I

NSTI
TUTEOFDEVELOPMENTSTUDI
ES

SUBMI
TTEDBY

CHETHAN S

MBA(
ABM)

1
8AMB005

MANASAGANGOTHRI

MYSURU

SUBMI
TTEDTO

SHASHIKUMAR

GUESTFACULTY

I
NSTI
TUTEOFDEVELOPMENTSTUDI
ES

MANASAGANGOHRI

MYSURU

PLACE:
MYSURU
 EMERGI
NGI
SSUESI
NPLANTATI
ONOFCROPS

I
ntr
oduc
tion:
Pl
ant
ati
onc
ropsar
econs
ider
edt
obet
hemai
nseg
mentoft
heh
ort
icul
tur
ecr
ops
.
Th
eyar
eth
emai
nst
ayofag
rar
ianec
onomi
csi
nmanys
tat
esanduni
ont
err
itor
iesoft
he
c
ount
ry.
Theypl
ayani
mpor
tantr
olei
nth
eag
ric
ult
ureandi
ndus
tri
aldev
elopmentoft
he
c
ount
ryasa wh
ole.Pl
ant
ati
onc
ropsc
annotbe t
ermed ases
sent
ialc
ommodi
ti
es
nev
ert
hel
esst
heyar
ecommer
cial
lys
igni
fi
cantast
hes
ecr
opsc
ont
ribut
esi
gni
fi
cant
lyt
o
f
orei
gnex
chang
eres
erv
esandempl
oymentg
ener
ati
on.I
ndi
aisoneoft
hel
arg
est
pr
oduc
ersoft
hepl
ant
ati
onc
ropsi
nth
ewor
ldbec
aus
eIndi
aisbl
ess
edwi
thar
ichand
di
ver
seag
roc
limat
icpr
ofi
le.
Thi
sgi
vesust
heabi
li
tyt
ogr
owav
ari
etyofpr
oduc
thav
ing
g
reatdemandi
nth
egl
obalmar
ket
.Th
epl
ant
ati
onc
ropsbypr
omot
ingv
eget
ati
vec
over
andpr
event
ings
oiler
osi
onh
elpt
opr
eser
veandf
ost
erec
olog
icalbal
anc
e.Pl
ant
ati
on
pl
aysac
rit
icalr
olei
nth
edev
elopmentofr
uralandh
ill
yar
easandt
heunder
dev
eloped
r
emot
ereg
ionsi
nth
ecount
ry.Pl
ant
ati
onc
ropsc
ons
tit
uteal
arg
egr
oupofc
rops
.Th
e
maj
orpl
ant
ati
onc
ropsi
ncl
udec
oconut
,ar
ecanut
,oi
lpal
m,c
ash
ew,t
ea,c
off
eeand
r
ubberandt
hemi
norpl
ant
ati
onc
ropi
ncl
udec
ocoa.Amongt
hes
epl
ant
ati
onc
rops
c
ult
ivat
edi
nIndi
atea,c
off
eeandr
ubberas
sumeg
reat
eri
mpor
tanc
e,ast
hes
ecr
ops
pr
ovi
deampl
eempl
oymentoppor
tuni
ti
est
oth
epeopl
eatl
arg
eandh
oldsi
mmens
e
pot
ent
ialf
orex
por
t.

Pl
ant
ati
onag
ric
ult
urei
smor
eth
an400y
ear
sol
dandc
ont
ribut
est
oth
ereg
ional
andnat
ionalec
onomi
esi
nmanyt
ropi
calc
ount
ries
.Th
ispaperr
evi
ewss
omeoft
hemai
n
env
ironment
ali
ssuesr
elat
edt
opl
ant
ati
onag
ric
ult
urewi
thper
enni
alc
rops
,inc
ludi
ng
s
oiler
osi
on,s
oilf
ert
il
it
ydec
line,pol
lut
ion,c
arbons
eques
trat
ionandbi
odi
ver
sit
y.Soi
l
er
osi
onands
oilf
ert
il
it
ydec
linear
eofc
onc
erni
nsomear
eas
,buti
nmos
tpl
ant
ati
ons
t
hes
e ar
e bei
ngc
hec
ked byc
overc
ropsand i
nor
gani
cfer
til
izerappl
icat
ions
.Few
s
tudi
esh
avebeenc
onduc
tedont
hei
ssueofc
arbons
eques
trat
ionunderper
enni
al
pl
ant
ati
onc
roppi
ng.Reduc
tionsi
ndef
ores
tat
iony
iel
dmuc
hgr
eat
erbenef
itsf
ora
r
educ
tioni
nCO2emi
ssi
onst
hanex
pandi
ngpl
ant
ati
onag
ric
ult
ure.
Thebi
gges
tth
reatt
o
bi
odi
ver
sit
yist
hel
ossofh
abi
tatt
hroug
hex
pans
ionoft
hepl
ant
ati
onar
ea.
Des
pit
eth
e
env
ironment
alpr
obl
emsandc
onc
erns
,th
isr
evi
ewh
ass
hownt
hatc
ropy
iel
dsofmos
t
per
enni
alc
ropsh
avei
ncr
eas
edov
ert
imeduet
oimpr
ovedc
roph
usbandr
yinc
ludi
ngh
igh
-
yiel
dingc
ult
ivar
sandi
mpr
oveds
oilmanag
ement
.Iti
sli
kel
yth
atmor
eat
tent
ionwi
llbe
g
iven t
oth
e env
ironment
alas
pec
tsofpl
ant
ati
on c
roppi
ngdue t
oth
einc
reas
ing
env
ironment
alawar
enes
sint
ropi
calc
ount
ries
.

EMERGI
NGI
SSUESI
NPLANTATI
ONOFCROPS

Someoft
hemai
nenv
ironment
ali
ssuesr
elat
edt
opl
ant
ati
onag
ric
ult
urewi
thper
enni
al
c
rops:

1
.Soi
ler
osi
on

2.Soi
lfer
til
it
ydec
line

3.Pol
lut
ion

4.Car
bons
eques
trat
ion

5
.Bi
odi
ver
sit
y

Soi
ler
osi
on:

Soi
ler
osi
onemer
gedi
nth
efi
rsth
alfoft
he20t
hcent
uryasanobv
iousf
act
or
af
fec
tingf
oodpr
oduc
tioni
nrel
ati
ont
oth
eex
pandi
ngh
umanpopul
ati
on.
Int
heUSAt
he
ques
tionofwh
eth
ers
uff
ici
entf
oodc
oul
dpr
oduc
edf
ort
heg
rowi
ngpopul
ati
onf
oll
owed
t
he‘
dus
tbowl
s’oft
he1
930sc
aus
edbys
ever
ewi
nder
osi
on.
TheNewYor
kTi
mess
tat
ed
i
n1937t
hati
fsoi
ler
osi
onwasal
lowedt
ocont
inueh
ung
erwoul
dbec
ommoni
nth
eUSA.
Th
isc
oinc
idedwi
thas
eri
ousec
onomi
cdepr
ess
ioni
nth
eUSA,andanac
tiv
efi
ghtof
Pr
esi
dentF.
D.Roos
evel
tag
ains
tbot
hec
onomi
cdepr
ess
ionands
oiler
osi
on.
Itr
esul
ted
i
nth
ees
tabl
ish
mentoft
heSoi
lCons
erv
ati
onSer
vic
eandt
hebel
ieft
hatpr
oduc
tiv
e
s
oil
scanbemai
ntai
nedt
hroug
hcent
uri
esoff
armi
ngi
fser
iouser
osi
oni
spr
event
ed.
A
g
lobalov
erv
iewofs
oiler
osi
onwaspr
epar
edbyJ
acksandWh
ytet
itl
edTh
eRapeoft
he
Ear
th–aWor
ldSur
veyofSoi
lEr
osi
on.Th
eyar
riv
edats
imi
larc
onc
lus
ions
:wor
ldf
ood
pr
oduc
tionwoul
dbes
eri
ous
lyaf
fec
tedi
fer
osi
onr
emai
nedunc
hec
ked.Depr
ess
ing
v
iewsont
hef
utur
eoft
heear
thwer
eal
soex
pres
sedi
nAnAg
ric
ult
uralTes
tament
,Our
Dev
elopi
ngWor
ldandOurPl
under
edPl
anet
,cont
aini
ngquot
esl
ike‘
…Iti
seas
yto
under
standi
npr
esentt
imes
,wi
tht
hewor
lds
ocr
owdedandi
nneedoff
ood,h
owany
ov
erpopul
atedc
ount
rymi
ghtdepl
etei
tsl
andi
nades
per
ateef
for
ttof
eedi
tsc
rowdi
ng
mi
ll
ions
.

Soi
ler
osi
on underper
enni
alc
ropsi
srel
ati
vel
ylow,pr
ovi
ded t
hec
ropsar
e wel
l
manag
ed.
Meas
ureddat
ash
owt
hater
osi
onc
oul
dbeh
ighi
noi
lpal
m,c
ocoa,andt
ea–
par
tic
ular
lydur
inges
tabl
ish
mentorwh
enpl
ant
ati
onsar
eneg
lec
ted.Ag
rof
ores
try
r
esear
chh
asac
cumul
atedc
ons
ider
abl
eev
idenc
econf
irmi
ngl
owerer
osi
oni
nland-
use
s
yst
emswi
tht
reec
ropst
hanwi
thper
enni
alpl
ant
ati
onc
rops
.Th
eav
ail
abl
edat
aconf
irm
t
hats
oiler
osi
oni
sloweri
nland-
uses
yst
emswi
thper
enni
alc
ropst
hanunderannual
c
roppi
ng:l
and-
uses
yst
emswi
thper
enni
alc
ropsf
orm bet
terpr
otec
tionag
ains
tsoi
l
er
osi
ont
hanannualc
rops
,si
mpl
ybec
aus
eth
eyc
overt
hes
oilt
hroug
houtt
hewh
oley
ear
.
Th
eri
sksofs
oiler
osi
onunderpl
ant
ati
onc
ropsdi
fferamongc
rops
pec
iesdependi
ng
upont
hei
rcanopyc
har
act
eri
sti
csands
oilmanag
ements
yst
em.Ass
oiler
osi
onaf
fec
ts
t
hes
oilc
hemi
calf
ert
il
it
y,t
hef
ert
il
it
yoft
hes
oils
houl
dbet
akeni
ntoac
countwh
en
i
nter
pret
inger
osi
onl
oss
es.
Ing
ener
al,
tol
erabl
elos
sesf
romac
idandpoorf
ert
il
it
y

Soi
lfer
til
itydec
line:

Soi
lfer
til
it
yant
ropi
calag
ric
ult
urel
andsi
srapi
dlydec
lini
ngasar
esul
tof
c
ont
inuesnut
rientr
emov
alt
hroug
hcr
oph
arv
est,s
hor
teni
ngc
roppi
ngc
ycl
esandf
ell
ow
per
iods
,ex
pans
ionofag
ric
ult
uret
omar
ginall
ands
,inadequat
eori
nappr
opr
iat
eus
eof
or
gani
cori
nor
gani
coff
ert
il
izer
,andl
ackofi
ncent
ivesf
ors
oilc
ons
erv
ati
onpr
act
ices
.
Al
lth
oug
htr
opi
cals
oil
sorh
igh
lydi
ver
se,i
nmanyar
east
heyar
enat
ural
lys
usc
ept
ibl
e
t
onut
rit
ionaldef
ici
enc
iesi
nsout
heas
tas
iaands
out
hAmer
icanut
rients
tres
stog
eth
er
wi
thc
hemi
calt
oxi
cit
iesaf
fec
tsh
alformor
eoft
heys
oil
s.

Pol
lut
ion:

Ai
rpol
lut
ion:
airasaph
ysi
calpr
oper
tiesandac
hemi
calc
ompos
iti
ont
hatar
evi
tal
 par
amet
ersofl
if
eforbot
hlandsandani
malc
arbondi
oxi
dei
nat
mos
pher
ehav
ea
di
rec
tef
fec
tsonf
oodandf
iberpr
oduc
tion.

Ac
idgues
s:ac
idg
ues
sinc
ludef
luor
ides
,sul
furdi
oxi
deandc
hlor
ine.Hy
droz
oans
f
luor
ide i
s ex
tremel
ytox
ict
o pl
ant
.Some pl
antar
einj
ure by c
ont
actwi
th
c
onc
ent
rat
ionofl
esst
hanonepar
tforbi
ll
ion.

Pes
tic
ides:t
hepr
obl
emsofper
sis
tenc
einpes
tic
idesc
anbeh
igh
lig
htedbynot
ing
t
hatt
hisat
tri
but
eex
ist
sinar
ang
efr
ommoder
atel
yper
sis
tenc
e.

Soi
landwat
erpol
lut
ion :s
oilandwat
erpol
lut
antt
hatmayadv
ers
elyaf
fec
t
ag
ric
ult
uraloper
ati
on i
ncl
ude s
edi
ment
,pl
antnut
rienti
n or
gani
csal
ts and
mi
ner
als
.

Car
bons
eques
trat
ion:

Cl
imat
ech
ang
eisoneoft
hemos
timpor
tantg
lobalenv
ironment
alc
hal
leng
es
f
aci
ngh
umani
tywi
thi
mpl
icat
ionsf
orf
oodpr
oduc
tion,nat
uralec
osy
stems
,fr
esh
wat
er
s
uppl
y,h
eal
th,h
abi
tatdes
truc
tionbi
odi
ver
sit
y,et
c.Ac
cor
dingt
oth
elat
ests
cient
ifi
c
as
ses
sment
,th
eear
th’
scl
imat
esy
stem asdemons
trabl
ych
ang
edonbot
hgl
obaland
r
egi
onals
cal
ess
inc
eth
epr
e-i
ndus
tri
alar
ea.Si
ncet
hev
erybeg
inni
ngofc
ivi
li
zat
ion,
l
andr
esour
cesh
avebeenundert
remendouspr
ess
uref
orf
oodandf
ores
tpr
oduc
ts.
Ant
hropog
eni
cac
tiv
iti
esh
aveaf
fec
tedt
hebi
osph
eret
hroug
hch
ang
esi
nth
elandus
e
andf
ores
tmanag
ementac
tiv
iti
es,t
husal
ter
ingt
henat
uralbal
anc
eofg
reenh
ous
e
g
asesi
nth
eat
mos
pher
e.Th
eenv
ironment
als
ecur
ityt
hus
,hasbec
omeas
eri
ousc
onc
ern
ac
ros
sth
egl
obe.Th
emet
eor
olog
icalr
ecor
dsh
aves
howns
igni
fi
canti
ncr
eas
eint
he
env
ironment
alt
emper
atur
eref
err
edt
oast
heg
lobalwar
ming
.Humanac
tiv
iti
esh
ave
i
ncr
eas
edg
reenh
ous
egas
esandr
ais
edg
lobalt
emper
atur
eby0.
50Cov
ert
hepas
t100
y
r,wh
ichmayi
ncr
eas
eby1
.4t
o5.
8°
Cdur
ingt
henex
tcent
ury
.Ev
idenc
eoft
hisg
lobal
c
ris
isi
ncl
udet
her
isei
ngl
obals
eal
evel
sby3.
4mm y
r-1t
hroug
hth
emel
ti
ngoft
he
wor
ld’
ssnowpeaksandg
lac
ier
s,wh
ichpos
esat
hreatt
omi
ll
ionsl
ivi
ngi
ncoas
talar
eas
.
A dr
ast
icef
fec
ton s
pli
tti
ngofh
ugeg
lac
ieri
nth
e Ant
arc
tic
ahasal
readybeen
r
egi
ster
ed,wh
ichh
ast
hrownac
hal
leng
etos
avet
heear
th,l
estt
hev
erys
urv
ivaloft
he
manki
ndwi
llbej
eopar
diz
ed.
Eac
hdeg
reer
isei
ntemper
atur
ewi
lldi
spl
acet
hel
imi
tsof
t
oler
anc
e ofl
and s
pec
iess
ome 1
25km t
owar
dst
he pol
esor1
50m v
ert
ical
lyon
mount
ains
.Th
eInt
er-
gov
ernment
alPanelonCl
imat
eCh
ang
ees
timat
est
hat20t
o30per
c
entofpl
ant
sandani
mal
scoul
dbeatr
iskofex
tinc
tioni
fav
erag
egl
obalt
emper
atur
es
r
eac
hth
epr
ojec
tedl
evel
s.Manys
pec
ieswi
llnotbeabl
etor
edi
str
ibut
eth
ems
elv
esf
ast
enoug
htokeepupwi
tht
hepr
ojec
tedc
hang
esandt
hec
ons
ider
abl
eal
ter
ati
onsi
n
ec
osy
stems
truc
tur
eandf
unc
tionar
eli
kel
y.

s
eques
trat
ionFol
lowi
ngi
ndus
tri
alr
evol
uti
onsac
ros
sth
egl
obees
pec
ial
lyi
n
Uni
tedSt
ates
,Eur
ope,J
apan,Rus
sia,Ch
inaandI
ndi
acoupl
edwi
thdef
ores
tat
iont
o
meett
hepr
ior
ityr
equi
rement
sofi
ncr
eas
ingpopul
ati
oni
ndev
elopi
ngc
ount
riesmai
nly
i
nAf
ric
aandSout
hEas
tAs
iac
ount
ries
,th
edi
str
ibut
ionofc
arboni
nit
snat
uralpooland
i
nat
mos
pher
ehasr
ecor
dedal
armi
ngc
hang
e.Owi
ngt
oit
svar
iousi
mpl
icat
ionst
hroug
h
g
lobalwar
mingandc
hang
esi
not
hermet
eor
olog
icalpar
amet
ers
,th
isi
ssueh
asc
aug
ht
t
heat
tent
ionofal
mos
tev
erynat
iont
oputt
hei
rheadst
oget
hert
ores
olv
eth
eis
suesf
or
f
utur
egener
ati
on.Sc
ient
ifi
cev
idenc
esug
ges
tst
hati
ncr
eas
ed at
mos
pher
icc
arbon
di
oxi
dec
oul
dhav
esomepos
iti
veef
fec
tss
uchasi
mpr
ovedpl
antpr
oduc
tiv
ity
.Howev
er,
neg
ati
vec
hang
esi
nth
egl
obalc
limat
ear
eof
tent
hemos
tcons
equent
ialpr
oces
ses
as
soc
iat
edwi
thani
ncr
eas
edc
onc
ent
rat
ionofCO2,wh
ichh
ass
tar
teds
howi
ngi
ts
af
fec
tsonf
lor
aandf
auna.Th
eenv
ironment
als
ecur
ityh
asbec
omeas
eri
ousc
onc
ern
ac
ros
sth
egl
obe.
Ther
ecentmet
eor
olog
icalr
ecor
dsh
aves
howns
igni
fi
canti
ncr
eas
ein
t
heenv
ironment
alt
emper
atur
eref
err
edt
oasg
lobalwar
ming
.A dr
ast
icef
fec
ton
s
pli
tti
ngofh
ugeg
lac
ieri
nth
eAnt
arc
tic
ahasal
readybeenr
egi
ster
ed,wh
ichh
ast
hrown
ac
hal
leng
etos
avet
heear
th.

Bi
odi
ver
sit
y:

Nowaday
s, bi
odi
ver
sit
y i
s t
hreat
ened by c
limat
e c
hang
e, pol
lut
ion,
ov
erex
ploi
tat
ionofnat
uralr
esour
cesandh
abi
tatl
oss
.Los
sofbi
odi
ver
sit
yweakens
s
pec
iesc
onnec
tionsandi
mpai
rst
heec
osy
stems
,leadi
ngt
oex
tinc
tionofs
pec
iesand
l
ocalpopul
ati
ons
,wh
ichwi
lldi
sruptec
olog
icals
erv
ices
.For
est
sar
ecr
iti
calh
abi
tat
sfor
bi
odi
ver
sit
yandt
heyar
eal
soes
sent
ialf
ort
hepr
ovi
sionofawi
der
ang
eofec
osy
stem
s
erv
icest
hatar
eimpor
tantt
ohumanwel
l-
bei
ng.Th
erei
sinc
reas
ingev
idenc
eth
at
bi
odi
ver
sit
ycont
ribut
est
ofor
estec
osy
stemf
unc
tioni
ngandt
hepr
ovi
sionofec
osy
stem
s
erv
ices
.Her
ewepr
ovi
dear
evi
ew off
ores
tec
osy
stem s
erv
icesi
ncl
udi
ngbi
omas
s
pr
oduc
tion,
habi
tatpr
ovi
sioni
ngs
erv
ices
,pol
li
nat
ion,
seeddi
sper
sal
,res
ist
anc
etowi
nd
s
tor
ms,f
irer
egul
ati
onandmi
ti
gat
ion,pes
treg
ulat
ionofnat
iveandi
nvadi
ngi
nsec
ts,
c
arbons
eques
trat
ion,and c
ult
uralec
osy
stem s
erv
ices
,inr
elat
iont
ofor
estt
ype,
s
truc
tur
eanddi
ver
sit
y.Weal
soc
ons
iderr
elat
ions
hipsbet
weenf
ores
tbi
odi
ver
sit
yand
mul
tif
unc
tional
it
y,andt
rade-
off
samongec
osy
stems
erv
ices
.Wec
ompar
eth
econc
ept
s
ofec
osy
stempr
oces
ses
,func
tionsands
erv
icest
ocl
ari
fyt
hei
rdef
ini
ti
ons
.Ourr
evi
ewof
publ
ish
eds
tudi
esi
ndi
cat
esal
ackofempi
ri
cals
tudi
est
hates
tabl
ishquant
itat
iveand
c
aus
alr
elat
ions
hips bet
ween f
ores
tbi
odi
ver
sit
y and many i
mpor
tantec
osy
stem
s
erv
ices
.Th
eli
ter
atur
eish
igh
lys
kewed;s
tudi
esonpr
ovi
sioni
ngofnut
rit
ionandener
gy,
andonc
ult
urals
erv
ices
,del
iver
edbymi
xed-
spec
iesf
ores
tsar
eunder
-repr
esent
ed.
Pl
ant
edf
ores
tsof
ferampl
eoppor
tuni
tyf
oropt
imi
zingt
hei
rcompos
iti
onanddi
ver
sit
y
bec
aus
erepl
ant
ingaf
terh
arv
est
ingi
sa r
ecur
ringpr
oces
s.Pl
ant
ingmi
xed-
spec
ies
f
ores
tss
houl
dbeg
ivenmor
econs
ider
ati
onast
heyar
eli
kel
ytopr
ovi
deawi
derr
ang
eof
ec
osy
stems
erv
iceswi
thi
nth
efor
estandf
oradj
acentl
andus
es.
Thi
srev
iewal
sos
erv
es
ast
hei
ntr
oduc
tiont
oth
iss
pec
iali
ssueofBi
odi
ver
sit
yandCons
erv
ati
ononv
ari
ous
as
pec
tsoff
ores
tbi
odi
ver
sit
yandec
osy
stems
erv
ices
.