Datura stramonium

Datura stramonium, known by the common names thorn

apple, jimsonweed (jimson weed) or devil's snare,[2] is a Jimsonweed
plant species in the nightshade family and datura genus. Its likely
origin was in Central America,[2][3] and it has been introduced in
many world regions.[4][5][6] It is an aggressive invasive weed in
temperate climates across the world.[2]

D. stramonium has frequently been employed in traditional

medicine to treat a variety of ailments. It has also been used as a
hallucinogen (of the anticholinergic, deliriant type), taken
entheogenically to cause intense visions.[2]It is unlikely ever to
become a major drug of abuse owing to effects upon both mind and
body frequently perceived subjectively as highly unpleasant, giving
rise to a state of profound and long-lasting disorientation with a
potentially fatal outcome. It contains tropane alkaloids which are
responsible for the deliriant effects, and may be severely toxic.[2][7]

Scientific classification
Contents Kingdom: Plantae
Description
Clade: Tracheophytes
Etymology and common names
Clade: Angiosperms
Range and habitat
Clade: Eudicots
Toxicity
Clade: Asterids
Use
Traditional medicine Order: Solanales
Early European medicine Family: Solanaceae
Spiritualism and occult
Genus: Datura
Cultivation
Species: D. stramonium
In popular culture
Binomial name
References
External links Datura stramonium
L.

Synonyms[1]
Description
Synonymy
D. stramonium is a foul-smelling, erect, annual, freely branching Datura bernhardii Lundstr.
herb that forms a bush up to 60 to 150 cm (2 to 5 ft) tall.[8][9][10]
Datura bertolonii Parl. ex Guss.
Datura cabanesii P.Fourn.
 The root is long, thick, fibrous, Datura capensis Bernh.
and white. The stem is stout,
erect, leafy, smooth, and pale Datura ferocissima Cabanès &
yellow-green to reddish purple P.Fourn.
in color. The stem forks off
Datura ferox Nees 1834 not L.
repeatedly into branches and
each fork forms a leaf and a 1756
single, erect flower.[10] Datura hybrida Ten.
The leaves are about 8  to Datura inermis Juss. ex Jacq.
Mature (left) and immature (right)
20  cm (3–8  in) long, smooth,
seed pods Datura laevis L.f.
toothed,[9] soft, and irregularly
undulated.[10] The upper Datura loricata Sieber ex Bernh.
surface of the leaves is a darker green, and the bottom is a light
Datura lurida Salisb.
green.[9] The leaves have a bitter and nauseating taste, which is
imparted to extracts of the herb, and remains even after the leaves Datura microcarpa Godr.
have been dried.[10]
Datura muricata Godr. 1873 not
D. stramonium generally flowers throughout the summer. The Bernh. 1818 nor Link 1821
fragrant flowers are trumpet-shaped, white to creamy or violet,
Datura parviflora Salisb.
and 6  to 9  cm (21⁄2–31⁄2  in) long, and grow on short stems from
either the axils of the leaves or the places where the branches fork. Datura praecox Godr.
The calyx is long and tubular, swollen at the bottom, and sharply Datura pseudostramonium
angled, surmounted by five sharp teeth. The corolla, which is
Sieber ex Bernh.
folded and only partially open, is white, funnel-shaped, and has
prominent ribs. The flowers open at night, emitting a pleasant Datura tatula L.
fragrance, and are fed upon by nocturnal moths.[10]
Datura wallichii Dunal
The egg-shaped seed capsule is 3 to 8 cm (1–3 in) in diameter and Stramonium foetidum Scop.
either covered with spines or bald. At maturity, it splits into four
chambers, each with dozens of small, black seeds.[10] Stramonium laeve Moench
Stramonium spinosum Lam.
Etymology and Stramonium tatula Moench
common names Stramonium vulgare Moench
Stramonium vulgatum Gaertn.
The genus name is derived
from the plant's Hindi name,
dhatūra, ultimately from Sanskrit dhattūra 'white thorn-apple'.[11]
The origin of Neo-Latin stramonium is unknown; the name
Stramonia was used in the 17th century for various Datura
species.[12]

In the United States, the plant is called "jimsonweed", or more rarely

"Jamestown weed" deriving from the town of Jamestown, Virginia,
where English soldiers consumed it while attempting to suppress
Bacon's Rebellion. They spent 11 days in altered mental states:

Fruits and seeds – MHNT
The James-Town Weed (which resembles the Thorny
Apple of Peru, and I take to be the plant so call'd) is
supposed to be one of the greatest coolers in the world.
This being an early plant, was gather'd very young for a
boil'd salad, by some of the soldiers sent thither to quell
the rebellion of Bacon (1676); and some of them ate
plentifully of it, the effect of which was a very pleasant
comedy, for they turned natural fools upon it for several
days: one would blow up a feather in the air; another
would dart straws at it with much fury; and another,
stark naked, was sitting up in a corner like a monkey,
grinning and making mows [grimaces] at them; a fourth
would fondly kiss and paw his companions, and sneer in
their faces with a countenance more antic than any in a
Dutch droll.

In this frantic condition they were confined, lest they

should, in their folly, destroy themselves—though it was
observed that all their actions were full of innocence and
good nature. Indeed, they were not very cleanly; for they
would have wallowed in their own excrements if they had
not been prevented. A thousand such simple tricks they
played, and after eleven days returned themselves again,
not remembering anything that had passed.

— Robert Beverley, Jr., The History and Present

State of Virginia, Book II: Of the Natural Product
and Conveniencies in Its Unimprov'd State, Before
the English Went Thither, 1705[13]

Common names for D. stramonium vary by region[2] and include thornapple[14], moon flower,[15]
hell's bells, devil's trumpet, devil's weed, tolguacha, Jamestown weed, stinkweed,
locoweed, pricklyburr, false castor oil plant,[16] and devil's cucumber.[17]

Range and habitat

D. stramonium is native to North America, but was spread widely to the Old World early.[2] It was
scientifically described and named by Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1753, although it had been
described a century earlier by botanists such as Nicholas Culpeper.[18] Today, it grows wild in all the
world's warm and moderate regions, where it is found along roadsides and at dung-rich livestock
enclosures.[19][20][21] In Europe, it is found as a weed in garbage dumps and wastelands,[19] and is toxic
to animals consuming it.[22]

Through observation, the seed is thought to be carried by birds and spread in their droppings. Its seeds
can lie dormant underground for years and germinate when the soil is disturbed. The Royal Horticultural
Society has advised worried gardeners to dig it up or have it otherwise removed,[23] while wearing gloves
to handle it.[24]

Toxicity
All parts of Datura plants contain dangerous levels of the tropane alkaloids atropine, hyoscyamine, and
scopolamine, which are classified as deliriants, or anticholinergics.[2][7] The risk of fatal overdose is high
among uninformed users, and many hospitalizations occur among recreational users who ingest the
plant for its psychoactive effects.[7][19][25] Deliberate or inadvertent poisoning resulting from smoking
jimsonweed and other related species has been reported.[26]

The amount of toxins varies widely from plant to plant. As much as a 5:1 variation can be found between
plants, and a given plant's toxicity depends on its age, where it is growing, and the local weather
conditions.[19] Additionally, within a given plant, toxin concentration varies by part and even from leaf to
leaf. When the plant is younger, the ratio of scopolamine to atropine is about 3:1; after flowering, this
ratio is reversed, with the amount of scopolamine continuing to decrease as the plant gets older.[27] In
traditional cultures, a great deal of experience with and detailed knowledge of Datura was critical to
minimize harm.[19] An individual seed contains about 0.1 mg of atropine, and the approximate fatal dose
for adult humans is >10 mg atropine or >2–4 mg scopolamine.[28]

Datura intoxication typically produces delirium, hallucination, hyperthermia, tachycardia, bizarre

behavior, urinary retention, and severe mydriasis with resultant painful photophobia that can last several
days.[7] Pronounced amnesia is another commonly reported effect.[29] The onset of symptoms generally
occurs around 30 to 60 minutes after ingesting the herb. These symptoms generally last from 24 to 48
hours, but have been reported in some cases to last as long as 2 weeks.[26]

As with other cases of anticholinergic poisoning, intravenous physostigmine can be administered in

severe cases as an antidote.[30]

Use

Traditional medicine

The active agent in datura is atropine which has been used in

traditional medicine and recreationally over centuries.[2][7] The
leaves are generally smoked either in a cigarette or a pipe. During the
late 18th century, James Anderson, the English Physician General of
the East India Company, learned of the practice and popularized it in
Europe.[31][32]

The Zuni people once used datura as an analgesic to render patients

unconscious while broken bones were set.[33] The Chinese also used
D. stramonium var. tatula, flower
it as a form of anesthesia during surgery.[34]
(front)

Early European medicine

John Gerard's Herball (1597) states,[10]

"[T]he juice of Thornapple, boiled with hog's grease, cureth all inflammations whatsoever, all
manner of burnings and scaldings, as well of fire, water, boiling lead, gunpowder, as that
which comes by lightning and that in very short time, as myself have found in daily practice,
to my great credit and profit."
William Lewis reported, in the late 18th century, that the juice could be made into "a very powerful
remedy in various convulsive and spasmodic disorders, epilepsy and mania," and was also "found to give
ease in external inflammations and haemorrhoids."[35]

Henry Hyde Salter discusses D. stramonium as a treatment for asthma in his 19th-century work On
Asthma: its Pathology and Treatment.

Spiritualism and occult

The ancient inhabitants of what became central and southern

California used to ingest the small black seeds of datura to
"commune with deities through visions".[36] Across the Americas,
other indigenous peoples, such as the Algonquian, Navajo, Cherokee,
Luiseño and the indigenous peoples of Marie-Galante also used this
plant in sacred ceremonies for its hallucinogenic
properties.[37][38][39] In Ethiopia, some students and debtrawoch
(lay priests), use D. stramonium to "open the mind" to be more
receptive to learning, and creative and imaginative thinking.[40] Seed capsule, showing dehiscence
by four valves to release seeds
The common name "datura" has its origins in India, where the sister
species Datura metel is considered particularly sacred — believed to
be a favorite of Shiva in Shaivism.[41] Both Datura stramonium and
D. metel have reportedly been used by some sadhus and charnel ground ascetics, such as the Aghori as
both an entheogen and ordeal poison. It was sometimes mixed with cannabis as well as highly poisonous
plants like Aconitum ferox to intentionally create dysphoric experiences.[42] They used unpleasant or
toxic plants such as these in order to achieve spiritual liberation (moksha) in settings of extreme horror
and discomfort.[43][44]

Among its sacred and visionary purposes, jimson weed has also garnered a reputation for its magical
uses in various cultures throughout history. In his book, The Serpent and the Rainbow, Wade Davis
identified D. stramonium, called "zombi cucumber" in Haiti, as a central ingredient of the concoction
vodou priests use to create zombies.[45][46] However it has been noted that the process of zombification
is not directly performed by vodou priests of the loa but rather by bokors. [47] In European witchcraft, D.
stramonium was also a common ingredient used for making witches' flying ointment along with other
poisonous plants of the nightshade family.[48] It was often responsible for the hallucinogenic effects of
magical or lycanthropic salves and potions.[49][50]

Cultivation
Datura stramonium prefers rich, calcareous soil. Adding nitrogen fertilizer to the soil increases the
concentration of alkaloids present in the plant. D. stramonium can be grown from seed, which is sown
with several feet between plants. It is sensitive to frost, so should be sheltered during cold weather. The
plant is harvested when the fruits are ripe, but still green. To harvest, the entire plant is cut down, the
leaves are stripped from the plant, and everything is left to dry. When the fruits begin to burst open, the
seeds are harvested. For intensive plantations, leaf yields of 1,100 to 1,700 kilograms per hectare (1,000
to 1,500 lb/acre) and seed yields of 780 kg/ha (700 lb/acre) are possible.[51]

In popular culture
A tea made from Jimson weed was used to kill two people in the second series of the Netflix show The
Sinner.

The American artist Georgia O’Keeffe (1887–1986) painted jimson weed several times. She was fond of
the flowers, which grew wild around her New Mexico house. These paintings of the exotic white pinwheel
blooms, hugely magnified, are among her most familiar works.[52] In 2014 one such painting sold for $44
million, a record price for a female artist's work.[53]

The 2018 Ubisoft game Far Cry 5 features Jimson weed as a collectible crafting ingredient for crafting
"homeopathic" substances that enhance the player character's performance in various ways.

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External links
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Profile: Datura stramonium L. (http://plants.
usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=DAST)
Datura stramonium at Liber Herbarum II (http://www.liberherbarum.com/Pn0303.HTM)
Datura spp. (http://www.erowid.org/plants/datura/) at Erowid
Datura stramonium Pictures and information (http://naturdata.com/Datura-stramonium-4861.htm)

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