Anchorage in reinforced concrete

Reinforced Concrete: Definition[edit]

Reinforced concrete [RC] is concrete in which reinforcement bars ("rebars"), reinforcement
grids, plates or fibers are embedded to create bond and thus to strengthen the concrete in tension. The composite
material was invented by French gardener Joseph Monier in 1849 and patented in 1867.[1] Conventionally the
term Concrete refers only to concrete that is reinforced with iron or steel. However, other materials are often used
to reinforce concrete e.g. organic and inorganic fibres, composites in different forms. While compared to its
compressive strength, concrete is weak in tension. Thus adding reinforcement increases the strength in tension.
The other purpose of providing reinforcement in concrete is to hold the tension cracked sections together.

Mechanism of composite action of reinforcement and concrete[edit]

The reinforcement in a RC structure, such as a steel bar, has nothing to do with the anchrundergo the same strain
or deformation as the surrounding concrete in order to prevent discontinuity, slip or separation of the two materials
under load. Maintaining composite action requires transfer of load between the concrete and steel. The direct
stress is transferred from the concrete to the bar interface so as to change the tensile stress in the reinforcing bar
along its length. This load transfer is achieved by means of bond (anchorage) and is idealized as a continuous
stress field that develops in the vicinity of the steel-concrete interface.

Anchorage (bond) in concrete: Codes of specifications[edit]

Because the actual bond stress varies along the length of a bar anchored in a zone of tension, most international
codes of specifications [2][3][4] use the concept of development length rather than bond stress. The main requirement
for safety against bond failure is to provide a sufficient extension of the length of the bar beyond the point where
the steel is required to develop its yield stress and this length must be at least equal to its development length.
However, if the actual available length is inadequate for full development, special anchorages must be provided,
such as cogs or hooks or mechanical end plates. The same concept applies to lap splice length mentioned in the
codes where splices (overlapping) provided between two adjacent bars in order to maintain the required continuity
of stress in the splice zone.