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CEBEP Bridging Algebra 1
CEBEP Bridging Algebra 1
INTRODUCTION
Algebra is a branch of mathematics dealing with symbols and the rules for manipulating those symbols. In elementary algebra, those symbols (today
written as Latin and Greek letters) represent quantities without fixed values, known as variables.
The word algebra comes from the Arabic ( اﻟﺟﺑرal-jabr lit. "the restoring of broken parts") from the title of the early 9th century book cIlm al-jabr wa l-muqābala
"The Science of Restoring and Balancing" by the Persian mathematician and astronomer al-Khwarizmi. In his work, the term al-jabr referred to the operation of
moving a term from one side of an equation to the other, اﻟﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔal-muqābala "balancing" referred to adding equal terms to both sides. Shortened to just algeber
or algebra in Latin, the word eventually entered the English language during the fifteenth century, from either Spanish, Italian, or Medieval Latin.
FIELDS OF ALGEBRA
1. Elementary algebra is the most basic form of algebra. It is taught to students who are presumed to have no knowledge of mathematics beyond the
basic principles of arithmetic. In arithmetic, only numbers and their arithmetical operations (such as +, −, ×, ÷) occur. In algebra, numbers are often
represented by symbols called variables (such as a, n, x, y or z).
2. Abstract algebra extends the familiar concepts found in elementary algebra and arithmetic of numbers to more general concepts.
3. Linear algebra, in which the specific properties of linear equations, vector spaces and matrices are studied.
4. Boolean algebra, a branch of algebra abstracting the computation with the truth values false and true.
The real numbers is the set of numbers containing all of the rational numbers and all of the irrational numbers. The real numbers are “all the numbers” on the
number line. There are infinitely many real numbers just as there are infinitely many numbers in each of the other sets of numbers.
Natural numbers – numbers that is used for counting that starts from 1,2,3,4 and so on.
Whole numbers – numbers that includes zero.
Integers – numbers that now includes negative numbers.
Rational numbers – consists of all the numbers that can be expressed as a quotient of two integers .
Parts: Numerator – the dividend of a number
Denonminator – the divisor of a number
Irrational numbers - set of all numbers whose decimal representations are neither terminating nor repeating. Irrational numbers cannot be expressed as a quotient
of integers. Examples: √3 , e, π
Imaginary numbers- these numbers having the negative square root or even roots.
a + b = b + a ; ab = ba
Associative property – adding or multiplying three numbers, no effect on the resulting sum of product in any of two numbers to be operated.
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) ; ab(c) = a(bc)
Distributive property – multiplying a number by a sum of two numbers, gets the same result. As getting multiplied by the number each of the terms.
a (b + c) = ab + ac ; (b+c)a = ab + bc
THE PEMDAS
Examples:
1. 1 + 2 × 3
1+6=7 .
SOLUTION:
2. 10 − 3 × 6 + 10 + 6 + 1 × 4
SOLUTION:
3. 5 + 6 2 3 + 9
SOLUTION:
4. 6 − 12 ÷ −13 + 14 ×2
EXERCISES: Evaluate the following numbers:
−5√30 − 5 + −2 −21 −7 − −9
1. . 11. . 2.5
4 + |7 − 10| 19 6 −3 − 1 −2
5 + −2 2
2. . ∞ 12. √36 × 3 − √16 ÷ 2 . 53
6 ⋅ √9 − 9 ⋅ 2
5 + 12 6 −6
4. + . − 16 14. 2 ⋅ 5 + 7 ⋅ 4 − 20 . 26
−13 −2 5
5 −4
5. 32 − 3 ÷ 9 × 10 " −4 ÷8+3 . 39 15. − √11 − 2 . 0
7
6. 40 − 4 + 6 ÷ 2 + 3 . 38 16. 7 ⋅ 6 − 4 + 1" . 27
4 7+5
7. 8−3 +2⋅5 −7+4⋅6 . 52 17. . 16
2+1
16 − 4 |−2| + 1
8. 6+ −2 . 6 18. . −1
2 −2 −7 − √4
3 +3
9. # $ +1 . 25 19. 18 + 2 ∙ 3 − 10 . 14
−2 −3
10 . 2 ⋅ 3 − 5 + 8 ⋅ 2 − 1 . 11 20. 4 15 − 9 + 8 2 . 88
EXPONENTS - a quantity representing the power to which a given number or expression is to be raised, usually expressed as a raised symbol beside the number
or expression.
RADICALS - is the mathematical opposite of an exponent, in the same sense that addition is the opposite of subtraction. The smallest radical is the square root,
represented with the symbol .
LAWS OF EXPONENTS
LAWS OF RADICALS
CONJUGATE – set of two numbers that has the same quantity but the opposite sign in the middle. (More important when studying limits of functions)
EXAMPLES
1. &' (
)
SOLUTION:
−2 -!
3,
−2 .
SOLUTION:
= -32
3/ 0" 1 2
4.
4/ 0 1 0
SOLUTION:
4'"
5. 3 (
*
SOLUTION
6. &32/-2 1 ( 4 +
5
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
→ Simplified
√5
8.
√2 − √7
SOLUTION:
9. &'* &' *
) 6
SOLUTION:
√16' *
)
2
3
/ 0 1! 1- 7 35 − 7√3
2. : ; . 12. .
5 125/ . 5 + √3 22
0+
40 / 1 ! / 2ℎ ? 0 @ ! 2ℎ @
3. < = . 13. .
- " 3?@ 3? !
2 / 0 1! 81
4 5 GH- − 10 5 G0- −2 −2 + 1
4. ABA CD'EF .9 14. .
2 5 G 3× 2 ( 12
5√3/
5. &75/ 1 0! . 15. I&/ ( 1 J . /1 √/
1
6. &/ − 6/ + 9 . |/ − 3| 16. √6 √15 √10 . 30
- - −5/1 0 0 1-2
7. 277 K( E 0- . 37K E 0 17. .
5/ ! 1 0! 125/ (
/1 !
8. −2 ⋅5 . −200 18. 2 /1 0 0
4/ 0 1 0-
.
2
/ + &1 L/ + &1M
9. 2√40 + √135 . 7√5 19. .
/ − &1 / −1
3 3 3
64/-
10. √' ⋅ &' . ' 20. 4/ ! 1 ! 0 .
1-
4
CONVERSION FACTOR - a number used to change one set of units to another, by multiplying or dividing. When a conversion is necessary, the appropriate
conversion factor to an equal value must be used.
Note: MKS and CGS system will be discussed further in Engineering Mechanics.
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI UNITS) or METRIC SYSTEM - a system of physical units ( SI units ) based on the meter, kilogram, second, ampere,
kelvin, candela, and mole, together with a set of prefixes to indicate multiplication or division by a power of ten.
IMPERIAL OR ENGLISH UNITS or US CUSTOMARY UNITS - are the units of measurement used in England up to 1826 (when they were replaced by Imperial
units), which evolved as a combination of the Anglo-Saxon and Roman systems of units. Various standards have applied to English units at different times, in
different places, and for different applications.
CONVERSION FACTORS
I. LINEAR , DEPTHS AND DISTANCES
1 fathom = 6 feet = 1.8288 m
1 nautical mile = 6076.1155 feet = 1.852 meters
METRIC CONVERSION
1 meter = 1000 mm = 100 cm
II. TIME
1 hour = 60 minutes
1 minute = 60 seconds
1 hour = 60 minutes = 3600 seconds (60 × 60)
1 day = 24 hours = 1440 minutes = 86400 seconds
1 week = 7 days
1 month = 30 or 31 days
1 year = 365 days = 52 weeks = 12 months
1 decade = 10 years
1 score = 20 years
1 century = 100 years (21st century starts at year 2000)
1 millennium = 1,000 years (Note: third millennium starts at year 2000)
III. AREA
1 square meter = 1,000,000 square millimeter
1 hectare = 10,000 m^2
1 square kilometer = 100 hectares = 1,000,000 m^2
1 square inch = 645.16 mm^2
1 square feet = 144 in^2 = 92903.04 mm^2
1 square yard = 1296 in^2 = 836,127.36 mm^2
1 acre = 0.40469 ha = 4046.856 m^2 = 43560 ft^2
1 square mile = 2.59 km^3
IV. MASS
1 gram = 1000 milligrams
1 dram = 1.77185 grams
1 ounce = 28.3 grams = 16 drams
1 pound = 454 grams = 16 ounces
1 kilogram = 1000 grams = 2.20462 pounds
1 hundredweight = 100 pounds = 50.8023 kg
1 slug = 14.5939 kg = 32.174 lbs
1 Metric ton = 1000 kg = 2204.62 lbs
1 short ton = 2000 lbs = 907.185
1 long or Imperial ton = 2240 lbs = 1016.05
VI. VOLUME
1liter = 1000 mm = 1000 cc
1 cubic inch = 16.387064 mL
1 cubic feet = 28.31685 L = 1728 cu in.
1 fluid ounce = 29.5737 mL = 1.80469 cu in.
1 pint = 16 fl oz. = 473.176 mL
1 gallon = 3.78541 L = 8 pints = 128 fl oz
1 quart = 32 fl oz = 946.353 mL
1 barrel = 158.9873 liters = 42 gallons
VII. SPEED
1 feet per second = 0.3048 meters per second
1 meter per second = 3.6 kilometers per hour
1 mile per hour = 1.46667 feet per seconds
1 meter per second = 2.23694 miles per hour
1 mile per hour = 1.60934 kilometers per hour
1 knot = 1.852 kilometers per hour = 1.15078 miles per hour
VIII. ACCELERATION
1 foot per second squared = 0.3048 meter per second squared
1 gravity = 9.81 m/s^2 = 32.2 ft/s^2
XII. TEMPERATURE
1 Fahrenheit = 1.8C +32
1 Degree = (F - 32)/1.8
1 Kelvin = 273.15 + C (For Fahrenheit , convert to Celsius)
1 Rankine = F + 459.67 = 0.555556 Kelvin
1 Reaumur = 0.8C (For F Scales, convert to Celsius)
XIV. MISCELLANEOUS
1 dozen = 12 units
1 baker’s dozen = 13 units
1 gross = 144 units
1 small gross = 10 dozens = 120 units
1 great gross = 1728 units
1 teaspoon = 4.92892 ml
1 tablespoon = 3 teaspoons
1 cup = 236.588 mL
1 byte = 8 bits
1 MbPS = 1000 KBPs
1 carat = 0.2 gram
A. MASS
1 punto = 1/3 catty
1 chinanta = 12 catty
1 lachsa = 48 catty
1 caban = 97 catty
1 pecul = 100 catty
1 jeydon = 1,000 catty
1 kaban = 60.33 (nowadays 50 kg)
B. AREA
1 loan = 0.1 balita
1 quignon = 10 balita
1 stub = 100 balita
1 balita = 2795 m^2
C. VOLUME
1 kaban = 25 ganta
1 ganta = 8 chupa
1 chupa = 3.75 mL
1 apatan = 1⁄4 chupa
PREFIXES OF SI UNITS
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
A positive number is written in scientific notation if it is written as the product of a number a , where 1 ≤ a ≤ 10 and an integral units r of 10:
a × 10^r
Steps:
1. Move the decimal point in the original number until the new number has a value between 1 and 10.
2. Count the number of decimal places the decimal point was moved in Step 1. If the original number is 10 or greater, the count is positive. If the original
number is less than 1, the count is negative.
3. Write the product of the new number in Step 1 by 10 raised to an exponent equal to the count found in Step 2.
EXAMPLES – CONVERSION OF UNITS
2. There are only 14 peaks whose summits are over 8000 m above sea level. They are the tallest peaks in the world and are referred to as “eight-
thousanders.” What is the elevation, in feet, of an elevation of 8000 m?
SOLUTION:
4. How many kilonewton per cubic meters are equivalent to 95.05 pounds per cubic feet?
SOLUTION:
7. On an interstate highway in a rural region of Wyoming, a car is traveling at a speed of 38.0 m/s. Is this car exceeding the speed limit of 75.0 mi/h?
SOLUTION
1. 444
SOLUTION:
Move the decimal points two places leftwards. Therefore, 444 = 4.44 x 10^2 Ans.
2. 0.0068
SOLUTION:
Move the decimal points three place rightwards . The position of the non zero digit is the negative power of 10.
0.0068 = 6.8 x 10^-3 Ans.
2,400,000,000 × 0.0000045
3. Evaluate:
0.00003 × 1500
SOLUTION
4. The amount of water surface area on the Earth is 140 million square miles. Convert in scientific notation.
SOLUTION:
140,000,000 move eight decimal places to the left. → 1.4 x 10^8 square miles. Ans.
EXERCISES A
Convert the following system of units :
https://www.livescience.com/50258-algebra.html#:~:text=Algebra%20is%20a%20branch%20of,fixed%20values%2C%20known%20as%20variables.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra#Different_meanings_of_%22algebra%22
https://www.varsitytutors.com/hotmath/hotmath_help/topics/number-
systems#:~:text=The%20real%20numbers%20is%20the,the%20other%20sets%20of%20numbers.
Introductory Algebra by Blitzer
Algebra and Trigonometry by Stewart
Elementary Algebra by Kaufmann
Pre Algebra for Dummies
http://www.wallace.ccfaculty.org/book/0.3%20Order%20of%20Operations.pdf
https://www.rit.edu/studentaffairs/asc/sites/rit.edu.studentaffairs.asc/files/docs/services/resources/handouts/A3_OrderofOperations_BP_9_22_14.pdf
https://www.chilimath.com/lessons/introductory-algebra/order-of-operations/
https://www.purplemath.com/modules/orderops3.htm
College Algebra by Sullivan
http://www.jaconline.com.au/mathsquestvic/mq-vic-first-ed/number/whole/skillbuilders/MS-order-ops-squares.pdf
https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_elementary-algebra/s04-07-order-of-operations.html
Algebra for Dummies
Intermediate Algebra by Martin-Gay
Introductory and Intermediate Algebra by Blitzer
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/sipa/math/exponents.html
http://www.mathwords.com/r/radical_rules.htm
https://www.purplemath.com/modules/exponent.htm
Algebra and Trigonometry by OpenStax
https://www.mesacc.edu/~scotz47781/mat120/notes/exponents/review/review.html
https://www.lonestar.edu/departments/learningcenter/exponents_and_radicals.pdf
https://www.intmath.com/exponents-radicals/exponent-radical.php
Glencoe’s Advanced Mathematical Concepts
https://mcckc.edu/tutoring/docs/bt/exp_rad_log/Radical_Workshop.pdf
Precalculus by Blitzer
https://cdn.kutasoftware.com/Worksheets/Alg1/Properties%20of%20Exponents.pdf
https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Mission_College/Math_C_Intermediate_Algebra_(Carr)_Spring_2020/03%3A_Radical_Functions_and_Equations/3.02%3A_
Adding%2F%2FSubtracting%2F%2FMultiplying_Radicals
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_units
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_base_unit
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_units_of_measurement
https://cds.cern.ch/record/1501100/files/978-3-642-23026-4_BookBackMatter.pdf
https://metricunitconversion.globefeed.com/area_conversion_table.asp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass
https://metricunitconversion.globefeed.com/volume_conversion_table.asp
https://www.smartconversion.com/unit_conversion/acceleration_conversion_table.aspx
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_(unit)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9aumur_scale#:~:text=The%20R%C3%A9aumur%20scale%20(French%20pronunciation,0%20and%2080%20degrees%
20respectively.
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/SIPrefixes.html
Physics Principles with Applications by Giancoli
https://www.chemteam.info/Metric/Metric-English-Conv.html
https://www.centrallyon.org/pages/uploaded_files/Chapter%2010%20Worked%20Examples.pdf
Physics For Scientists and Engineers by Serway
Precalculus by Ron Larson
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/scientific-notation-examples.html
Schaum’s Outlines of Basic Mathematics
https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_University_Physics_I_-
_Mechanics%2C_Sound%2C_Oscillations%2C_and_Waves_(OpenStax)/01%3A_Units_and_Measurement/1.04%3A_Unit_Conversion
Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics by Besavilla
https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.ccsd.edu/dist/6/634/files/2015/11/7A-scientific-notation-multiply-and-divide-word-problems-1o2dn88.pdf
https://ideagalaxyteacher.com/teaching-operations-scientific-notation/
https://cpb-us-east-1-juc1ugur1qwqqqo4.stackpathdns.com/blogs.ccsd.edu/dist/6/282/files/2012/10/Day-14-Scientific-Notation-Applications-2c2nw7g.pdf