Chapter 8 GI Answers

8.1 Nucleation and Growth

8.1.1 Nucleation; small particles of the solid form in the liquid.
8.1.2 solid
8.1.3 solid
8.1.4 higher
8.1.5
8.1.6
8.1.7 Volume; for example if you double the radius the volume increases by 23 = 8X, while the surface
area increases by 22 = 4X.
8.1.8 The bulk nucleus.
8.1.9 Decrease; since the solid is the stable phase the free energy becomes a larger negative value.
8.1.10 Increases.
8.1.11 Get smaller.
8.1.12 Decreases.
8.1.13 Get bigger.
8.1.14 r*
8.1.15 Nucleation is slow, growth is fast.
8.1.16 It is slow, because it takes a long time for nuclei to form.
8.1.17 Nucleation is fast, growth is slow.
8.1.18 It is slow; even though nuclei form quickly it takes a long time for them to grow.
8.1.19 Medium temperatures.
8.1.20 Few nuclei, because it is slower.
8.1.21 Do the solidification at temperatures close to the melting temperature.

8.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation

8.2.1 Part b.
8.2.2 Part b.
8.2.3 It increases.
8.2.4 It decreases.
8.2.5
8.2.6

8.2.7

8.2.8 water
8.2.9 PTFE
8.2.10 Bead up.

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 8.2.11 silicon oxide
8.2.12 water
8.2.13 spread out
8.2.14

8.2.15 copper
8.2.16 On the surface of the silicon oxide container, in order to minimize the surface of silicon oxide
exposed to liquid copper.
8.2.17 There are many ways to answer this; the exact answer is not as important as understanding the
concept. The basic answer is that there is less surface energy difference between the liquid and solid of
the same material compared to the difference between the liquid and the container surface. So
heterogeneous nucleation occurs to minimize the surface of the container in contact with the liquid.
8.2.18 Add particles into the liquid to force heterogeneous nucleation throughout the liquid. Otherwise
you will get heterogeneous nucleation occurring just on the surface of the container. Another way is to
use some method (e.g. low gravity) to suspend the liquid without using a container.

8.3 Equilibrium vs Non-Equilibrium Cooling

8.3.1
a:

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 b:

c:

d:

e:

8.3.2 46 wt% Ni
8.3.3 45 wt% Ni
8.3.4 43 wt% Ni

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from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
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 8.3.5

8.3.6

8.3.7 Under equilibrium cooling the microstructure is uniform – the grains have a uniform composition
throughout. Under non-equilibrium cooling the grains have compositions that vary from the center of the
grain to the grain boundary.

8.4.1 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams

8.4.1 Constant temperature.
8.4.2 Horizontal and vertical.
8.4.3 50% bainite and 50% martensite
8.4.4 50% fine pearite, 50% austenite
8.4.5 50%
8.4.6 25%
8.4.7 50% fine pearlite, 25% bainite, 25% martensite

8.5 Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams

8.5.1 100% fine pearlite
8.5.2 100% martensite
8.5.3 A mixture of fine pearlite and martensite.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained
from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.