BUILDING MAINTAINANCE

ASSIGNMENT

SUBMITTED BY : RUBAL SHARMA

B. ARCHITECTURE
SEMESTER 8TH
1634494
SUBMITTED TO: ER. PREETPAL SINGH
1. WHAT IS EFFLORESCENCE IN CONCRETE ?
Effervescence in concrete is a whitish coloured powdered deposition of spails on the concrete surface
that is formed due to evaporation of water from the concrete it is caused when water soluble salts
are present in the concrete material which comes on to the surface while evaporation of water from
the concrete.

2. WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY THE TERM SPALLING OF CONCRETE ?

Spalling is break away of concrete surface which often extends to the top layers of reinforcing
steel spalls may be 150mm or more in diameter and 25mm or more in depth.
the spelling in concrete is caused due to :
1. the corrosion of steel reinforcement or other embedded metal.
2. the chemical attack on concrete.
3. concrete that is of poor quality.
4. mechanical damage due to accidents
5. the thermal shock creating fire or fire fighting activities.

3. WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE BUILDING ?

Building life cycle refers to the view of a building over the course of its entire life . it other
words , viewing it not just as an operational building but also taking into account the design
construction, operation , demolition and waste treatment . it is useful to use this view when
attempting to improve an operational feature of a building was designed.

4. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF EFFLORESCENCE ?

A soluble salt : a variety of salts and salt forming chemicals can be present in masonry. they
include an array of sulphate and silicates and own ordinary table salt sodium chloride an alkali,
such as calcium hydroxide can form a salt when export to air.
water - moisture is the vehicle that carries the salt is the surface of the masonry.
channels – concrete and bricks have microscope pores. these tiny channels allow water to move by
wicking action. if the moisture reaches the surface and evaporates it leaves behind the dissolved
salts as effervescence.

5. WHAT ARE THE VARIOUS TYPES OF DEFECTS DEVELOPING IS A BRICK

MASONRY WALL ?
types of defects :
• sulphate attack
• crystallization of salts from brick
• corrosion of embedded iron or steel
• shrinkage on drying
• sulphate attack : sulphate salts present in brickwork react with aluminium content of cement
and with hydraulic lime in the lime mortar causing considerate increase in the volume of
mortar this is turn results in chipping and spalling of bricks and formation of cracks in
joints and rendering.
• crystallization of salts from brick : this defect commonly occurs in masonry made out of
bricks which contain excusive soluble salts when such brick is come in contact with water , the
soluble salts get dissolved and appear in the form of fine whitish crystals on the surface of
brickwork . the phenomenon is also known as efflorescence.
• CORROSION OF EMBEDDED IRON OR STEEL : Iron or steel embedded in
brickwork gets corroded in the presence of dampness on corrosion, the metal expands in volume
and tends to crack the brickwork. the effect can be prevented by encasing with the absorption
of water and subsequently shrinks when the water evaporates . in the process of shrinkage it
develops cracks in the masonry joints . if the mortar used in the masonry is lean , the cracks
are distributed over a large no. of joints and in case of rich mortar .

6. WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY RISING DAMPENING ?

Structural dampness is the presence of unwanted moisture in the structure of a building,
either the result of insertion from outside or condensation from within the structure. a high
proportion of damp problems in building are caused by ambient climate dependant factors of
condensation and rain penetration . capillary penetration of fluid from the ground up through
concrete or masonry is known as rising damp.

7. CAUSES OF DAMPNESS
old bathroom pipes damaged seals around baths and showers.
• corroded water pipes that are inside the walls
• old bathroom pipes
• plumbing for central heating kitchens and bathrooms.
• moisture entrapped during construction
• defective orientation of building
• drain ability of soil
• poor quality of construction material.

8. PERIODIC MAINTENANCE.
periodic maintenance refers to activities performed on equipment based on a set time internal
the prepare of periodic maintenance or time based maintenance is to maintain smooth operation of
a machine or other asset.

9. FAILURE OF COVER CONCRETE

failure of cover concrete is break away of concrete surface which often extends to the top layer of
reinforcing steel.
10. MAINTENANCE OF FLUSHING CISTERNS.

Maintenance of cisterns focuses on the periodic removal of sediment and debris from pre-
treatment and storage areas. sediment removal from tanks and pipes is typically conducted using
vacuum or flushing systems. guidance on the use and operation of vacuum or flushing sediment
removal equipment is beyond the scope of this manual .

11. WAT IS MEANT BY BUILDING MAINTENANCE ? WHY IS IT NECESSARY ?

building maintenance is the combination of technical and administrative actions to ensure the
items and elements of a building in an acceptable standard to perform its required functions.
it is important that buildings continue to be properly maintained to ensure that they can function
as efficiently and effectively as possible the deterioration of buildings due to lack of maintenance
could lead to further financial borders, legal and other industrial relations issues and affect the
delivery of services
classification :
 • condition based maintenance is the maintenance when need arises
• corrective maintenance is required when the items has failed or worn out
• planned maintenance is a scheduled service visit carried out by a competent agent .
• predictive maintainance: prediction when maintenance should be performed.
• preventive maintenance : performed specially to prevent faults from occurring.
• proactive maintenance : is the maintenance strategy for stabilising the reliability of
equipment.
• reliability cantered maintenance : it is process ensure that assists continue to do what their
users required
value driven maintenance : it is maintenance management methodology.
role of maintenance of building :-
1. maintenance plays an important role in the life cycle of cost analysis of building
holistically.
2. buildings cannot remain impeccable throughout their entire life. buildings required proper
maintenance.
3. it is hard to renovate and rebuild buildings at one time the value of building declines as the
aging of building unless specialist maintenance carried out on the building.
4. defect is regarded a part of design of building construction or material which are not in
compliance with requirement of the contract and quality of norm
5. they can be categorized into two latent and patent
6. the patent defects are incurred by normally wear and tear while the latent defects are related
to construction workmanship defects.
functions of maintenance :
• servicing and cleaning
• ratification
• repair and replace
• renovation
• rehabilitation
• modernization
• adaptation

12. GIVE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MAINTENANCE.

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE
The aim and objective of maintenance to building and related infrastructure had been
examined but there still exists the economic and social significance which includes:-

a) Dilapidation and unhealthy building depresse the quality of life and in some ways
contributes the certain anti-social values , for instance uncompleted abandoned building
have continued to serve as hide out to criminals and social miscreants
b) Maintaince as has been shown arrest decay and failures thereby extending the physical life of
the building and thereby delays replacement and deters expenditure on new construction
c) The apperence quality and general physical conditions of the building normally refleCt
public pride or indiffernce , the level of prosperity in the area , social values and behavior .
d) Certain building and infrastructure facilities by their appearance and location in the vicinity
or street add or improves the beauty of the enviornment.
13. FAILURE OF CORE CONCRETE
the cracking of concrete cover due to steel corrosion may accelerate corrosion process
and to failure very rapidly this means that real state of corrosion is not uniform
around a relax and stats from pitting corrosion . this may cause non- uniform
expansion pressure around rebar.

14. HIGHLIGHT THE FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR DETERIORATION AND

DECAY OF BUILDINGS SUGGEST PRESENTIVE MEASURES FOR
DETERIORATION OF BUILDINGS.

building deterioration is something that happens as time passes by simple exposure to natural
elements will gradually causes deterioration particularly in its appearance while maintenance has
hasten this it is important for owners to knows the different causes not only have knowledge of
then but also to do preventive maintenance when necessary .
• corrosion : it is one of the main cause by which many buildings which were built in 20 th
century are among the structures which are probably under going this process the concrete
parts of building undergo general corrosion due to exposure to carbon while exposure to chloride
ion makes them undergo pitting construction.
• frosting : the freezing weather during winter when snow and hail are prevalent elements can
cause frosting building which are made from frost susceptible stones are subject to this
deteriorating factor the frost can damage the stones especially those which have smaller pores.
• concrete corrosion : many modern buildings created during 20th century were made from
concrete and in recent year deterioration of concrete has begun.
preventive measures :
three main points are :
• proper materials
• proper details
• proper construction
• deterioration and about their causes
• but these are some general considerations that should be taken into account for both
constructions of new concrete structures and repair of deterioration structures.
• maximum and minimum temperature
• temperature cycles
• exposure to ultra violet rays
• amount of moisture
• wet\ dry cycle
• presence of aggressive chemicals
• protect materials from general deterioration.
.15. WHAT IS THE ROLE OF CLIMATE IN LIFECYCLE OF BUILDING
CLIMATE CHANGE
as per ipcc declared that warming of the climate system is unequivocal
• changes in temperature
• hot extreme, heat waves and heavy precipitation events
• tropical cyclones with larger peak winds speeds
• heavy precipitation associated with ongoing increase of tropical sea surface temperature
• decrease in snow cover.
 HOW WILL CLIMATE CHANGE

all the parts of the world will experience significant changes in climate over this
century . these can be summarized as:-
• hotter driers summers
• milder wetter winters
• more frequent extreme winter precipitation
• significant decrease in soil moisture content in the summer
• net sea level rise and increases in sea surge height
• possible higher wind speeds.

today, buildings are responsible for more than 40% of global energy used, and as one third of global
greenhouse gas emissions , both in developed and developing countries.
IMPACT ON CONSTRUCTION

CLIMATE FACTORS IMPACTS

1.SOIL DRYING- -Increase will affect water tables and
foundation in clay soils
-Max. and min. changes will afect
2. TEMPERATURE heating , cooling , air conditioning
costs and thermal air movement.
frequency of cycling through freezing
point will affect durability.
-Incerase will affect condensation and
3. RELATIVE HIMIDITY associated damage or mould growth

-Increase and decrease will affect water

4.PRECIPITATION tables (foundations and basements ),
cleaning costs will increase in winters.
-Increase may affect need for solar glare
5. RADIATION control.

-Increase in winter will increase the need for

6.CLOUD- electric lightening: reduction in summer
may reduce the need for electric lightening
for certain buildings.
IMPACTS
COMPONENTS , SUB-
STRUCTURES AND WHOLE Need to upgrade airtightness
BUILDING:-
1. AIR CONDIOTIONING- Increased risk of heavy or subsidence .
Water ingress, consequential damage to
2.BASEMENTS (SUB- finish and stored items..
STRUCTURES)
3. MATERIALS Plastics life is reduced due to increased radiations
. Increased salts spray zone in marine areas will
reduce life duration.

4. ROOFS Incresed fixing costs and risk of failures due to gal

, winds and precipition .
5. WHOLE BUILDING Incresed cleaning costs due to wind . Gales , relative
humidity , precipition.
6.STRUCTURE /CLADDING/ Increased risk of cracking due to different thermal
RENDERS/MEMBRANES or moistures movements
7.TIMBER-FRAMED Increased risk of failure due to increased in relative
CONSTRUCTION humidity , depending on design .

16. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CRACKS IN BUILDING ? ENLIST

THE POSSIBLE CAUSES . EXPLAIN THE METHODS TO REPAIR THE VARIOUS
CRACKS IN CASE OF LOAD BEARING STRUCTURES.
TYPES OF CRACKS

1.STRUCURAL CRACKS :-These cracks occur due to incorrect design, faulty

construction or overloading and these may endanger the safety of the building.
2.NON STRUCTURAL CRACKS:- They are due to internal forces developed in material due
to internal forces developed in material due to moisture variations , temp. variations , crazing,
effect of gases , liquids etc .
3. BASED ON WIDTH :-a) thin- less than 1mm in width .
b) medium -1 to 2 mm in width
c) wide – more than 2mm in width

CAUSES OF CRAKS
• Moisture change
• Thermal variations
• Elastic deformation
• Creep
• Chemical reaction
• Foundation movement and settlement of soil
• Vegetation.
1.Thermal variations:-it depends upon temperature variation, dimensions, colour, surface, thermal
conductivity, insulation, etc.when concreteing is done in summer at high temperature, contraction
due to drop in temperature in winter is high leading to thermal cracks .
When roof in a load
bearing structure
undergo expansion ,
horizontal cracks
occur in cross walls
as shown:

• Thermal variations

PREVENTION OF THERMAL VARIATIONS:-

• Provision of expansion joints, slip joint,control jont.
• Slab should be provided thermal insulation .
• Span of slab should not be large .

• 2. Moisture movement:- Reversible movement Irreversible movement

Reversable movement:-
a) Material expand
b)Shrinks
on drying
Irreversible:
c) Material undergo some irreversable movement due to initial moisture change like
shrinkage of cement on initial drying.
b)Initial shrinkage in cement concrete and mortar depends upon : cement and water
content,maximum size grading , quality of aggregate , duration-method-temperature of curing,
presence of excessive fines in aggregate, humidity, typeof cement, temperature of fresh concrete etc.
 Cracks at lintel level due to
SHRINKAGE shrinkage and
CRACKS Contraction of RCC slab .

SECTION
ELEVATION

PREVENTION OF SHRINKAGE CRACKS:

-a) Curing for atleast 10 days, drying shrinkage is much less.
b)Presence of excess silt,dust etc,in sand and stone , aggregate should not exceed 3% c)Shrinkage is
much less in coastal areas due to high humidity.
d) PPC and low gradeOPC have much less shrinkage.
e) The ideal temperature range should be 10 degree to 30 degree c.
.
MEASURE TO CONTROL CRACKS (BEFORE CONSTRUCTION)
a) In structural concrete shrinkage cracks are controlled by using temperature rcc even in plain
concrete a minimum 0.12%steel is recommended by IS:Codes . It is more effective if smaller
diametr bars –closely spaced are used.
b) Cracks in masonary can be controlled by using rich mortar and delaying
plaster work till masonary has dried after curing .
c) Cement plaster richer than 1: 6 is harmful for external wall exposed to high temperature
variations , since it will create a stronger membrane than the surface of brick .
d) Coarse well graded sand should be used for plaster . Fine sand will result in
carry cracks .
e) Strong bond between concrete and plaster prevents shrinkage cracks , if rendering is
done as early as possible after removal of shuttering .
f) Shrinkage cracks effects the apperance and finish and not the structural stability .
g) Cracks in wall generally get localised at weaks sections , such as doors and windows
opemimgs or staircase walls ,
h) Construction joints should be avoided in concrete , however if necessary it should be located
at one fourth of span away from preceding beam .