GOON INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE

FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE 2016

(SEM 4/0316)

COURSE : FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE

TITLE : IT APPLICATION (INTERNET)

NAME : ESHLEEN NISHA D/O S KUMAR

I/D NO : GOON/FIS/S/2015/267

I/C NO : 970414305048

LECTURER : MS RIANETY SIREGAR BT ISYA ANSYARI

DATE : 11 JULY 2016

INTERNET

The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of computer
networks. A network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission,
get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers). It
was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government in 1969
and was first known as the ARPANet. The original aim was to create a network that would allow
users of a research computer at one university to "talk to" research computers at other universities. A
side benefit of ARPANet's design was that, because messages could be routed or rerouted in more
than one direction, the network could continue to function even if parts of it were destroyed in the
event of a military attack or other disaster.

Today, the Internet is a public, cooperative and self-sustaining facility accessible to hundreds
of millions of people worldwide. Physically, the Internet uses a portion of the total resources of the
currently existing public telecommunication networks. Technically, what distinguishes the Internet is
its use of a set of protocols called TCP/IP (for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). Two
recent adaptations of Internet technology, the intranet and the extranet, also make use of the TCP/IP
protocol.

For most Internet users, electronic mail (email) practically replaced the postal service for
short written transactions. People communicate over the Internet in a number of other ways including
Internet Relay Chat (IRC), Internet telephony, instant messaging, video chat or social media. 

The most widely used part of the Internet is the World Wide Web (often abbreviated "WWW"
or called "the Web"). Its outstanding feature is hypertext, a method of instant cross-referencing. In
most Web sites, certain words or phrases appear in text of a different colour than the rest; often this
text is also underlined. When you select one of these words or phrases, you will be transferred to the
site or page that is relevant to this word or phrase. Sometimes there are buttons, images, or portions of
images that are "clickable." If you move the pointer over a spot on a Web site and the pointer changes
into a hand, this indicates that you can click and be transferred to another site.

Using the Web, you have access to billions of pages of information. Web browsing is done
with a Web browser, the most popular of which are Chrome, Firefox and Internet Explorer. The
appearance of a particular Web site may vary slightly depending on the browser you use. Also, later
versions of a particular browser are able to render more "bells and whistles" such as animation,  virtual
reality, sound, and music files, than earlier versions.
 The Internet has continued to grow and evolve over the years of its existence. IPv6, for
example, was designed to anticipate enormous future expansion in the number of available  IP
addresses. In a related development, the Internet of Things (IoT) is the burgeoning environment in
which almost any entity or object can be provided with a unique identifier and the ability to transfer
data automatically over the Internet.
INTERNET EQUIPMENT

Internet equipment is a device which connects internet. There are a number of ways to get
connected to the internet, with many mobile phones and hand-held devices allowing you to get online.
However, when it comes to getting connected at home, will need a PC or laptop, a phone line and
modem or router, along with an internet package from an Internet Service Provider (ISP).
Modem
A modem is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over, for example,
telephone or cable lines. Short for modulator-demodulator. RCN Internet access is fibre rich resulting
in a super-fast online experience. Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information
transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog waves. A modem converts
between these two forms.

Examples of Modem

Analog Wave
Router

The router is connected to at least two networks and decides which way to send each
information packet based on its current understanding of the state of the networks it is connected to. A
router is located at any gateway where one network meets another, including each point of
presence on the Internet. A router is often included as part of a network switch.

A router may create or maintain a table of the available routes and their conditions and use
this information along with distance and cost algorithms to determine the best route for a given
packet. Typically, a packet may travel through a number of network points with routers before
arriving at its destination. Routing is a function associated with the Network layer (layer 3) in the
standard model of network programming, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. A layer-3
switch is a switch that can perform routing functions. An edge router is a router that interfaces with an
asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network. A brouter is a network bridge combined with a router.

For home and business computer users who have high-speed Internet connections such as
cable, satellite, or DSL, a router can act as a hardware firewall. This is true even if the home or
business has only one computer. Many engineers believe that the use of a router provides better
protection against hacking than a software firewall, because no computer Internet Protocol address are
directly exposed to the Internet. This make sports a technique for exploring weaknesses essentially
impossible. In addition, a router does not consume computer resources as a software firewall does.
Commercially manufactured routers are easy to install, reasonably priced, and available for hard-
wired or wireless networks.

Example of Router
Telephone Modem

A modem is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over, for
example, telephone or cable lines. Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information
transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog waves.

Example of Telephone Modem

Digital Subsciber Line (DSL) Filter

A DSL filter or micro filter is an analog low-pass filter installed between analog devices (such
as telephones or analog modems) and a plain old telephone service (POTS) line. The DSL filter
prevents interference between such devices and a digital subscriber line (DSL) service connected to
the same line. Without DSL filters, signals or echoes from analog devices at the top of their frequency
range can reduce performance and create connection problems with DSL service, while those from the
DSL service at the bottom of its range can cause line noise and other problems for analog devices.
DSL filters are passive devices, requiring no power source to operate. A few high-quality filters may
contain active transistors to refine the signal.

Examples of DSL Filter

Modern ADSL filter/splitter (left) and filter (right)

Circuit of a DSL filter/splitter

CLIENTSERVER MODEL

The client–server model is a distributed application structure that partitions tasks or

workloads between the providers of a resource or service, called servers, and service requesters,
called clients. Often clients and servers communicate over a computer network on separate hardware,
but both client and server may reside in the same system. A server host runs one or more server
programs which share their resources with clients. A client does not share any of its resources, but
requests a server's content or service function. Clients therefore initiate communication sessions with
servers which await incoming requests. Examples of computer applications that use the client–server
model are Email, network printing, and the World Wide Web.

The Client-server characteristic describes the relationship of cooperating programs in an

application. The server component provides a function or service to one or many clients, which
initiate requests for such services. Servers are classified by the services they provide. For instance,
a web server serves web pages and a file server serves computer files.

A shared resource may be any of the server computer's software and electronic components,
from programs and data to processors and storage devices. The sharing of resources of a server
constitutes a service. Whether a computer is a client, a server, or both, is determined by the nature of
the application that requires the service functions. For example, a single computer can run web server
and file server software at the same time to serve different data to clients making different kinds of
requests. Client software can also communicate with server software within the same
computer. Communication between servers, such as to synchronize data, is sometimes called  inter-
server or server-to-server communication.

In general, a service is an abstraction of computer resources and a client does not have to
be concerned with how the server performs while fulfilling the request and delivering the response.
The client only has to understand the response based on the well-known application protocol. For
example, the content and the formatting of the data for the requested service. Clients and servers
exchange messages in a request–response messaging pattern.

The client sends a request, and the server returns a response. This exchange of messages is an
example of inter-process communication. To communicate, the computers must have a common
language, and they must follow rules so that both the client and the server know what to expect. The
language and rules of communication are defined in a communications protocol. All client-server
protocols operate in the application layer. The application-layer protocol defines the basic patterns of
the dialogue. To formalize the data exchange even further, the server may implement an  API such as
a web service. The API is an abstraction layer for such resources as databases and custom software.
By restricting communication to a specific content format, it facilitates parsing. By abstracting access,
it facilitates cross-platform data exchange.
 A server may receive requests from many different clients in a very short period of time.
Because the computer can perform a limited number of tasks at any moment, it relies on
a scheduling system to prioritize incoming requests from clients in order to accommodate them all in
turn. To prevent abuse and maximize uptime, the server's software limits how a client can use the
server's resources. Even so, a server is not immune from abuse. A denial of service attack exploits a
server's obligation to process requests by bombarding it with requests incessantly. This inhibits the
server's ability to respond to legitimate requests.

For an example, When a bank customer accesses online banking services with a web

browser (the client), the client initiates a request to the bank's web server.

The customer's login credentials may be stored in a database, and the web server accesses
the database server as a client. An application server interprets the returned data b applying the
bank's business logic, and provides the output to the web server. Finally, the web server returns the
result to the client web browser for display. In each step of this sequence of client–server message
exchanges, a computer processes a request and returns data. This is the request-response messaging
pattern. When all the requests are met, the sequence is complete and the web browser presents the
data to the customer. This example illustrates a design pattern applicable to the client–server
model: separation of concerns.

The Client Server Model

INTERNET SERVICE

An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing and
using the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial,
community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned. Internet services typically provided by
ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service,
and collocation. The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories
and participating departments of universities. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards
public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995, 4 years
after the introduction of the World Wide Web.

In 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States. In Brookline,
Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in
November 1989.

On 23 April 2014, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was reported to be

considering a new rule that will permit ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content,
thus reversing their earlier net neutrality position. A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may
be municipal broadband, according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert
at Harvard Law School. On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet
services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and
second, reclassify broadband as a telecommunication service, thereby preserving net neutrality. On 10
November 2014, President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet
service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve net neutrality. On 16 January
2015, Republicans presented legislation, in the form of a U.S. Congress H.R. discussion draft bill, that
makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting
any further regulation affecting Internet service providers. On 31 January 2015, AP News reported
that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some caveats") Title II (common carrier) of
the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. Adoption of
this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of
the telecommunications and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, ensure net
neutrality. The FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to the New York
Times.

On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II (common
carrier) of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications act of
1996 to the Internet. The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, "This is no more a plan to
regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for
the same concept."
 On 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules.  On 13
April 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new "Net Neutrality" regulations.

Access providers ISP

ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their

network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to
telephone lines, to television cable (CATV), wireless Ethernet (Wi-Fi), and fibre optics.

For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up,
DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), cable modem or Integrated Services
Digital Network (ISDN) (typically basic rate interface). Using fiber-optics to end users is called Fibre
To The Home or similar names.

For customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or

other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as single-pair high-speed digital subscriber
line), Ethernet, metropolitan Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet, Frame Relay, ISDN Primary Rate
Interface, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and synchronous optical networking (SONET).
Wireless access is another option, including satellite Internet access.

Mailbox providers
A mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail
domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, and
store email for end users or other organizations.

Many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g., Yahoo!
Mail, Outlook.com, Gmail, AOL Mail, Po box). The definition given in RFC 6650 converse, as well
as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that
manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing Simple
Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through Internet Message
Access Protocol (IMAP), the Post Office Protocol, Webmail, or a proprietary protocol.

Hosting ISPs
Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services. Other
services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation.
Transit ISPs
Just as their customers pay them for Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for
Internet access. An upstream ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to
provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the contracting ISP by itself has no
access to. In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to
transmit data to or from areas of the Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection
is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a tier 1 carrier. In reality, the situation is often more
complex. ISPs with more than one point of presence (PoP) may have separate connections to an
upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have
connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence. Transit ISPs provide large amounts
of band width for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.

Virtual ISPs
A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes
called a wholesale ISP in this context, which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using
services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble mobile virtual
network operators and competitive local exchange carriers for voice communications.

Free ISPs
Free ISPs are Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs
display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial television, in a sense they are
selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called free nets, are run on a
non-profit basis, usually with volunteer staff.

Wireless ISP
A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network
based on wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh
networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4,
5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in
the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band) and LMDS.
Internet Service Providers in Malaysia

ISP Technology Package download speed

GPRS, EDGE, HSPA, DC-HSPA+, 4G LTE,

Celcom Up to 150 Mbit/s
4G LTE-A

GPRS, EDGE, HSPA, DC-HSPA+, 4G

DiGi Up to 150 Mbit/s
LTE,4G LTE-A

GPRS, EDGE, HSPA, DC-HSPA+, 4G LTE,

Maxis Up to 225 Mbit/s
4G LTE-A

U Mobile GPRS, EDGE, HSPA, DC-HSPA+, 4G LTE Up to 75 Mbit/s.

Up to 100 Mbit/s,the first network

in Malaysia has 2x20 MHz in
GPRS,EDGE,HSPA,DC-HSPA+,4G LTE,4G
Altel 2.6 GHz 4G LTE. 2G,3G services
LTE-A
are provided by Celcom through
roaming agreements

Up to 20 Mbit/s,operating at a
TMgo 4G LTE
lower 850 MHz frequency
INTERNET APPLICATION

Internet applications are based on remote servers, which means that the programs that accept
and process information are not run locally on the user's machine. This is the key difference between
Internet and desktop applications, where all processing is done locally. For Internet applications,
processing on the user's machine is typically minimal. When information is entered into the Internet
application, it is sent along telecommunication lines to the server, where it is then processed and
recorded. The server then sends revised information back to the Internet application for the user to
review.
Different tools allow developers to create different kinds of Internet applications. Flash is
ideal for making interactive picture or video applications such as simple browser games. Java is
similar to Flash but allows for the creation of more complex objects and more versatile programming.
Silverlight is used for some online streaming video applications. Each of these tools must be installed
in the form of a browser plug-in.
Internet application is an interactive, compiled application that can be accessed through a
corporate or through the. Internet applications can perform complex business processes on either the
client or the server. In a server-based Internet application, the application uses the Internet protocol to
receive requests from a client, typically a Web browser, process associated code, and return data to
the browser.
In Visual Basic Internet programming, you can add active content to Web pages with little
effort. Visual Basic Internet applications link Visual Basic code to one or more HTML pages and
handle events raised in those pages by interacting with programs on either a client or a server. There
are two types of Internet applications in Visual Basic: server-based IIS applications and client-based
DHTML applications.
The user interface in a Visual Basic Internet application can be a series of HTML pages, a
mix of HTML pages and Visual Basic forms, or a Visual Basic form that makes use of special
components such as the Web Browser control to take advantage of some of the power of the Internet.
Regardless of the type of user interface, the application handles events, calls methods, and sets and
retrieves properties based on elements in the HTML page.
The Web pages that make up the user interface for Visual Basic Internet applications are
generally produced by a Web designer, rather than a developer. If you prefer to create your own
HTML pages you can, but you do not have to. Instead, you can focus on your talents as a Visual Basic
programmer by writing Visual Basic code that interacts with and uses HTML. Using your skills as a
developer, you can easily produce dynamic, powerful applications for the Web.
For example, using Visual Basic Internet technology, you might create an application that can
be used entirely on the browser to let salespeople track their status on the road, then link up to the
central server when they return to the office. Or, you might create a sophisticated database-driven
system that presents a catalog of selections to your end users, through their browser. Users could
choose products from the catalog and your application would run associated Visual Basic code to
retrieve product detail from a database record set and send that information to the user.
Advantage and disadvantage

The Internet is so far one of the greatest inventions of all time. The Internet has made it
possible for us to do lots of things. People can shop in online stores like eBay, communicate with
family and friends via Skype or Facebook, watch the latest videos on YouTube, blog and make money
from it, and so much more. The Internet has proven to be very useful and has come with lots of
advantages. Here are some advantages and disadvantages of the Internet.

First of all, the advantage of internet is unlimited communication. The Internet has made it
easy for people to communicate with others because it is cheap and convenient. The only costs
incurred are those paid to the Internet service provider. If you want to talk to someone who is in
another part of the globe, you can just fire up Skype or any other communication app and hold a video
chat. Services such as Skype have helped people from geographically segmented countries to interact
and share ideas. As such, people are able to share their thoughts and views on matters affecting the
globe. The Internet acts as common global platform where people explore ideologies and cultures
without limitation.

Secondly, abundant information and resources. The Internet is swamped with information
about anything and everything. There are multiple search engines that have made it easier for Internet
users to find information. For example, it is now common for people to look for free advice from the
Internet on all sorts of issues. The premise here is that whatever problem you are experiencing,
someone somewhere has experienced it and probably solved it. You can also get the latest news,
breakthroughs in all fields including medicine and even research publications at the click of a button.
The Internet is basically a globally accessible repository of knowledge, and the best part is everyone
gets to chip in.

Next is easy sharing. Thanks to the Internet, sharing information is fast and seamless. If you
want to tell your 30 friends about your latest promotion, you can do so in an instant. You can use
social media sites such as Facebook or an IM app. They will all get the news at the same time. You
can also share music, videos and any other file.

Next advantage is online and E-commerce. Today it is possible to carry out financial
transactions online. You can transfer funds, pay taxes and utility bills or book movie tickets over the
Internet in the comfort of your office or home. The growth of e-commerce has made it possible for
people to shop for most things online. This has seen the emergence of retail giants such as Amazon,
Ebay and Alibaba. They sell consumer goods globally. Such a feat was virtually impossible before the
Internet.
 Furthermore, the advantage is entertainment. This is one of the major reasons why many
people enjoy surfing the Internet – entertainment. You can watch movies, listen to music, read your
favourite celebrity gossip columns and play games over the Internet. The Internet has become a
mammoth amusement park that never closes.

The disadvantage of internet is spam mail. Spamming is the sending of unwanted and useless
emails to random people. These emails obstruct the recipient needlessly. They are illegal and can
cause frustration because they make it hard for people to access their email accounts. Bots are used to
bombard your inbox with endless advertisements. This is quite perplexing as it always gets mixed up
with important emails. Luckily, most email service providers have a security system in place to
prevent spam emails from going to your inbox. All emails that are deemed suspicious get their email
ID or IP address blocked or sent to the Spam folder.

Next is Virus, Trojan and other Malware. These are malicious programs that plague the
Internet time and again. They attack a computer with the sole intent of causing harm. They can make
the computer malfunction or even this can be very costly especially if you lose important data. Worse
yet is the fact that you can easily fall victim to malicious software by clicking on a link on the Internet
that appears genuine. Internet viruses can be categorized to three types - those that harm your
executable boot files and system, those that affect a specific file by destroying it and those that keep
changing things in your computer like Word files. You can protect yourself by installing a reliable
anti-virus program on your computer before accessing the Internet.

Next disadvantage is leakage of Private Information. The fact that the Internet has become a
market place has also seen a rise in fraud cases. Credit/debit card details are particularly vulnerable.
This calls for extreme caution when transacting online. Make sure to use a reliable payment processor
instead of sending your details directly to an individual or business.

Furthermore, addiction to Internet. Just like everything else, people also get addicted to the
Internet. This may sound bizarre, but some people spend more than their fair amount of time on the
Internet. This affects their social interactions a great deal. Internet addiction has been known to be a
major cause of obesity and has, in some cases, led to some diseases like carpal tunnel syndrome. With
some help, people addicted to the Internet can overcome this challenge.

Kids exposed to adults- only content. The fact that Internet has all information you could ever
need is both a good thing and bad thing. This is because it contains age-inappropriate content like
pornography. Unfortunately, such content can be accessed by children as young as ten. All guardians
and parents can do about it is lock out harmful sites to keep their children safe. Nevertheless, this is
not a full proof strategy as children can still access the Internet from other devices.
Uses of Internet

Internet serves as an aspect of communication, information providers, and facilities for the

promotion. Internet can connect us with the various parties in various locations around the world. For
example we can send data or correspondence with various parties throughout the world by using the
facility Electronic mail (e-mail). Electronic mail facilities In addition, the Internet also provides the
facility to chat in the Internet is called chat.

Other Internet capability is Usenet, which provided a forum for Internet users to share
information and thoughts on a Our tool through electronic. By using this forum, users can send
messages on relevant topics and receive responses from other parties. Internet connected with
hundreds of library catalogs, so its use can examine thousands of data base open to the public through
the network provided by the company, government or niralaba. Internet users can use this information
for various business purposes, so they can know the condition of the environment, including
competitors and the development of stakeholder interests.

Some of the methods or tools to access the computer and look for files that can be applied
through the Internet is a gopher, archie, and wide area information servers. In the Internet business
world is used as a practical interface for communication between companies and customers, without
having to think about time and location. Right now many sites that make sales of goods and services
via the Internet, and of course if we want to buy must use a credit card, so the transaction took place
via the Internet. Most people in foreign countries like America often buy products or goods via the
Internet. If our country is still rare to make a purchase via the Internet that there are sales, service
providers and providers of information, whether it information of news, information about education,
or others.