Canal Regulation Works

CVL 381, Design of Hydraulic Structures, 2019-20

Covid-19 Special

Dr. Manabendra Saharia

Assistant Professor
Dept. of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Objectives

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What will you learn in this lecture?

• Need for regulating structures in canals

• The basics of drops and falls.
• Design different canal falls.

For further study, material to be followed:

• Irrigation and power engineering, B.C. Punmia

• NPTEL Irrigation Engineering Principles

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Basics of Canals and a few antiquated canal drops

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This is a Canal Network with 4 structures

• Drops and falls lowers the water

level.
• Cross-regulators increases the
water level upstream to divert some
of it through an off-take channel like
a distributary.
• Distributary head regulator
controls the amount of water flowing
into the off-take channel.
• Escapes allow excess water out of
the canal system
Source: Irrigation Engineering Principles, NPTEL

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Canal drop (also called fall in India)

• Built in order to lower the water level

and destroy the surplus energy
liberated from the falling water which
may otherwise scour the bed and
banks of the canal.
• Provided where there is a larger
natural surface slope.

Source: Irrigation Engineering Principles, NPTEL

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Where do we place a fall

• If a canal doesn’t irrigate directly, the location of the fall should be a balance
between costs associated with excavation and filling.
• If a canal irrigates directly, the fall may be located where the Full Supply
Level (FSL) outstrips the ground level, but before the bed of the canal
comes into the fulling.
• Location may also be decided based on the possibility of combining it with a
regulator or a bridge.
• Trade-offs between large number of small falls v/s small number of big falls
has to be worked out.

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Falls of antiquity that are no longer provided in
new structures but maybe found in old ones
Ogee Fall
• One of the first to be employed in the India.
• Gradual convex and concave curves in order to provide a
smooth transition
• There was considerable drawdown on the u/s causing bed
erosion.

Source: Irrigation Engineering Principles, NPTEL 8

Rapid Fall

• Was tried in some north Indian

canals.
• Boulders cemented together by
lime concrete
• Were very effective but found to
be cost prohibitive

Source: Irrigation Engineering Principles, NPTEL

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Stepped Fall

• This was the next development

after the rapid fall.
• The cost of this one was also too
high

Source: theconstructor.org

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Notch Fall

• Consists of one or more notches in

a high crested wall across the
channel with a smooth entrance
and a flat circular lip projecting
downstream from each notch to
disperse water
• It was able to maintain constant
depth-discharge relationship

Source: Irrigation Engineering Principles, NPTEL

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Modern falls: Vertical drop

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Falls with vertical drop

• These falls have impact-type

energy dissipators.
• It uses a raised crest to increase
water head upstream and then
allows it to fall with an impact in a
pool of water on a depressed floor.
• The depressed floor acts as a
cushion which dissipates the
excess energy of the fall.
• First tried in the Sarda canal of UP
and which commonly came to be
known as the Sarda-type fall. Source: Irrigation Engineering Principles, NPTEL

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Typical plan of a Sarda-type fall

Source: Irrigation Engineering Principles, NPTEL

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Typical section of a Sarda-type fall

Source: Irrigation Engineering Principles, NPTEL

• If discharge conveyed by the canal

• <14 m3/s, crest with rectangular cross section is adopted.
• >14 m3/s, trapezoidal crest with sloping u/s and d/s faces is
adopted.
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 Types of cross-sections of a Sarda-type fall

Trapezoidal
Rectangular
Crest
Crest

Source: Irrigation Engineering Principles, NPTEL

• If discharge conveyed by the canal

• <14 m3/s, crest with rectangular cross section is adopted. (Drowned
flow)
• >14 m3/s, trapezoidal crest with sloping u/s and d/s faces is adopted.
(free flow) 16
Modern falls: Glacis type

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Glacis type fall

• Uses the standing wave phenomenon for dissipation of energy

• Water glides down and the energy is dissipated by the action of a
hydraulic jump at the toe of the structure.
• It maybe 1) Straight glacis type or 2) Parabolic glacis type

Source: theconstructor.org
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Parabolic glacis type or Montague type

Source: theconstructor.org

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Inglis or Baffle type fall

• The straight glacis type maybe with a baffle platform and baffle wall. In
such a case, the the formation of jump takes place on the baffle platform.

Source: theconstructor.org
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Meter and non-meter falls

• This is a modification of glacis type falls

• Meter falls are those which also measures the discharge of the canal.
Non-meter type doesn’t measure the the discharge.
• To act as a meter, it must have broad weir type crest so that the discharge
co-efficient is constant under variable head.
• Generally, glacis type is suitable as a meter.
• The vertical drop is not suitable as a meter due to the formation of partial
vacuum under the nappe.

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Flumed and unflumed falls

• This is a modification of glacis type falls

• Flumed (A) or unflumed (B) depending upon the crest width being
smaller or equal to the bed width of the canal.

Source: Irrigation Engineering Principles, NPTEL 22

Cistern Design

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Cistern element

• That portion of the fall downstream of the crest wall where the surplus
energy of water leaving the crest is destroyed.
• Three objectives of the cistern:
• Reduce the intensity of impact of the dropping jet against d/s floor
• Provide cushion to destroy the energy of the drop
• Produce reverse flow by providing a suitable end-wall to ensure an
impact in the cistern
• The cistern element consists of:
• Sloping glacis
• The cistern
• Roughening devices
• Device for deflecting the high velocity jet

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The cistern element can be divided into 4 classes

Class I
Element in which there is an impact from a stream of water falling freely
under gravity
Class II
Element for impact by a horizontal stream

Class III
Cistern for impact by a stream flowing on an inclined glacis

Class IV
Cistern without impact

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Cistern element: Class I

• Montagu’s formulae
• Developed in Punjab
• 𝑙! = 4𝐸"#
$
• 𝑥 = 𝐸"#
#
• Where 𝐸"# is energy of flow
downstream, for the discharge
intensity q and the fall HL.
• UP irrigation Research Institute formulae Source: theconstructor.org

• 𝑙! = 5 𝐸𝐻%
$
• 𝑥 = 𝐸𝐻% #/(
&
• Read Class II, III, and IV from book.
• Read roughening devices from book. 26
Design of Sarada type fall

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These are the components you will have to design
for a Sarada type fall
Crest
• Length
• Shape and discharge formula
• Level

Cistern
• Length
• Depression
Impervious floor

Downstream protection
• Bed protection
• Side protection
• Downstream wings

Upstream protection

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Design of Crest

• Length of the crest

• Kept equal to the bed width of the canal
• No fluming
• Sometimes, length=bed width + water depth to account for
anticipated increase in discharge
• Shape of the crest and the discharge formula
• <14 m3/s --> Use rectangular crest
• >14 m3/s --> Use trapezoidal crest

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Design of Crest
Rectangular Crest Trapezoidal Crest

Top Width (B) 0.55 𝑑 0.55 𝐻 + 𝑑

u/s batter = 1:3
d/s batter = 1:8
Base Width (B1) 𝐻+𝑑 Determined by the batter
𝜌
For masonry, 𝜌=2
Discharge (q) $/% $/%
!/#
𝐻 !/#
𝐻
1.835𝐿𝐻 1.99𝐿𝐻
𝐵 𝐵

• Crest level
• R.L. of crest = u/s F.S.L – H
• Heigh of crest above bed (h) = D-H
• For falls above 1.5m, actual analysis must be performed to test
stability.
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Design of Crest

• Design of Cistern
• Length: 𝑙! = 5(𝐸𝐻% )$/#
$
• Depression: 𝑥 = (𝐸𝐻% )#/(
&
• Design of impervious floor
• Determined by either Bligh’s theory (for small works) or by Khosla’s
theory.
• The maximum seepage head is equal to d
• Out of total impervious floor length, a minimum length (ld) is to be
provided to the d/s of the crest
• 𝑙) = 2 𝐷 + 1.2 + 𝐻% meters
• The balance of the impervious floor length may be provided under
the u/s of crest.
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Design of Crest

• Design of downstream protections

• Bed protection: Dry brick pitching about 20 cm think on 10 cm
ballast. (Check table in book for details)
• Side protection: One brick on edge is provided after the warped
wings. Side pitching is warped from a slope of 1:1 to 1 .5:1. The
pitching supported on a toe wall 1.5 brick think and of equal depth to
half the downstream water depth.
• Downstream wings: Kept vertical for a length of 5 to 8 times
𝐸𝐻% from the crest, and are then warped or flared to a slope of 1:1
or 1.5:1. In the absence of elaborate stability calculations, the width
of the wings at any level may be kept equal to 1/3rd of the height
above that level.
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Design of Crest

• Design of upstream approach

• <14 m3/s --> the u/s wings may be splayed, straight at the angle of
45°.
• >14 m3/s --> the wings are kept segmental with radius equal to 5 to 6
times H, subtending an angle of 60° at the center, and then are
carried straight into the berm.
• The embedment in the berms or earth banks should be a minimum of
1m.

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