Water Resources of India | seaning and scope of irrigation in India * Gimaticand crop-based need for irr * pamitive and modern methods of irrigation in India, their advantages, disadvantages istribution __ need for water conservation and the methods employed, including rainwater harvesting ar watershed management a ) refers to the artificial application of water from river: rg canals and other artificial projects to the fields for the awe of cultivation and agricultural activities.Jin India, about 2a ecaltivated land is dependent opmonsoons [The economic] “eae of Sete citi) Tndia] is to°reduce_overdependence AL \tank 4 pis.—” on Samoan se agricultural productivity, ieee gates argc “cultivation, @ reduce instability in “output levels, @ create _ job os electricity and transport facilities control floods and prevent droughts, Feld Drainage Dyk se Common Method Figure 6.1 shows the river Pe Stamien hi tale ‘© Canal Irrigation Is Practised in India Gacinank bois. ation i ij : 4 x : : "Need For Irrigation (commonly asked G in ood.) Can learn at lear * ceed for climatic as well as crop-based reasons, These are discussed in the folios ted unevenly over the country. Some regions receive less than 25 em of annual teasothers receive more than 200cm of annual rainfall. As rainfall is sporadic. irrigation | Te-Some LAD gek BrVerY Wavy Aofugall wlile Som’ Baye ts deasonal rainfall from June to September. Agriculture depends on the southwest Yeyy seasonal rainfall from June to Septen Oc ds. With the application of irrigation, mlliple:¢ropping can be practised le By India is uncertain and erratic. Its early or late arrival and early or late withdrawal ai .ces, irrigation is a must. 4 asxtvok amd ?A Figure 6.1 River Basins of India Crop-Based Reasons ‘ee = 7 “i }* India grows both Khiarif (summer) and Rabi (winter) crops. Winter is a - ; @ Bees dry period in India, except a vg‘j" areas. Thus, irrigation is necessary to PY grow Rabi crops. and Zoid. Oops, (© Some crops requi TRE Roa more ater Such a5 ice, jute and sugarcane. Thus, irrigation is a necessity. eine. o& One of the features of the Green Revolution is the development of irrigation for the cultivation of ling and quick: * To increase the nétsGWintarea, ae D ing crops. gad HYV chops _—? HY seed9> (HP itis wy Quise po Mats ie jou, Sa ‘introduced in the semi-is sourced from surface water Mieesive water from rainfall as well ae nn 2 vers. | ons provide brackish water w : nid is the my Gh are permeable and pervious Rain wan for ir ain water percc to form groundwater resources. It is ob is obtained by di y di Valley Civilisation g ure evolved. ‘such as the Persian charas or mot and “were needed to lift groundwater igh to enable the ws the areas irrigated e wells in India. re 6.2 Well and A FicFarmers in ne They are an. inet + They canbe dngael Several chemicals suchhe advantage of depositing silt on the agricultural land, thus naturally fertilising ater of rivers at the time of floods and remain operational during the rainy of regulating the flow of water, areas irrigated by canals in India such as by using 10EK'gates and Wéirs ind on the Sutlej-Ganga Plains and Brahmaputra Valley. In modern India, nade to convert them into perennial canals with the help of river valley projects. by building depression or river collects. This is mmer months. BENGAL A Figure 64 Tank Irrigation in India rge areas of land which could be used for agriculture. summer and are therefore not of much use. or {ed as they are shallow.Nonpottusrrocks prevent the percolation of water a 2 ber of eal oun] which overflow during the rainy season, + A number o en wasted is utilised tw Fee ted cnt agitalil fields are scattered, so tank irrigation is well ; + The region. Distribution i The other sta Tank irrigation is widely practised in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Th it is practised are Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Review Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Odisha and Kerala. » State one way by which irrigat important in India. Modern Methods » List any two methods of primiti Tube Wells in India State any one advantage and di ‘Tubewells are deep wells, which are more than of each of the primitive irrigatic 15 m deep, from which water is lifted using a pumping set operated by an electric motor or a es diesel engine. Some geographical conditions are 5 f required Pedals ot wa wel See ee ttrigation * Tube wells can irrigate about 2 hectares of land against ordinary wells that can irrigai hectares of land per day. Thus, there should be sufficient groundwater. * The water level should be nearly 15 m. Ifit is more than 50 m deep, the cost of pumpin a becomes uneconomical * To extract water from tube wells during times of need, regular supply of cheap electricity required. * The soil in the neighborhood should be fertile so that there is a demand for irrigation andl th coal of construction and operation can be recovered by the increased farm production, Advantages * Tube wells can irrigate ten times the area irrigated by ordinary wells. * Tube wells are operated by electric motors or diesel motors, and as a result water can be & from greater depths. * They are most suitable in areas where canal irrigation is not possible. Tube wells are independent sources of irrigation and can be used anytime and any wl farmers. : * Chemicals mixed with water from tube wells add to the fertility ofthe soil 7 Disadvantages * Compared to canal irrigation, tube wells can be used to irrigate relatively limited areas * Farmers have to spend money on electricity or diesel y ; * Brackish tube wells are unfit for cultivation, * Since tube wells draw large volumes of water, they lead to the depletion of groundwater!" and Haryana are currently facing such problems in areas where rice is eveted * During droughts, the level of groundwater drops and water is unavailable when m land adni ipractived in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab Haryana, Rajasthan and Madinys Prades ean effective source nd extensive command reas of low reliel, deep tertile soils, perennial perennial sources of irrigation handled and they help in increas sediments which get deposited ¢ part of multipurpose projects and provide 2 cheap in canal irrigation is high, but it is cheaper in the long run into the ground and leads to the problem of waterloggang 2 'water increases groundwater level and increases alkaline salts on the ry action making arable land unfit for cultivation ‘the canals act as breeding grounds for mosquitoes which le: ‘over the peninsular plateau, canal irrigation is prevalent over the lower difficult to dig through the hard rocks and build canals over the plateau Costlier source of irrigation "Controlled by agencies and cannot be used at will Excessive canal irrigation causes rek (increased | concentration of salts in the soil) “There isa limit to the extent of canals [Farmers have to pay regularly for canal imiga5on woud it ates the fed drop by drop and us i es ce Water:istributed through a sy. ilar to rainfall. Water is distri Bh a system en the air through sprinklers so that it breaks yp ‘This enables uniform application of water, Practising irrigation in a manner simi usually by pumping, It is then spraye’ water drops which fall to the ground. Advantages No teftacing is required : This method is suitable for all types of soil. aaa Doses and application rates are according to plant and soil typ This method is independent of topography of the area. There is possibility of adding fertilisers and pesticides. a There is possibility of irrigation for other purposes: sprouting, frost production or, hot periods. Disadvantages * Itincurs high operation expenses due to energy needed for pumps, High investment is required for equipment, including sprinklers and pipes. Debris and sediments can cause clogging, Capital cost is high due to higher energy requirements Distribution This system is widely used in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu followed by Punjab and Haryana, Drip Irrigation Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation or micro irrigation or localised irrigation, is an irrigation method that saves water and fertilisers by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly into the root zone. This is done with a network of valves, pipes, tubing and emitters. Drip irrigation for gardens consists of a timer, hose and emitters. This system is used also used in farms and greenhouses. Advantages der rial * Fertiliser and nutrient loss is minimised. [t also reduces le: * Field levelling is not necessary, * Moisture within the root zone can be maintained. * Soil erosion is lessened. aching, Disadvantages * Water if not properly filtered leads to cloggin, + The Sun can affect the tubes and shorten their usual life. . pan poets into fallow lands when natural leaching by rain water is notad __* Heannot be used for damage control by night frost.i in Rajasthan, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Maharastitr ie | oni Bihar, Haryana, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat and Himach spd ses tor Comanvation of Water Resources ater isa Basie need of people. Increase in population and urbanisation, irrigation a have increased the demand of water and need for ite convervation Mf the w inte then there wil be an alarming shortage of water in future means using water resources wisely. About 97% of the water on the Earths ig saline water and is unfit for drinking, Only 3% comprises fresh water and 1% is available for drinicinyg, the remaining 2% is locked in polar ice caps and glaciers. As a result, procuring good quality water becomes important, Water conservation also helps to preserve our environment. It reduces the energy required to » Gas roof types may enable seeping in of chemical or animal droppings * Storage is limited. Watershed Management on ted management isthe study of the features of a Watershed which aims at the distributiog of its resources, implementation of plans and Programmes and ing watershed function that affect plants, animals and hi enhancing watershed tu jumans within a watershed are. ply, watt quality, drainage, ‘a. It manages water supply It is a means Prevents run-off, and recharges groundwater a mean Tain-fed and semi-arid areas. It sim wate high agricultural productivity and conserve natural i of increasing agricultural production in cludes preventi and storage a™ recharge of water by various m oes lon of runoff water and s! and dugwells, ‘Expeditions for ICSE Class 10 —__ oo...Pra the Central Government has started a watershed development project, called Haifiyali. It aims at eabling the mural people to conserve water for irrigation, drinking, fisheries and afforestation. (Water and You) in Andhra Pradesh and AtvanflPaniSansad in Alwar district of gaiasthan are two important water harvesting Mivammes Tamil Nadu is the first state {p india which has made it mandatory for i buildings to have rain water harvesting structures, anjectives + To combat adverse effects of drought on crops and livestock + To control desertification + To encourage the restoration of ecological people to conserve water for Inundation canals: long canals danger of being flooded Irrigation: artificial application : water level Lock gates: device to control a Multiple cropping: practice of grows eee Review List the modem methods of irrigation in India. ‘State one geographical condition required for the installation of tube wells in India. State one advantage and disadvantage of each modem method of irrigation in India What is water conservation? Why should rainwater be harvested? State cone reason. List two water harvesting programmes run by the Central Government of India