BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF PROFESSIONALS (BUP)

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Subject: Analog & Digital Communication Laboratory (ICT 2204)

Experiment No: 03
Name of the Experiment: FM Modulation using Radio Transmitter.
FM Modulation
Objectives:
• To understand the operation theory of voltage controlled oscillator (VCO).
• To design and implement the frequency modulator by using the voltage controlled
oscillator.

Theory:
The operation theory of FM Modulation: In frequency modulation (FM), we utilize the
amplitude of audio signal to modulate the frequency of carrier signal. The transmitted
high and low frequency signals will follow the received audio signal, which has different
frequency that keeps on changing. The frequency modulation can be expressed as

X FM t   Ac cos t   Ac cos2f c t  2f  fx d  ..................... 3-1

if x   Am cos2f m   ,

Then
 f f 
x FM t   Ac cos2f c t   m sin2f m t 
 fm  .................................. 3-2
 Ac cos2f c t   sin2f m t 
where
 t  : Instantaneous modulated frequency.
f c : Carrier frequency
f m : Modulating frequency or audio signal frequency.
 : Modulation index,   Am  f  f m  .
f  : Frequency deviation.

Frequency deviation of FM x FM t  is shown as below

1 d 1 d
f   (t )  2f c t   sin2f m t 
2 dt 2 dt

 f c  f m  cos2f m t   f c  Am . f  . cos2f m t  ............................... 3-3

From equation (3-3), we know that when the amplitude of modulating signal changes, the
Frequency of FM will change too, and it uses the center point of carrier Frequency to
achieve Frequency deviation. From Carson’s role, the bandwidth of modulated signal can
be expressed as
 A .f 
BW  2  2. f m  2 m   2 . f m  2 Am f   2 f m 
 fm 
If the FM signal is the largest amplitude and largest Frequency (i.e. Am  1 and

f m  W )then the bandwidth of FM can be simplified as

BW  2 f   W 

Fig 3-3 block diagram of MC4046.

MC 4046 is the phase locked loop (PLL) integrated circuit. Figure 3-3 is the internal
structure diagram of MC 4046. Pin 1, pin 10 and pin 15 are in N.C mode. Pin 5 is the
input of INH, which is situated in low voltage level. The VCO oscillation frequency of
MC 4046 is determined by the input voltage at pin 9, the capacitances at pin 6 and pin 7,
the resistances at pin 11 and pin 12.
Figure 3-4 is the circuit diagram of FM modulator by using MC4046. By adjusting the
variable resistor VR1 (DC level), we can control the output frequency at pin 4, which is
the frequency f0 ; Capacitor C2, Resistor R6 and R7 determine the oscillation frequency f0;
Capacitor C2 and Resistor R6 determine the maximum frequency of f0; capacitor C2 and
resistor R7 determine the minimum frequency of f0, i.e. the modulation bandwidth.
 Figure 3-4 Circuit diagram of MC 4046 FM modulator.
Implementation of FM modulator by using VCO LM566:
LM 566 is voltage controlled oscillator integrated circuit Figure 3-5 is the internal
structure diagram of LM566 . Figure 3-6 shows the circuit diagram of FM modulator by
using LM566. We let SW1 be opened circuit, and the circuit is a voltage controlled
oscillator. The output signal frequency is controlled by C3, VR1 and audio signal input
terminal voltage. C2 is used to eliminate paracitic oscillation. If C3 and VR1 remain a
constant, then the output signal frequency and the voltage difference between pin 8 and
pin 5 (V8-V5) is proportional. In another words, when input signal voltage (V5) increase,
the voltage difference (V8-V5) between pin 8 and pin 5 will decrease, the output signal
frequency will decrease as well. But, when input signal voltage (V5) decrease, the
frequency of output signal will increase. Another factor that affects the output signal
frequency is VR1 × C3 value, the output signal frequency and VR1 × C3 is inverse
proportionally. When the VR1 × C3 value is getting larger, the output signal frequency is
getting lower. But when the VR1 × C3 value is getting the smaller then the output signal
frequency is getting higher. From figure 3-6, when we short circuit SW1, then R1 and R2
provide a DC bias voltage as the DC level of input audio signal. The centre frequency (f0)
can be adjustable by using VR1. If audio signal input terminal is inputted with an AC
signal, the VCO output signal frequency will follow the change of the input audio signal
voltage, which the FM signal is deviated
 Figure 3-5: Internal structure diagram of LM566

Figure 3-6 Circuit diagram of LM566 FM modulator

3. Equipment Needed

a. EV MCM 24 module
b. Signal source (Function generator)
c. Oscilloscope
4. Problem discussion

a. From the measured results of the basic characteristics experiment of LM 565

PLL, when the input signal frequency moves away from the frequency locked
range, what is the oscillation frequency of the VCO?
b. For LM565 PLL, compare the locked range and the captured range.
c. In figure 4-4, what are the functions to capacitor C3? If let C3 change from 0.1
 F, what are the changes of the pin 7 of LM565?
d. In the LM565 frequency demodulator experiment, if the output signal passes
through the first order low-pass filter, the is the output signal flatter than the
pervious one? Try to design the low-pass filter.
e. How to use the PL circuit and the logic circuit to comprise a doubler frequency
circuit?