Implementation using universal Gates –

NAND

NOR

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Universal Gate – NAND
• NAND gate can be used to replace an AND gate, an OR gate, or
an INVERTER gate.
• logic circuit implemented with AOI logic gates can be re-
implemented using only NAND gates.
• using a single gate type, in this case NAND, will reduce the

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number of integrated circuits (IC) required to implement a
logic circuit.

AOI Logic NAND Logic

More ICs = More $$ Less ICs = Less $$

NAND Gate

X
Z XY  X Y
Y

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X Y Z
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
3
NAND Gate as an Inverter Gate

X X  X (Before Bubble)

X ZX

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X Z
0 1
Equivalent to Inverter
1 0

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NAND Gate as an AND Gate

XY
X
Z XY  XY
Y

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NAND Gate Inverter

X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 0
Equivalent to AND Gate
1 0 0
1 1 1 5
NAND Gate as an OR Gate
X

X Y
Z  XY XY  XY
Y

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Inverters NAND Gate

X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 1
Equivalent to OR Gate
1 0 1
1 1 1 6
NAND Gate Equivalent to AOI Gates

AND OR INVERTER

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Process for NAND Implementation
1. Starting from a logic expression, implement the design with
AOI logic.
2. In the AOI implementation, identify and replace every
AND,OR, and INVERTER gate with its NAND equivalent.

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3. Redraw the circuit.
4. Identify and eliminate any double inversions (i.e., back-to-
back inverters).
5. Redraw the final circuit.

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NAND Implementation
Example:
Design a NAND Logic Circuit that is equivalent to the AOI circuit
shown below.

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BC A C

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NAND Implementation
Solution – Step 2

Identify and replace every AND,OR, and INVERTER gate with its
NAND equivalent.

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NAND Implementation
Solution – Step 3

Redraw the circuit.

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NAND Implementation
Solution – Step 4

Identify and eliminate any double inversions.

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NAND Implementation
Solution – Step 5

Redraw the circuit.

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Proof of Equivalence

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C BC

BCAC

Z BCAC
AC
Z BCA C 14
AOI vs. NAND

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IC Type Gates Gate / IC # ICs IC Type Gates Gate / IC # ICs
74LS04 1 6 1 74LS00 4 4 1
74LS08 2 4 1 Total Number of ICs → 1
74LS32 1 4 1
15
Total Number of ICs → 3
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Universal Gate – NOR

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Universal Gate – NOR
• NOR gate can be using to replace an AND gate, an OR gate or
an INVERTER gate.
• logic circuit implemented with AOI logic gates could be re-
implemented using only NOR gates
• Single gate type, in this case NOR, will reduce the number of

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integrated circuits (IC) required to implement a logic circuit.

AOI Logic NOR Logic

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More ICs = More $$ Less ICs = Less $$

NOR Gate

X
Z XYX Y
Y

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X Y Z
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
18
NOR Gate as an Inverter Gate

X  X  X (Before Bubble)

X ZX

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X Z
0 1
Equivalent to Inverter
1 0

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NOR Gate as an OR Gate

XY
X
Z  XY  XY
Y

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NOR Gate “Inverter”

X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 1
Equivalent to OR Gate
1 0 1
1 1 1 20
NOR Gate as an AND Gate
X

X Y
Z XYXY XY
Y

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“Inverters” NOR Gate

X Y Z
0 0 0
0 1 0
Equivalent to AND Gate
1 0 0
1 1 1 21
NOR Gate Equivalent of AOI Gates

AND OR INVERTER

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Process for NOR Implementation
1. Starting from a logic expression, implement the design with
AOI logic.
2. In the AOI implementation, identify and replace every
AND,OR, and INVERTER gate with its NOR equivalent.

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3. Redraw the circuit.
4. Identify and eliminate any double inversions. (i.e. back-to-
back inverters)
5. Redraw the final circuit.

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NOR Implementation
Example:
Design a NOR Logic Circuit that is equivalent to the AOI circuit
shown below.

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BC A C

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NOR Implementation
Solution – Step 2

Identify and replace every AND,OR, and INVERTER gate with its
NAND equivalent.

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NOR Implementation
Solution – Step 3

Redraw Circuit.

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NOR Implementation
Solution – Step 4

Identify and eliminate any double inversions.

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NOR Implementation
Solution – Step 5

Redraw Circuit.

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Proof of Equivalence

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BCBCBC
C

B BCA C
C
Z BCA C
BCA C 29
A
ACACAC
AOI vs NOR

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IC Type Gates Gate / IC # ICs IC Type Gates Gate / IC # ICs
74LS04 1 6 1 74LS02 7 4 2
74LS08 2 4 1 Total Number of ICs → 2
74LS32 1 4 1
30
Total Number of ICs → 3
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EX-OR using NAND

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EX-OR using NAND

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EX-OR using NAND

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EX-OR using NOR

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EX-NOR using NAND

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EX-NOR using NOR

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EX-NOR using NOR

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