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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1. Introduction
Power electronics is the application of solid-state electronics to the control and
conversion of electric power. Main target in power electronics is to convert electrical
energy from one form to another. To make electrical energy to reach the load with
highest efficiency is the target to be achieved. Power electronics also targets to reduce
the size of the device to convert these energies which aims to reduce cost, smaller in
size and high availability. Earlier centuries, low-power applications were to convert to
DC by using a vibrator, followed by a step-up transformer and rectifier. In modern
systems, the conversion is performed with semiconductor switching devices such
as diodes, thyristors, and power transistors such as the power MOSFET and IGBT.
 DC-to-DC converter is an electronic device that converts a source of direct
current (DC) from one voltage level to another. The dc-dc converter for this thesis is
buck converter. Buck is use to convert unregulated dc input to a controlled dc output
with a desired voltage level. The buck will step down the input voltage 12 Vdc to 5
Vdc. Unstable output of buck converter can be detected from voltage sensor. Voltage
sensor send signals to Arduino which is connected with PWM signal. PWM signal
control duty cycle of buck converter. Together with buck is PID controller that uses to
control the behaviors of the system in linear. Modeling the buck converter in
MATLAB. This system is a close loop system with feedback. The software is used to
do simulation is MATLAB SIMULINK. This thesis consists of modeling, simulation
and stability analysis.
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1.2. Aim and Objectives

The main purpose of this thesis to build low cost, efficient and convenient
controlled PWM technique using various type of microcontroller.
The aim of the thesis is
 To control of Dc-Dc buck converter using PID controller for extra low voltage
system
The objectives of the thesis are
 To study DC buck converters circuits (12V to 5V) and its applications
 To analyze unregulated output of buck converter and stabilize the output
 To study the purpose of PID controller method
 To simulate the result and form the system stability
 To build the buck converter model using MATLAB Simulink

1.3. Scope of the Thesis

The main purpose of this system is to model and simulate DC-DC buck
converter by using PID which is used for extra-low voltage system.
The scopes of the thesis are
 Study the operation of Buck Converter.
 Calculate the mathematical system model of Buck Converter.
 Simulation of Buck Converter and Controller circuit using SIMULINK and in
MATLAB, for testing the properties of the system.
 Design of the PID controller and the system will operate in close loop or in
other word has feedback to stabilize the system and the system is linear.
 Form stability analysis of the system.

1.4. Implementation Procedure

Implementation procedures include the following:
 Select the components and build the model with desired specification
 Concern the criteria in unstable output voltage, noise isolation, steady state
error, to get and reduce the desired output
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 Studying the PID control method

 Simulation the stabilization result for control of DC buck converter (12V to
5V)

1.5. Outline of Thesis

There are five chapter in this thesis. Stabilization of quadcopter UAV is
analyzed according to the following chapter plans. The first chapter is an introduction
to DC buck converter and PID controller. Chapter 2 presents the literature review of
the DC buck converter description of continuous conduction mode theory explain
about the concept of buck converter and PID controller including tuning method. In
chapter 3, a stabilization control system for Buck Converter and PWM control of
microcontroller the design of the system of buck controller incorporated with PID
controller and explaining how the thesis is organized and the flow of process. In
chapter 4, comparison between the simulation result of buck without PID controller
and buck with PID controller. Discussions, conclusion are discussed in the last
chapter.