, opened a home for
patients of Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in San
Francisco, California
● Her missions are centered to helping
the poor by providing shelters for the
sick, orphanages and homes for
mentally ill
● The Missionaries of Charity, the
order she established in 1950 became
her legacy. One that continues to be
a beacon of hope for the helpless and
an inspiration for the succeeding
generations of missionaries
● Following her death, the Vatican
began to process her canonization.
She was canonized on Sept 4, 2016
Influence and Philosophy
1. Nonviolence
a. Negotiate and non military
resolution of the conflict
b. Believed that there is a higher
law other than destruction that is
the law of non violence and
charity
c. Basis of moral grounds of
personal and social responsibility
2. Peace
a. Create inner peace
b. Practice within your family
c. Mother Teresa’s goal of bringing
happiness to the destitute through
self sacrifice promotes the
elements of selflessness and love
that are so important to the
establishment of peace
3. Poverty
a. The principle of nonviolence and
charity became a mission which
excludes no one, but simply
embodies a priority service for
the poor
b. Worst thing a person may
experience is not only because he
or she doesn’t have anything to
eat, drink, wear or shelter rather
because nobody can take good
care of him or her
c. Abolish the creed of
untouchables or being outcast in
society
d. Mother Teresa carried the
mission of restoring human
dignity of the person through
simply treating them with
equality
4. Missionaries of Charity
a. Started as late as 1950 in
Calcutta, is now among the
world's most widespread
congregations
b. 2400 sisters and brothers, it is
present in 52 countries of the
world
c. Its 227 houses are run by
members drawn from 35
nationalities
d. They run 140 slum schools all
over the world, teaching and
mostly feeding children
e. Their 304 feeding centers
provides cooked food to nearly
50 000 people daily
REVOLUTION OF LOVE - loving each
other, it will spread throughout the world.
Peace, joy, unity and love. Loving = sharing
Desmond Tutu
Biography
● South African archbishop
● Born in Klerksdorp, Transvaal on
Oct 7, 1931
● Anglican-ordained priest in 1960
● He was given various positions from
different institutions
● A significant figure in leading
universities in Germany, GB and US
● Spokesperson for the rights of black
south africans
● World’s most important and
prominent spiritual leaders
Context in the Country
● The segregation in Africa
● Black south africans were denied of
rights
○ Right to vote
○ Right to proper treatment
○ Right to live in apt spaces
● He did not let these hinder him from
enjoying his childhood
● He also recalled a time where in his
mother was payed respect by a white
priest
● He realized that no one needs to
accept discrimination and that
religion can be a tool for promoting
racial equality
● He initiated anti-apartheid
movements
Advocacies and Goals
1. Equal civil rights of all people
2. Abolition of passport laws in south
africa
3. Common form of education for
everyone
4. Elimination of “forced deportation
from south africa to the so-called
homelands”
5. Withdrew from protesting once
Bantu Education Act was
implemented
6. Contrary to the risking oppositions,
umkhonto we sizwe, Tutu made use
of lobbying and boycotts
7. Taught about equality and the need
for reconciliation and forgiveness
8. “Rainbow Nation”, a term coined by
Tutu, portrayed ethnic diversity in
south africa
Facilitators of Change
● Tutu Foundation UK
● Desmond Tutu Peace Foundation
USA
● The Desmond and Leah Tutu Legacy
Foundation SA
● Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation
● Desmond Tutu in collaboration with
UNICEF
● Their goals, visions and mission are
based on the philosophy of south
africa’s reconciliation, Ubuntu
● Ubuntu: “We are all connected.
What affects one of us affects us all.”
Challenges
● 1976 - a letter he wrote to the South
African Prime Minister on racial
equality was disregarded
● 1997 - he was diagnosed with
prostate cancer, one of the biggest
obstacles in his life
● 2013 - he was hospitalized due to
consistent infections and due to new
inflamation
● 2016 - he undergo surgery to treat
his infections; readmitted to the
hospital due to recurring
 complications
Victories
● First black Anglican Dean of
Johannesburg
● General secretary of the Council of
Churches
● Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
● Albert Schweitzer Prize for
Humanitarian
● Elected as president of the all african
conferences of churches
● Awarded the pacem in terris award
● Appointed as the chairperson of truth
and reconciliation commision
● Desmond Tutu peace trust was
established
● Became a member of “The Elders”
● Awarded with the presidential medal
of freedom
● Honoured with the nautilus book
award
● Received the 2013 templeton price
and financial reward
Oscar Arias
Biography
● Born Sept. 13, 1941 in Heredia,
Costa Rica
● Known to be:
○ Costa Rican Politician,
○ Social Activist,
○ Man of the people, active
member of the PLN (Partido
de Liberación Nacional, or
National Liberation Party)
● He studied law and economics at the
University of Costa Rica
● Through his association with the
PLN Arias became devoted to the
twin goals of social equity and
antimilitarism (Costa Rica had
abolished its armed forces under
Figueres in the 1940s)
Advocacies
● He intended to restore peace in
Central America by disentangling the
region from the Cold War between
the United States and the Soviet
Union.
● His advocacy was to end
Humanitarian Crisis in Costa Rica
and to disband the army. As
president, Arias took measures to
cope with Costa Rica’s heavy
foreign indebtedness and other
economic problems, but his main
interest was in trying to restore peace
and political stability to the
strife-torn countries of Central
America. He took office in the midst
of the Contra war, in which rebel
forces (the “Contras”), supported by
the United States but based primarily
in Honduras, attempted to bring
down the Sandinista government of
neighbouring Nicaragua.
● Who are the contras: member of a
counterrevolutionary force that
sought to overthrow Nicaragua’s
left-wing Sandinista government.
Attainment of Goals
● He organize a series of meetings
with the presidents of Guatemala, El
Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua,
President Arias Sánchez pressed to
resolve the turmoil and end outside
influence in Central America
Identify the factors that help him achieve his
goal​ -
 ● Perseverance and determination
● Arias also was active in various
global nongovernmental
organizations that focused their
efforts on promoting peace and
rooting out corruption.
Challenges/gaps
● Costa Rica’s heavy foreign
indebtedness and other economic
problems
● trying to restore peace and political
stability to the strife-torn countries of
Central America (Background on the
situation)
○ The Contras which were
from Honduras (now Belize)
were supported by the USA
○ Contras wanted to bring
down the Sandinista
Government
○ Sandinista Government : one
of a Nicaraguan group that
overthrew President
Anastasio Somoza Debayle
in 1979, ending 46 years of
dictatorship by the Somoza
family. The Sandinistas
governed Nicaragua from
1979 to 1990. Sandinista
leader Daniel Ortega was
reelected as president in
2006, 2011, and 2016.
● he forbade that regime’s guerrilla
opponents from operating militarily
on Costa Rican soil, despite pressure
from the United States.
● In February 1987 he proposed a
regional peace plan for the Central
American countries that would set a
date for ceasefires between
government and rebel forces, ensure
amnesty for political prisoners, and
schedule free and democratic
elections in those countries. Arias
and the leaders of Guatemala, El
Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua
signed this plan in August 1987;
although signed, the plan was never
fully implemented, partly because of
opposition from the United States.
● political crisis in Honduras, which
had begun that June with the ouster
of Honduran Pres. Manuel Zelaya by
that country’s military. Arias’s
proposed solutions, however, were
rebuffed by Zelaya and the interim
leader of Honduras. Arias, who
supported the demilitarization of
Central America, contended that the
coup was just one result of the
region’s “reckless military
spending.” As a result eligible to run
for a consecutive term, Arias was
succeeded as president in May 2010
by Laura Chinchilla, a fellow
member of the PLN. (See also
Sidebar: Lessons of the 20th
Century.)
Victories
● Nobel Peace Prize 1987 (Oscar Arias
used the monetary award to establish
the Arias Foundation for Peace and
Human Progress)] -
○ In October 1987 Arias was
awarded the Nobel Prize for
Peace in recognition of his
efforts to achieve the
beginnings of peace in the
 region. In 1988 Arias used
his Nobel Prize money to
establish the Arias
Foundation for Peace and
Human Progress, which
promoted peace and equality
throughout the world.
○ Pledging to invest in education and
housing and to sign the Central
America–Dominican Republic Free
Trade Agreement (CAFTA–DR)
with the United States (Costa Rica
had been the only Central American
country not to join the pact), Arias
won a narrow victory. In 2007 Costa
Rican citizens voted in favour of
CAFTA–DR by a slim margin in the
country’s first national referendum.
○ The Arias Foundation maintained
three programs. The Center for
Human Progress was created in
1990, with the objective of
eliminating gender discrimination
within the Central American
Population. The Center for Peace and
Reconciliation, also founded in 1990,
was founded with the objective of
promoting pluralistic participation in
building peace in Central America.
The Center promoted development in
three program areas:
demilitarization, conflict prevention
and democratization. The Center for
Organized Participation was founded
in 1993, in collaboration with the
Mott Foundation, the Kellogg
Foundation and other international
donors. Its mission was to strengthen
citizen participation in Central
America.
○ Won the respect for leaders and
humanitarians for bringing peace to
Central Africa
Nelson Mandela
Biography
● Born on July 18, 1918 in Mvezo
● Activist and first black president of
South Africa
● First in his family to receive formal
education
● A member of the African National
Congress since 1944, and helped
form the ANC Youth League
● Also served as a lawyer for
mistreated black south africans
● Opened the country’s first black law
practice
● Quickly became an enemy of the
government
● 1956 - Mandela and a group of about
150 protesters were arrested in
suspicion of treason because of their
advocacy, the group was charged as
not guilty
● It was around this time when a group
of africans began suggesting that the
peaceful approach was not working
● Pan-africanist congress was form in
1959
● Mandela changed his position and
proposed armed conflict to end
Apartheid rule
● Helped found umkhonto we sizwe, a
group specialized in sabotage and
guerrilla warfare
● Mandela was arrested on Aug 5,
1962 for a strike he had organized
 the previous year
● Spent 27 years in jail
● Also charged for sabotage, treason,
and violent conspiracy during the
Rivonia Trial
● Sentenced to life in prison and barely
escaped death penalty
● Mandela’s profile grew and became
international symbol of
anti-apartheid resistance.
● The government would offer
Mandela’s freedom in exchange for
the abandonment of his beliefs.
● Mandela wa released on February
11, 1990 at the age of 72 by the
country’s president.
● Mandela then became the president
of African National Congress
(ANC), and helped negotiate the end
of apartheid laws.
● On June 17, 1991 the Population
Registration Act was repealed
● This marked the beginning of the end
of the Apartheid rule in South Africa
● Held first democratic elections on
April 27th, 1994 with the ANC
taking 62% of the votes.
● On May 10th, 1994 Nelson Mandela
was sworn in as the first black
president of South Africa
● He rebuilt the economy and united
the country
Context in the Country
● The idea that most white South
Africans believed was that they
should be separated from the other
races and treated differently.
● Mandela did not only demolished
this idea, but he replaced with people
of all races are equal.
● People in the future may see other
races but will not affect them the
same way it would have affected
people 50 years ago.
● Blacks will be able to do more and
improve the quality of their lives in
future generations because they have
freedom and opportunities that had
not been available before.
● Mandela’s push for the Apartheid to
end, changed the majority of black
lives.
● They now have various rights and
freedom that had not been visible for
50 year
● Mandela completely changed what
was normally done in South African
presidency
● He was the first democratically
elected president, after many years of
what basically was dictatorship.
Advocacy
● SOCIAL CHANGE
Strategies
1. Boycott
2. Grassroots Method
3. Strikes
4. General Civil Disobedience
● Apartheid 1948
○ Social Segregation System
○ Used to cement the rule of the
National Party over the economic
and social system of South
Africa
○ Aims to maintain white
domination, white extending
racial separation
Challenges
 1. University of Fort Hare - kicked out
of the university for participating in a
boycott against university policies
2. Prison - In 1962, he was sentenced to
life imprisonment for conspiring to
overthrow the State. Since he was a
black political prisoner, he received
fewer privileges. Released in 1990
Victories
1. 1952 - he opened South Africa’s first
black law firm
2. He helped end the country’s
apartheid system of racial
segregation
3. He was awarded the Nobel Peace
Prize in 1993
4. Became the first black president of
South Africa from 1994-1999
5. Establishes the Nelson Mandela
Foundation and The Elders
6. 2002 - became a vocal advocate of
AIDS awareness and treatment
programs
Henry Salt
Biography
● Born on Sept 20, 1851 in Nynee Tal,
India
● He was introduced to the leading
social reformers of the day including
Henry George, William Morris, and
Edward Carpenter
● He began to question his diet and
developed an interest in
vegetarianism
● By 1884 he grew a conviction on
cannibalism
● He influenced Gandhi in his interest
in vegetarianism
Advocacies
1. In 1891, he joined up with a small
group of like-minded folk to draw up
a manudesti and launch the
Humanitarian League
2. Animal rights and Blood Sports
3. Criminal Reform (A reform of
criminal law and prison reform)
4. League Against Cruel Sports
5. Socialist, Conservationist,
Rationalist
- His literary works was also his
strategy in being able to voice out his
opinions and promote his advocacies
Victories
● Formation of Humanitarian League
● His writings influenced many
advocates
● His work on the biography of Henry
David Thoreau was considered a
great success
● His works on Thoreau, Shelley
remain highly respected today
Challenges
1. Blood sports
a. Salt and his league attempted to
defend the rights of animals used
in “blood sports” by writing
numerous letters to Queen
Victoria and after her death, they
publicized her response letters
including her strong opposition
regarding stag hunting for many
years. Nevertheless, hunting deer,
rabbits and foxes with dogs
continues until the Hunting Act
2004
2. Disbandment
a. The Humanitarian League was
disbanded in Sept 1919. The
 controversy over hunting with
dogs in England continues to this
day
Riane Eisler
Biography
● Born in Vienna on July 22, 1931
● Fled from the Nazis with her parents
to Cuba and later migrated to the US
● Social & Systems Scientist
● Attorney
● Author
● President of Center for Partnership
Studies
Strategies
1. New Social Paradigms
a. Societies have been
repressive and violent
b. None answer the question of
what kinds of institutions and
beliefs support more
equitable and peaceful
relations
2. Partnership-Domination Continuum
a. There is a need for a new
analytical approach that
includes social features that
are currently ignored or
marginalized
3. Domination Culture-Core
a. A system of top-down
rankings ultimately backed
up by fear of force
i. Top-down Control in
families &
states/tribles
ii. Rigid male
dominance
iii. Acceptance /
Idealization
iv. Inevitable &
Desirable
4. Partnership Society - Core
a. Democratic and Egalitarian
Partnership structure in both
the family and state or tribe;
b. Equal partnership bet. women
and men
c. Low degree of Abuse and
Violence
d. System of beliefs = present
relations of partnerships &
Mutual respect as normal &
Desirable
5. Partnership/Domination Continuum
a. Idea that neither men nor
women dominated one
another.
b. Her works allowed many
scholars to apply this
framework and cultural
transformation conceptual
frameworks to fields ranging
from politics and economics
to religion, business and
education
c. No society orients completely
to a domination system or a
partnership system
The Chalice and the Blade
● Feminist book
● Symbol for 2 competing sets of
values and models of society
● Partnership model
● Relations between sexes are
understood primarily in terms of
partnership rather than hierarchy
 ● Result in Society = Egalitarian Context of the Country
● History as Key ● Bad governance
○ Partnership society existed in ● Corrupt govt
the past thus, it is achievable ● Human rights violation
in the future ● Poverty
● Her aim is not historical but ● Depleted natural resources
NORMATIVE ● Ethnic clashed
○ Human society must turn ● Cash crop dependency
again to a model of Advocacies
association and embrace its 1. Environmental conservation
values, because to continue 2. Human Rights
along the path of androcracy 3. Advocate for AIDS prevention and
(gov’t where males rule) is women’s issues
likely to lead to nuclear war. Challenges
Victories 1. Symptoms of Deforestation
● Key speaker in different countries a. Not enough water
● Consultant to business & b. No land to grow other food
government on applications of her c. Change in cooking habits
work d. Children suffer from diseases
● Founder of Women’s Rights Law associated with malnutrition
Reporter, first legal periodical to e. Dependency on cash crops
focus exclusively on women’s rights 2. MOI administration
● Her book, Dissolution and The Equal a. As the GBM expanded,
Rights Handbook, is widely used in Maathai found herself at odds
the campaign for the Equal Rights with the Kenyan government
Amendment to the US Constitution and began speaking out
● The only woman to be included in against corruption that ran
Macrohistory & Macrohistorians wild throughout the
Wangari Maathai administration
Biography b. Political prisoners
● Born on April 1, 1940 in Nyeri, i. In 1992, while
Kenya participating in a
● 1960 - won a Kennedy scholarship hunger strike with
and left for the US mothers protesting
● Wrote several books and articles their sons -
● She received a Nobel Peace Prize in pro-democracy
2004 activists -
● Critics wondered whether a tree imprisonment, she
planter was truly a peace activist was beaten by the
 police
c. Uhuru Park and Karura
Forest
i. The gov’t wanted to
create a skyscraper in
Uhuru Public Park
with money borrowed
from intl associations
and deforest Karura
forest for the
presidents cronies
d. Ethnic Conflict
i. Because resources
were not shared
equitably due to the
govt corruption,
violent conflicts
between clans
occured
Methods and Strategies
1. Mobilization of grassroots
2. Foundation of the Green Belt
Movement
3. She protested by writing to the
British govt
4. Peaceful protest and by not breaking
any laws
5. Education and dialogue
Victories
1. In 1977, she launched the GBM
which started as a tree planting
campaign. It allowed them to grow
food they cannot afford on their
farms, schools and church
compounds, reforest the country and
help the women
2. Projects: both govt projects didn’t
push through
3. MOI govt: In 1922, pres Moi was
finally forced to accept multi-party
elections for the first time in 26
years; he would later on be removed
from office
4. Tribal Conflict: she met tribal elders
and led to the civic and
environmental education program;
“Wrong Bus Syndrome”
Legacy
1. The movement had planted over
35M trees and provided roughly 30k
women with new skills and
opportunities
2. Some countries have successfully
launched such initiatives in Africa;
Pan African GBM
3. The Wangari Maathai Institute for
Peace and Environmental Studies -
brings together academic research
based on conflicts and peace studies
4. Books such as The Challenge for
Africa
Albert Schweitzer
Biography
● Born Jan 12, 1875 in Kaysersberg,
Germany
● Alsatian-German theologian,
philosopher, organist
● Theological studies in 1893 at the
University of Strasbourg where he
obtained a doctorate in Philosophy
● Preacher at St. Nicholas Church in
Strasbourg in 1899
● “The Quest of the Historical Jesus”
● Earned money from being an
internationally renowned musician
● Paid for his own later education,
medical school and hospital in Africa
● Went back to Europe to preach in his
 old church, giving lectures and
concerts, and further taking medical
courses
● He wrote “Philosophy of Life”
● 1924 - went back to Lambarene to
live there
Context in the Country
● Cases of sleeping sickness, leprosy,
paediatrics and surgery in Equatorial
Africa (now Gabon)
● World War I
Advocacy
● Goal: “Brotherhood of Nations”
● Kulturphilosophie: built upon the
principle of reverence for life and the
religious and ethical imperatives of
helping others
○ Good if maintained and
furthered life and brought it
to its highest level
○ Evil if it hurt or destroyed life
or kept it from developing.
He urged others to do all they
can to alleviate suffering
● Accessible medicine for all
● After the atomic bombing of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Schweitzer
together with Einstein, Hanh, Russell
and etc urged social responsibility
and ban on the use of nuclear
weapons
Strategies
● Dr. Schweitzer had a series of small
huts constructed where people could
bring all their family and relatives as
well as their animals when they came
to be treated at the hospital
○ Strategy to address reluctance
of people to leave their
property and family
● He had translators to address the
language barriers between him and
his patients
● Supplemented food for his patients
● Preserved in his studies and in career
in music
○ Made him earn a lot of
money for his hospital
Problems Encountered
1. 1917 - he and his wife were sent to a
French internment camp as prisoners
of war since they were Germans in
French territory
2. Dr. Schweitzer didn’t have enough
funds to support the medical needs of
his patients
Solutions
1. While he was on exile in France, Dr.
Schweitzer turned his attention to
world problems and wrote
Kulturphilosophie
2. He set out a musical tour across
Europe to fund his trip going back to
Africa and his hospital
3. After his return to Africa, visitors
started going to his hospital. They
found the horrible conditions of the
patients and created publicity which
brought volunteers from all over the
world
4. He worked hard through his music to
earn sufficient fundings for his
hospital
Victories
● The Quest for the Historical Jesus
established him as a world figure in
theological studies
● With his wife, they treated numerous
 African patients in their hospital at
Lambarene
● Expanded his hospital to 70
buildings, housing more than 1000
people
● The Goethe Prize of Frankfurt
● Honorary doctorates from many
universities
● The Nobel Peace Prize in 1952 for
his role in promoting world peace
● Started Leprosarium in Lambarene
from the prize money
● His works served as an inspiration to
many medical missionaries around
the world
Elise Boulding
Biography
● Born on July 6, 1920 in Oslo,
Norway
● Called the “matriarch” of the
twentieth century peace research
movement.
● She has been in on the foundations
of the movements of peace, women’s
studies and futures and has played
pivotal roles in each.
● Recipient of over nineteen awards
for her work in peace & a 1990
nominee for the Nobel Peace Prize.
● Joined the pacifist Friends Church
● 1960s - the Boulding family moved
to Boulder, where Dr. Boulding
headed the Women's Intl League of
Peace and Freedom, an antiwar
group
● Spent much of 1973 on sabbatical in
an isolated mountain cabin, writing
the foundation of her 1976 book
“The Underside of History: A View
of Women through Time”
● Helped established a peace studies
department in the University of
Colorado
Quakers - The Religious Society of Friends
● Quakers are members of a group
with Christian roots that began in
England in the 1650s
● Center in a direct, personal
relationship with God and believe in
the equality of all
● Advocates of human rights, social
justice, peace, freedom of all
conscience, environmental issues and
community life
Context in the Country
1. 1940s - advent of World War II
2. Women’s Liberation Movement
(1960 - 1970)
3. Anti-War Movement (1960 - 1970)
4. Environmental Movement (1960 -
1970)
5. Conservative Backlash (1960 - 1970)
Advocacy/Goal
1. Integration of peace education,
research and activism
2. Emphasize the role of women in
peacemaking, and the relationship
between peace and feminist studies
3. Educating children to become
diplomats instead of aggressors and
also about finding ways to raise
children “to be sufficiently alienated
from society, so they won’t accept
things as they are”
4. Promoting peace culture
○ Promoting values, beliefs and
behaviors that embody peace
 building. Supporting the
equitable sharing of the earth’s
resources and other causes in
providing security to mankind
without resorting to violence
5. To replace war and violence by
peaceful means of dispute settlement
6. To replace destructive ways of
solving conflict
7. This includes changing our views
and attitudes towards peaceableness
8. Women’s culture of being nurturing
and peaceableness may be taught to
men. Bringin nurturance into the
public sphere
9. Teaching children to settle disputes
without resorting to violence
10. Ecological sustainability and the
effects of war
11. The involvement of civil society
12. Integration of people with different
skill sets contributing to peace in the
way they can
Strategies
1. Created newsletters in the 1940s, one
for Quakers living in the South and
another to unite women against
nuclear testing
2. Started the International Peace
Research Newsletter and helped
found the International Peace
Research Association, and she serves
as its secretary general
3. Founded COPRED (The Consortium
on Peace, Research, Education and
Development) in 1970
4. 1970s - teaching and writing about
women studies
5. Led the Women’s International
League for Peace and Freedom
6. Wrote books such as:
a. “The Underside of History: A
View of Women Through
Time” (1975, revised 1992)
b. “Women in the Twentieth
Century World” (1977)
c. “Children’s Rights and the
Wheel of Life” (1978)
d. "Cultures of Peace: The
Hidden Side of History"
(2000)
Problems and Challenges
● Advocating abolition of war during
the 1960-1970
● Elise was living in a retirement home
in Needham where she had moved in
2000.
● During those years, until she was
diagnosed with Alzheimer’s in 2007,
she gradually slowed the pace of her
activities to match the limits aging
had imposed on her physical
stamina.
● She found a way to continue lending
her voice and her ear to the many
local peace groups she supported,
with generous friends ferrying her
here and there
Victories
● 1980 - received the Woman of
Conscience Award from the National
Council on Women
● 1985 - received the Woman Who
Made A Difference Award from the
National Women’s Forum
● 1990 nominee of the Nobel Peace
Prize
● 1995 recipient of the Ikeda Center’s
 Global Citizen Award
● 1996 - inducted into the Colorado
Women’s Forum’s Hall of Fame
● Redefined the concept of
international security
● She helped in rebuilding the
contemporary concept of peace
education
Rachel Carson
Biography
● From Springdale, Pennsylvania
● published writer @ 10yrs old
● developed a love of nature from her
mother
● 1936: 2nd woman hired by the U.S.
Bureau of Fisheries
● Served for 15yrs then got promoted
to Editor-in-Chief of all publications
for the U. S. Fish and Wildlife
Service
● Catalyzed global environmental
movement with her book, Silent
Spring (1962)
Context in the Country
● From her bedroom window, she
could see smoke billow from the
stacks of the American Glue Factory,
which slaughtered horses.
Silent Spring (1962)
● Primary focus is pesticides’ effect on
ecosystems
● Four chapters detail their impact on
humans
● Carson accuses the chemical industry
of spreading disinformation and
public officials of accepting industry
claims uncritically
The Global Environment Movement
● Carson was always aware of the
impact of humans to nature. So, she
catalyzed this advocacy through her
book, Silent Spring, where she
outlines the dangers of chemical
pesticides. She argued that humans
should not seek to dominate nature
through chemistry, in the name of
progress
● This movement led to a nationwide
ban on DDT and other pesticides and
sparked the movement that
ultimately led to the creation of the
US Environmental Protection
Agency
Challenges
● Financial
● Chemical companies sought to
discredit her as a communist or
hysterical woman
● Death of her niece; she adopted her
niece’s son
● Breast cancer
Victories
● Awarded the Presidential Medal of
Freedom
● CBS Reports TV special “The Silent
Spring of Rachel Carson”
● John F. Kennedy’s Science Advisory
Committee report validated Carson’s
research and made pesticides a major
public issue
● Received medals from the National
Audubon Society and the American
Geographical Society
● Received induction into the
American Academy of Arts and
Letters
● Her books were popular and
international sellers
● won a National Book Awards
national science writing-prize & a
Guggenheim grant
● Silent Spring lead to nationwide ban
on DDT and other pesticides
● Inspired the creation of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA)
● Sparked the Global Environmental
Movement