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Chapter 3

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‫علوم‬
‫ ختام يوسف الوصيفي‬.‫ د‬/ ‫دكتورة‬

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Physics: Principles with
th edition6Applications,
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Giancoli
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 Chapter 3

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Kinematics in Two

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Dimensions; Vectors

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 Units of Chapter 3

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• Vectors and Scalars

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• Addition of Vectors – Graphical Methods

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•Subtraction of Vectors, and Multiplication of a

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Vector by a Scalar

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• Adding Vectors by Components

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• Projectile Motion
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• Solving Problems Involving Projectile Motion
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• Projectile Motion Is Parabolic

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 1-3Vectors and Scalars

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A vector has magnitude as

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well as direction.

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Some vector quantities:

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displacement, velocity, force,
momentum

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A scalar has only a magnitude.
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Some scalar quantities: mass,
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time, temperature
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2-3Addition of Vectors – Graphical Methods

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For vectors in one

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dimension, simple

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addition and subtraction
are all that is needed.

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You do need to be careful
about the signs, as the
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figure indicates.
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2-3Addition of Vectors – Graphical Methods

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If the motion is in two dimensions, the situation is

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somewhat more complicated.

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Here, the actual travel paths are at right angles to

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one another; we can find the displacement by

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using the Pythagorean Theorem.

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2-3Addition of Vectors – Graphical Methods

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Adding the vectors in the opposite order gives the

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same result:

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2-3Addition of Vectors – Graphical Methods

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Even if the vectors are not at right

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angles, they can be added graphically by
using the “tail-to-tip” method.

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2-3Addition of Vectors – Graphical Methods

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The parallelogram method may also be used;

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”. here again the vectors must be “tail-to-tip

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 3-3Subtraction of Vectors, and

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Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar

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In order to subtract vectors, we

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define the negative of a vector, which

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has the same magnitude but points

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in the opposite direction.

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Then we add the negative vector:
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 3-3Subtraction of Vectors, and

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Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar

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A vector V can be multiplied by a scalar c; the

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result is a vector cV that has the same direction

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but a magnitude cV. If c is negative, the resultant

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vector points in the opposite direction.

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 4-3Adding Vectors by Components

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Any vector can be expressed as the sum

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of two other vectors, which are called its

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components. Usually the other vectors are

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chosen so that they are perpendicular to
each other.

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 Adding Vectors by Components 4-3

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If the components are
perpendicular, they can be found
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using trigonometric functions.

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 Adding Vectors by Components 4-3

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The components are effectively one-dimensional,

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: so they can be added arithmetically

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 4-3Adding Vectors by Components

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:Adding vectors

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.Draw a diagram; add the vectors graphically .1

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.Choose x and y axes .2

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.Resolve each vector into x and y components .3

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.Calculate each component using sines and cosines .4

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.Add the components in each direction .5
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:To find the length and direction of the vector, use .6
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 5-3Projectile Motion

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A projectile is an object

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moving in two
dimensions under the

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influence of Earth's
as gravity; its path is a
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parabola.
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 Projectile Motion 5-3

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It can be understood by

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analyzing the horizontal and
. vertical motions separately

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 5-3Projectile Motion

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The speed in the x-direction

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is constant; in the y-

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direction the object moves

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.with constant acceleration g

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This photograph shows two balls

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that start to fall at the same time.

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The one on the right has an
initial speed in the x-direction. It
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can be seen that vertical
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positions of the two balls are

identical at identical times, while
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the horizontal position of the

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.yellow ball increases linearly

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 Projectile Motion 5-3

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If an object is launched at an initial angle of θ0

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with the horizontal, the analysis is similar except

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that the initial velocity has a vertical component.

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 Solving Problems Involving 6-3

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Projectile Motion

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Projectile motion is motion with constant

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acceleration in two dimensions, where the

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acceleration is g and is down.

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