International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 106 (2017) 1261–1269

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt

Magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid convection in a porous enclosure

considering heat flux boundary condition
M. Sheikholeslami a, S.A. Shehzad b,⇑
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babol University of Technology, Babol, Iran
b
Department of Mathematics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Magnetohydrodynamic CuO-water nanofluid flow in a porous semi annulus with constant heat flux is
Received 2 September 2016 studied by means of Control Volume based Finite Element Method. Koo-Kleinstreuer-Li correlation and
Received in revised form 16 October 2016 Darcy model are applied for nanofluid and porous media, respectively. Effective parameters are radius
Accepted 29 October 2016
of inner cylinder, CuO-water volume fraction, Hartmann and Rayleigh numbers for porous medium. A for-
Available online 5 November 2016
mula for Nuave is presented. Results revealed that heat transfer augmentation decreases with rise of buoy-
ancy forces. Influence of adding nanoparticle augments with increase of Lorentz forces. Increasing
Keywords:
Hartmann number leads to a reduction in temperature gradient.
Porous media
Nanofluid
Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
MHD
Heat flux
Natural convection

1. Introduction mal radiation on convection heat transfer was analyzed by Hayat

Free convection in permeable media has been utilized for insu-
lation for buildings, chemical catalytic, reactors, grain storage and
etc. Innovative kinds of fluid required to reach more efficient per-
formance in new days. Nanofluid was proposed as innovative way
to enhance heat transfer. Mahanthesh et al. [1] examined the MHD
nanofluid on a plate. They utilized heat flux boundary condition.
Hussien et al. [2] studied heat transfer augmentation of nanofluid
in a mini channel. They illustrated the new uses of nanfluid in
micro channel. Sheikholeslami and Ganji [3] presented various
application of nanofluid in their review paper. Sheremet et al. [4]
analyzed the unsteady MHD flow in an enclosure. They used
FDM to simulate that paper. Gireesha et al. [5] analyzed the Hall
impact on fluid motion in preamble media in existence of variable
heat generation. Sheremet et al. [6] examined the influence of cor-
ner heater on nanofluid flow in permeable media in presence of
Lorentz forces. Sheikholeslami and Chamkha [7] examined the
MHD Fe3O4-H2O heat transfer in an enclosure with moving and
wavy walls. Suganthi et al. [8] used ZnO–ethylene glycol as cool-
ants fluid. They showed that heat transfer improvement has direct
relationship with thermal conductivity augmentation. Ramesh
et al. [9] analyzed the impact of Lorentz forces on dusty fluid
motion on a plate with heat production. Impact of nonlinear ther-
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: mohsen.sheikholeslami@yahoo.com (M. Sheikholeslami),
ali_qau70@yahoo.com (S.A. Shehzad).
et al. [10]. Sheikholeslami and Ellahi [11] selected LBM to simulate
Lorentz forces influence on nanofluid convective heat transfer.
They depicted that temperature gradient reduces with augment
of magnetic strength. Radial magnetic field impact on non-
straight duct has been examined by Shehzad et al. [12]. They used
slip condition.
Imtiaz et al. [13] examined the carbon nanotubes flow in exis-
tence of thermal radiation. Influence of non-uniform Lorentz forces
on nanofluid flow motion has been investigated by Sheikholeslami
Kandelousi [14]. He concluded that improvement in heat transfer
reduces with rise of Kelvin forces. Shehzad et al. [15] investigated
the 3D Jeffery fluid motion. They utilized convective boundary con-
dition. Khan et al. [16] examined the inclined magnetic field influ-
ence on nanofluid motion over a plate. MHD nanofluid thermal
radiation was presented by Sheikholeslami et al. [17]. Their results
showed that concentration gradient augments with increasing
radiation parameter. Sheikholeslami et al. [18] reported the impact
of inconstant Lorentz force on forced convection. They illustrated
that higher lid velocity has more sensible Kelvin forces effect. Lin
et al. [19] described the role of radiation in convective flow of
non-Newtonian nano liquid. In another investigation, Lin et al.
[20] presented an analysis to examine the unsteady pseudo-
plastic nanofluid over a thin plate. Nanofluid heat transfer aug-
mentation was analyzed by several authors [21–37].
The goal of this article is to investigate impact of uniform mag-
netic field on nanofluid free convection in a porous media with
sinusoidal hot cylinder. CVFEM is chosen to simulate this paper.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.10.107
0017-9310/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1262 M. Sheikholeslami, S.A. Shehzad / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 106 (2017) 1261–1269

Nomenclature

b Magnetic induction Greek symbols

r radius U dimensionless temperature
E
! heat transfer enhancement a thermal diffusivity
I electric current f rotation angle
K permeability of the porous medium X&w dimensionless vorticity & stream function
T fluid temperature b thermal expansion coefficient
Nu Nusselt number q fluid density
Ha
!
Hartmann number r electrical conductivity
g Gravitational acceleration vector l dynamic viscosity
Ra Rayleigh number
V, U Vertical and horizontal dimensionless velocity Subscripts
Y, X Vertical and horizontal space coordinates nf nanofluid
f base fluid
loc local
c cold

Impacts of CuO volume fraction, Hartmann and Rayleigh numbers 3. Governing equation and simulation
for permeable media on heat transfer treatment are considered.
3.1. Governing formulation
2. Problem definition
Two-dimensional steady convective flow of nanofluid in a
Fig. 1 shows the geometry, boundary condition and sample ele- porous media is considered in existence of constant horizontal
ment. The formula of inner cylinder is: magnetic field. The PDEs equations are:

2n^
2n^
X Y !
þ ¼1 ð1Þ r: V ¼ 0 ð2Þ
a b
^ > 1 geometry is square when a = b.
where n

Fig. 1. (a) Geometry and the boundary conditions with (b) the mesh of Geometry considered in this work; (c) A sample triangular element and its corresponding Control
Volume.
 M. Sheikholeslami, S.A. Shehzad / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 106 (2017) 1261–1269 1263

 
Table 1 3
kp
1 / qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
 þ 5  104 g 0 ð/;T;dp Þ/qf cp;f jb T
knf ¼ 1 þ  f 
k
The coefficient values of CuO  Water nanofluid [40].
kp kp qp dp
þ2  1 /
Coefficient values CuO  Water kf kf

a1 26.593310846 g 0 ð/;T;dp Þ ¼ ða1 þ a2 Lnðdp Þ þ a3 Lnð/Þ þ a4 Lnð/Þ lnðdp Þ þ a5 Lnðdp Þ ÞLnðTÞ

2
a2 0.403818333
a3 33.3516805 þða6 þ a7 Lnðdp Þ þ a8 Lnð/Þ þ a9 lnðdp ÞLnð/Þ þ a10 Lnðdp Þ Þ
2
a4 1.915825591
Rf ¼ dp =kp;eff  dp =kp ;Rf ¼ 4  108 km =W
a5 6.421858466E-02 2
a6 48.40336955
a7 9.787756683 ð15Þ
a8 190.245610009
lf kBrownian lf
a9 10.9285386565
0.72009983664
lnf ¼ 2:5
þ  ð16Þ
a10 ð1  /Þ kf Pr


lnf ! ! ! !
V¼ rp þ I  B þqnf g ð3Þ
K

!
ðqC p Þnf ðV rÞT ¼ knf r2 T ð4Þ

!
r I ¼0 ð5Þ

! !  !
rnf V  B ru ¼ I ð6Þ

In Eq. (3), Darcy model is utilized for porous medium. Eqs. (5) and
(6) reduce to r2u = 0 [38]. So electric field can be neglect [39].
Therefore the governing equations are:
@ v @u
þ ¼0 ð7Þ
@y @x

K @p rnf KB20
ðu sin c þ v sin c cos cÞ ¼ u
2
  ð8Þ
lnf @x lnf

K @p rnf KB20 ðqbÞnf K

  ðv cos2 c þ u sin c cos cÞ þ g ðT  T c Þ ¼ v
lnf @y lnf lnf
ð9Þ

 !
@T @T @2T @2T
ðqC p Þnf u þv ¼ knf þ ð10Þ
@x @y @x2 @y2

ðqC p Þnf ; ðqbÞnf ; qnf and rnf are defined as:

ðqC p Þnf ¼ ðqC p Þf ð1  /Þ þ ðqC p Þs / ð11Þ

ðqbÞnf ¼ ðqbÞf ð1  /Þ þ ðqbÞs / ð12Þ

qnf ¼ qf ð1  /Þ þ qs / ð13Þ

rs
rnf 3ðr  1Þ/
¼1þ f   ð14Þ
rf rs
þ 2  rs  1 /
rf rf

kn f ; ln f are obtained according to Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li (KKL) Fig. 2. Comparison of isotherms between the present work and experimental study
of (a) Kuehn and Goldstein [41]; (b) Comparison of the temperature on axial
model [40]: midline between the present results and numerical results obtained by Khanafer
et al. [42] for Gr ¼ 104 , / ¼ 0:1 and Pr ¼ 6:2ðCu  WaterÞ.

Table 2
Thermo physical properties of water and nanoparticles [40].

qðkg=m3 Þ C p ðj=kg kÞ kðW=m  kÞ b  105 ðK1 Þ dp ðnmÞ rðX  mÞ1

Water 997.1 4179 0.613 21 – 0:05
CuO 6500 540 18 29 29 1010
1264 M. Sheikholeslami, S.A. Shehzad / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 106 (2017) 1261–1269

Table 3
Average Nusselt number for different Grashof number under various strengths of the magnetic field at Pr = 0.733.

Ha Gr ¼ 2  104 Gr ¼ 2  105

Present Rudraiah et al. [43] Present Rudraiah et al. [43]

0 2.5665 2.5188 5.093205 4.9198
10 2.26626 2.2234 4.9047 4.8053
50 1.09954 1.0856 2.67911 2.8442
100 1.02218 1.011 1.46048 1.4317

Fig. 3. Isotherms (left) and streamlines (right) contours for different values of Rayleigh number and Hartmann number for porous medium when / ¼ 0:04; r in ¼ 0:2.

Table 4
Comparison of the average Nusselt number for different grid resolution at Ra ¼ 103 , r in ¼ 0:2; Ha ¼ 20 and / ¼ 0:04:.

Mesh size in radial direction  angular direction

61  181 71  211 81  241 91  271 101  301
5.707103 5.715321 5.717031 5.718164 5.719861
 M. Sheikholeslami, S.A. Shehzad / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 106 (2017) 1261–1269 1265

All required coefficients and properties are illustrated in Tables 1 qnf ðqbÞnf l
A1 ¼ qf ; A3 ¼ ðqbÞf
; A5 ¼ lnf ;
f
and 2 [40].Introducing dimensionless quantities:
ðqC P Þnf knf r
ð20Þ
A2 ¼ ðqC P Þf
; A4 ¼ ; A6 ¼ rnf
T  Tc kf f
W ¼ w=anf ; ðX; YÞ ¼ ðx; yÞ=L; h ¼ ð17Þ
Th  Tc and boundary conditions are:
By discarding the pressure, the final equations are: @h
h i ¼ 1:0 on inner wall ð21Þ
@n
@ W 2
cÞ þ @@XW2 ðcos2 cÞ þ 2 @X@ @Y ðsin cÞ ðcos cÞ
2
þ @@YW2 ¼
2
@ W
2 2 2
W
@X 2
 AA65 Ha @Y 2
ðsin
 AA34 AA25 @h
Ra h ¼ 0:0 on other wall
@X

ð18Þ W ¼ 0:0 on all walls

!
@2h @2h @h @ W @h @ W Nulocal ; Nuav e over the inner cylinder and E can calculate as:
þ ¼  ð19Þ 
@Y 2
@X 2 @X @Y @Y @X Nuloc ¼ A4 1hinner wall
R 2p ð22Þ
g K ðqbÞf L DT r K B2 Nuav e ¼ 21p 0 Nuloc df
where Ra ¼ l f af and Ha ¼ f l 0 are the Rayleigh and Hartmann
f

numbers for the porous media. Also Ai ði ¼ 1:0:6Þ are constants Nuð/ ¼ 0:04Þ  NuðbasefluidÞ
parameters which are obtained as: E¼  100 ð23Þ
NuðbasefluidÞ

Fig. 4. Isotherms (left) and streamlines (right) contours for different values of Rayleigh number and Hartmann number for porous medium when / ¼ 0:04; r in ¼ 0:4.
1266 M. Sheikholeslami, S.A. Shehzad / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 106 (2017) 1261–1269

3.2. Numerical procedure The flow rates are

qf 1 ¼ v  n Ajf 1 ¼ v fx1 Dy! f 1  v fy1 Dy! f 1

In CVFEM, the building block is triangular elements. Linear ð30Þ
interpolation is used to estimate the values of scalars. A close qf 2 ¼ v  n Ajf 2 ¼ v fx2 Dy! f 2  v fy2 Dy! f 2
polygonal cell is generated by connecting the middle of each ele-
ment (see Fig. 1 (c)). Diffusion – advection formula for node (i) is kf1, kf2 are
Z Z Z 5 5 2
ðv  nÞ/ dA  kr/  n dA  Q dV ¼ 0 ð24Þ kf 1 ¼ ½N1 k1 þ N2 k2 þ N3 k3 f 1 ¼ k1 þ k2 þ k3 ð31Þ
12 12 12
A A V

or 5 2 5
kf 2 ¼ ½N1 k1 þ N2 k2 þ N3 k3 f 2 ¼ k1 þ k2 þ k3 ð32Þ
r  ðv /Þ  r  ðkr/Þ  Q ¼ 0 ð25Þ 12 12 12

It can rewrite according to CVFEM discrete equations

v fx1 ; v fy1 ; v fx2 ; v fy2 are given by
X
ni v fx1 ¼ 125 v x 1
þ 12
5
v x2 þ 122 v x3
½ai þ Qci þ Bci /i ¼ ai;j /Si;j þ Q Bi þ BBi ð26Þ ð33Þ
j¼1 v fy1 ¼ 125 v y 1
þ 12
5
v y2 þ 122 v y3
In Eq. (26), the index Si;j offers the number of nodes of the jth nodes,
the Q accounts for the source terms and B accounts for the boundary v fx2 ¼ 125 v x þ 12
2
v x2 þ 125 v x3
1
ð34Þ
conditions. If Q = 0, we have: v fy2 ¼ 125 v y 1
þ 12
2
v y2 þ 125 v y3
ðak1 þ au1 Þ/i þ ðak2 þ au2 Þ/Si;3 þ ðak2 þ au2 Þ/Si;4 ¼ 0 ð27Þ The coefficients should be updated as:

Using upwind for the advection term leads to: ai ¼ ak1 þ ai

au1 ¼ max½qf 1 ; 0 þ max½qf 2 ; 0 ai;3 ¼ ak2 þ ai;3 ð35Þ
au2 ¼ max½qf 1 ; 0 ð28Þ ai;4 ¼ ak3 þ ai;4
au3 ¼ max½qf 2 ; 0
The distances of Eq. (30), can obtained as:
and the diffusion terms are defined by 2x3  
! ! ! !
Dx! f 1 ¼ 16  x12  x11 ; Dy! f 1 ¼ 16 2y13  y12  y11
ak1 ¼ kf 1 Dy f 1 N 1x þ kf 1 Dx f 1 N 1y þ Dx f 2 kf 2 N 1y  Dy f 2 kf 2 N 1x
1
  ð36Þ

ak2 ¼ kf 1 Dy! f 1 N2x þ kf 1 Dx! f 1 N2y þ Dx! f 2 kf 2 N 2y  Dy! f 2 kf 2 N2x Dx! f 2 ¼ 16  2x12 þ x13 þ x11 ; Dy! f 2 ¼ 16  2y12 þ y13 þ y11

ak2 ¼ kf 1 Dy! f 1 N3x þ kf 1 Dx! f 1 N3y þ Dx! f 2 kf 2 N 3y  Dy! f 2 kf 2 N3x and shape functions and volume of cell are:
ð29Þ

Fig. 5. Effects of r in ; Ra and Ha for porous medium on local Nusselt number at / ¼ 0:04.
 M. Sheikholeslami, S.A. Shehzad / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 106 (2017) 1261–1269 1267

N1x ¼ @N
@x
1
¼ ðy2V
2 y3 Þ
ele ; N1y ¼ @N
@y
1
¼ ðx2V
3 x2 Þ
ele 4. Code verification and Grid independency analysis

N2x ¼ @N
@x
2
¼ ðy2V
3 y1 Þ
ele ; N2y ¼ @N
@y
1
¼ ðx2V
1 x3 Þ
ele ð37Þ In order to verify the written code, we examine the accuracy of
that code for free convection and nanofluid heat transfer (Fig. 2)
N3x ¼ @N
@x
2
¼ ðy2V
1 y2 Þ
ele ; N3y ¼ @N
@y
3
¼ ðx2V
2 x1 Þ
ele ([41] and [42]). Table 3 depicts that our code is validated for mag-
netohydrodynamic heat transfer [43]. Different grids are investi-
y1 ðx3  x2 Þ  ðx3 y2  x2 y3 Þ  x1 ðy3  y2 Þ gated to access the grid independent out puts. As demonstrated
V ele ¼ ð38Þ
2 in Table 4, a grid size of 71  211 should be chosen for the further
Gauss-Seidel approach is selected to solve the obtained algebraic simulation.
equations. Boundary conditions can be applied as:
insulated boundary : BBi ¼ 0 and BC i ¼ 0 ð39Þ 5. Results and discussion

fixed Value Boundary : BBi ¼ /v alue  1016 and BC i ¼ 1016 ð40Þ Effect of Lorentz forces on CuO-water nanofluid flow in a porous
semi annulus with constant heat flux is examined using Control
where /v alue is the prescribed boundary value.Definition of source Volume based Finite Element Method. KKL and Darcy models are
terms is utilized to obtain governing equations. Numerical simulation are
X Z
elements presented for various amount of Rayleigh number for porous med-
Q dV  Q i V i ð41Þ ium (R a ¼ 102 ; 250 and 103 ), radius of inner cylinder (r in ¼ 0:2 to
j¼1 Vj
0:4), CuO-water volume fraction (/ = 0–0.04) and Hartmann num-
ber for porous medium (Ha = 0–20).
Q i V i ¼ Q Ci /i þ Q Bi ð42Þ
Figs. 3 and 4 illustrate the influence of rin ; Ra and Ha for porous
medium on isotherms and streamlines. At low Rayleigh number,

Fig. 6. Effects of /; rin ; Ra and Ha for porous medium on average Nusselt number.
1268 M. Sheikholeslami, S.A. Shehzad / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 106 (2017) 1261–1269
Fig. 6 (continued)
isotherms follow the shape of cylinders and one main vortex can be
observed in streamline. As Rayleigh number augment, jWmax j
enhances and center of the vortex moves upward. Also thermal
plume generates near f ¼ 90 . By applying magnetic forces, center
of the vortex return to middle line and thermal plume vanishes. At
high value of r in , there is no enough space for nanofluid to rotate, so
conduction mode becomes dominant.
Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate the influence of /; r in ; Ra and Ha on
Nuloc ; Nuav e . The correlation for Nuav e corresponding effective
parameters is:
Nuav e ¼ 2:17 þ 3:7  104 Ra þ 12:85r in þ 13:42/  0:018Ha  4:5  104 Rar in
3:82  104 Ra/  1:45  105 RaHa þ 3:45r in / þ 0:04r in Ha þ 0:036/Ha
þ5:6  108 Ra2 þ 9:44r2in þ 27:9/2 þ 3:47104 Ha2
ð43Þ
The number of extremum in Nuloc profile is matching to existence of
thermal plume. Influence of adding magnetic field is more pro-
nounced in lower values of r in . As buoyancy force augments, tem-
perature gradient augments and in turn Nuav e enhances with
increase of buoyancy forces. Similar effect is observed for /; rin .
Enhancing Lorentz force causes the nanofluid flow to retard and
Nusselt number reduces.
Impacts of Ra and Ha on heat transfer improvement is depicted
in Fig. 7. Thermal conductivity has important role in conduction
mode and in turn adding nanoparticles is more sensible in this con-
dition. According to this fact, heat transfer improvement augments
with rise of Lorentz forces and it reduces with enhance of buoy-
ancy forces.
6. Conclusions
Control Volume based Finite Element Method is applied to ana-
lyze magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid convection in a porous
enclosure. KKL and Darcy models are utilized for nanofluid and
porous media, respectively. Nusselt number, Isotherms and
streamlines are depicted for /; r in ; Ra and Ha for porous medium.
Results indicate that Nuav e augments with enhance of /; rin ; Ra
 M. Sheikholeslami, S.A. Shehzad / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 106 (2017) 1261–1269
Fig. 7. Effects of the Ra and Ha for porous medium on the ratio of heat transfer
enhancement due to addition of nanoparticles when r in ¼ 0:2.
but it attenuates with increase of Lorentz forces. Using nanoparti-
cles are more operational for higher Ha.
References
[1] B. Mahanthesh, B.J. Gireesha, R.S.R. Gorla, F.M. Abbasi, S.A. Shehzad, Numerical
solutions for magnetohydrodynamic flow of nanofluid over a bidirectional
non-linear stretching surface with prescribed surface heat flux boundary, J.
Magn. Magn. Mater. 417 (2016) 189–196.
[2] A. Ahmed, M.Z. Hussien, Z. Abdullah, M.A. Al-Nimr, Single-phase heat transfer
enhancement in micro/mini channels using nanofluids: theory and
applications, Appl. Energy 164 (2016) 733–755.
[3] M. Sheikholeslami, D.D. Ganji, Nanofluid convective heat transfer using semi
analytical and numerical approaches: a review, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 65
(2016) 43–77.
[4] M.A. Sheremet, I. Pop, N.C. Rosßca, Magnetic field effect on the unsteady natural
convection in a wavy-walled cavity filled with a nanofluid: Buongiorno’s
mathematical model, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 61 (2016) 211–222.
[5] B.J. Gireesha, B. Mahanthesh, R.S.R. Gorla, P.T. Manjunatha, Thermal radiation
and Hall effects on boundary layer flow past a non-isothermal stretching
surface embedded in porous medium with non-uniform heat source/sink and
fluid-particle suspension, Heat Mass Transfer 52 (2016) 897–911.
[6] M.A. Sheremet, H.F. Oztop, I. Pop, K. Al-Salem, MHD free convection in a wavy
open porous tall cavity filled with nanofluids under an effect of corner heater,
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 103 (2016) 955–964.
[7] Mohsen. Sheikholeslami, Ali J. Chamkha, Flow and convective heat transfer of a
ferro-nanofluid in a double-sided lid-driven cavity with a wavy wall in the
presence of a variable magnetic field, Numer. Heat Transfer A 69 (2016) 1186–
1200.
[8] K.S. Suganthi, V.L. Vinodhan, K.S. Rajan, Heat transfer performance and
transport properties of ZnO–ethylene glycol and ZnO–ethylene glycol–water
nanofluid coolants, Appl. Energy 135 (2014) 548–559.
[9] G.K. Ramesh, B.J. Gireesha, C.S. Bagewadi, MHD flow of a dusty fluid near the
stagnation point over a permeable stretching sheet with non-uniform source/
sink, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 55 (2012) 4900–4907.
[10] T. Hayat, S. Qayyum, M. Imtiaz, A. Alsaedi, Comparative study of silver and
copper water nanofluids with mixed convection and nonlinear thermal
radiation, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 102 (2016) 723–732.
[11] M. Sheikholeslami, R. Ellahi, Three dimensional mesoscopic simulation of
magnetic field effect on natural convection of nanofluid, Int. J. Heat and Mass
Transfer 89 (2015) 799–808.
[12] S.A. Shehzad, F.M. Abbasi, T. Hayat, F. Alsaadi, G. Mousa, Peristalsis in a curved
channel with slip condition and radial magnetic field, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
91 (2015) 562–569.
[13] M. Imtiaz, T. Hayat, A. Alsaedi, B. Ahmad, Convective flow of carbon nanotubes
between rotating stretchable disks with thermal radiation effects, Int. J. Heat
Mass Transfer 101 (2016) 948–957.
[14] M.S. Kandelousi, Effect of spatially variable magnetic field on ferrofluid flow
and heat transfer considering constant heat flux boundary condition, Eur.
Phys. J. Plus 129 (2014) 248.
[15] S.A. Shehzad, A. Alsaedi, T. Hayat, Three-dimensional flow of Jeffery fluid with
convective surface boundary conditions, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 55 (2012)
3971–3976.
1269
[16] W.A. Khan, O.D. Makinde, Z.H. Khan, Non-aligned MHD stagnation point flow
of variable viscosity nanofluids past a stretching sheet with radiative heat, Int.
J. Heat Mass Transfer 96 (2016) 525–534.
[17] M. Sheikholeslami, D.D. Ganji, M.Y. Javed, R. Ellahi, Effect of thermal radiation
on magnetohydrodynamics nanofluid flow and heat transfer by means of two
phase model, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 374 (2015) 36–43.
[18] M. Sheikholeslami, K. Vajravelu, M.M. Rashidi, Forced convection heat transfer
in a semi annulus under the influence of a variable magnetic field, Int. J. Heat
Mass Transfer 92 (2016) 339–348.
[19] Y. Lin, L. Zheng, X. Zhang, Radiation effects on Marangoni convection flow and
heat transfer in pseudo-plastic non-Newtonian nanofluids with variable
thermal conductivity, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 77 (2014) 708–716.
[20] Y. Lin, L. Zheng, X. Zhang, L. Ma, G. Chen, MHD pseudo-plastic nanofluid
unsteady flow and heat transfer in a finite thin film over stretching surface
with internal heat generation, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 84 (2015) 903–911.
[21] M. Sheikholeslami, T. Hayat, A. Alsaedi, Numerical study for external magnetic
source influence on water based nanofluid convective heat transfer, Int. J. Heat
Mass Transfer 106 (2017) 745–755.
[22] M.A. Sheremet, H.F. Oztop, I. Pop, K. Al-Salem, MHD free convection in a wavy
open porous tall cavity filled with nanofluids under an effect of corner heater,
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 103 (2016) 955–964.
[23] G. Ibáñez, A. López, J. Pantoja, J. Moreira, Entropy generation analysis of a
nanofluid flow in MHD porous microchannel with hydrodynamic slip and
thermal radiation, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 100 (2016) 89–97.
[24] M. Sheikholeslami, D.D. Ganji, Nanofluid hydrothermal behavior in existence
of Lorentz forces considering Joule heating effect, J. Mol. Liq. 224 (2016) 526–
537.
[25] M. Sheikholeslami, T. Hayat, A. Alsaedi, MHD free convection of Al2O3–water
nanofluid considering thermal radiation: a numerical study, Int. J. Heat Mass
Transfer 96 (2016) 513–524.
[26] M. Sheikholeslami, A.J. Chamkha, Electrohydrodynamic free convection heat
transfer of a nanofluid in a semi-annulus enclosure with a sinusoidal wall,
Numer. Heat Transfer A 69 (2016) 781–793.
[27] M. Sheikholeslami, M.M. Rashidi, Ferrofluid heat transfer treatment in the
presence of variable magnetic field, Europ. Phys. J. Plus 130 (2015) 115.
[28] A.I. Alsabery, A.J. Chamkha, H. Saleh, I. Hashim, Heatline visualization of
conjugate natural convection in a square cavity filled with nanofluid with
sinusoidal temperature variations on both horizontal walls, Int. J. Heat Mass
Transfer 100 (2016) 835–850.
[29] M.J. Uddin, M.N. Kabir, O.A. Bég, Computational investigation of Stefan
blowing and multiple-slip effects on buoyancy-driven bioconvection
nanofluid flow with microorganisms, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 95 (2016)
116–130.
[30] W. Fang, L. Chen, J. Gou, W. Tao, Predictions of effective thermal conductivities
for three-dimensional four-directional braided composites using the lattice
Boltzmann method, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 92 (2016) 120–130.
[31] M. Sheikholeslami, S. Abelman, Two phase simulation of nanofluid flow and
heat transfer in an annulus in the presence of an axial magnetic field, IEEE
Trans. Nanotechnol. 14 (2015) 561–569.
[32] M. Sheikholeslami, M.M. Rashidi, Effect of space dependent magnetic field on
free convection of Fe3O4-water nanofluid, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 56 (2015)
6–15.
[33] M. Sheikholeslami, R. Ellahi, Simulation of ferrofluid flow for magnetic drug
targeting using Lattice Boltzmann method, Z. Naturforsch. A 70 (2) (2015)
115–124.
[34] N.S. Bondareva, M.A. Sheremet, H.F. Oztop, N. Abu-Hamdeh, Heatline
visualization of MHD natural convection in an inclined wavy open porous
cavity filled with a nanofluid with a local heater, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 99
(2016) 872–881.
[35] M. Sheikholeslami, Effect of uniform suction on nanofluid flow and heat
transfer over a cylinder, J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 37 (2015) 1623–1633.
[36] M. Sheikholeslami, S. Abelman, D.D. Ganji, Numerical simulation of MHD
nanofluid flow and heat transfer considering viscous dissipation, Int. J. Heat
Mass Transfer 79 (2014) 212–222.
[37] S.A. Shehzad, Z. Abdullah, F.M. Abbasi, T. Hayat, A. Alsaedi, Magnetic field
effect in three-dimensional flow of an Oldroyd-B nanofluid over a radiative
surface, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 399 (2016) 97–108.
[38] J.P. Garandet, T. Albussoiere, R. Moreau, Buoyancy driven convection in a
rectangular enclosure with a transverse magnetic field, Int. J. Heat Mass
Transfer 35 (1992) 741–748.
[39] S. Alchaar, P. Vasseur, E. Bilgen, Natural convection heat transfer in a
rectangular enclosure with a transverse magnetic field, J. Heat Transfer-
Trans. ASME 117 (1995) 668–673.
[40] M.S. Kandelousi, KKL correlation for simulation of nanofluid flow and heat
transfer in a permeable channel, Phys. Lett. A 378 (2014) 3331–3339.
[41] T.H. Kuehn, R.J. Goldstein, An experimental and theoretical study of natural
convection in the annulus between horizontal concentric cylinders, J. Fluid
Mech. 74 (1976) 695–719.
[42] K. Khanafer, K. Vafai, M. Lightstone, Buoyancy-driven heat transfer
enhancement in a two-dimensional enclosure utilizing nanofluids, Int. J.
Heat Mass Transfer 46 (2003) 3639–3653.
[43] N. Rudraiah, R.M. Barron, M. Venkatachalappa, C.K. Subbaraya, Effect of a
magnetic field on free convection in a rectangular enclosure, Int. J. Eng. Sci. 33
(1995) 1075–1084.