BOTTLE FEEDING/ARTIFICIAL

FEEDING

Presented by: Rajeev Nepal

Lecturer: Universal college of medical sciences, Bhairahawa
Email:nepalrajeev11@gmail.com
Bottle feeding/Artificial feeding

 This means feeding a baby from a bottle even if the

feed is expressed breastmilk.
Negative aspects of bottle-feeding

 Bottle-feeding (Breast milk substitutes) is unnecessary

economic burden.
Negative aspects of bottle-feeding

The family has also to spend extra money on

feeding equipment, fuel and time.
Bottle-feeding
Artificial feeding

 Artificial feeding means -to feed the child other than

breast milk.

 It involves the use of breast milk substitutes in the form

of liquid milk, i.e. fresh cows or buffalo’s milk or
commercially available dried whole milk.
It can be done with a bottle, cup or spoon.
Aims:- Artificial feeding

 To provide adequate nutrition to the infant.

 To substitute breast milk and provide nutrients approx. as

same as breastmilk.

 To fulfill the needs of the child for proper growth and

development.
Circumstances under which artificial feeing is
necessary:
1. The mother is suffering from serious illness, fever or infection.

2. Next pregnancy intervene during lactation

3. Infant is too weak, has harelip or cleft lip.

4. Breast is insufficient for the infant.

5. Mother is not available for nursing a child.

6 .Mother is on drugs (anticoagulants, steroids or radioactive

drugs.)

7. Death of the Mother

8. No other mother in the family to feed the baby (wet nurse).

 Principles of artificial feeding

1. The decision of giving artificial feeding must be taken after

failure of all efforts to breastfeed the baby.

2. Feeding should be given by spoon and bowel or cup or glass.

3. In sick or preterm infant, the feeding can be given with

dropper.

4. Bottle feeding must be avoided and mothers need

explanation or information about the hazards of bottle
feeding.
Contd…

5. Strict cleanliness in the preparation and feeding procedure

should be practiced.
6. Milk left over from previous feed should not be used again.
7. Feeding must be given with the calculated amount of fluids
and calories according to the baby’s expected weight.
8. Correct technique of feeding to be followed.
9. The milk should be warm, not too hot or cold.
10. An average 15 to 20 minutes may be needed to feed the total
quantity, as required.
Contd…
11. No. of feed can be 6 to 8 times in infant and 3 to 5 times in
older babies.
12. Hygienic measures are very important.
13. If dried milk is used, it should be reconstituted as per
direction given by the manufacturer.
14. Burping may be needed to allow to push out the swallowed
air and to prevent vomiting, abdominal discomfort.
15. Supplementation of vitamins and minerals may be needed for
babies to prevent deficiency condition.
 Types of artificial feeds

 Cow’s milk

 Prevent cow’s milk from getting sour by storing it in a cold place.

 Use cooled-down boiled milk

 Dilute two parts milk with one part boiled water that has cooled,
for example:

 600 ml cow’s milk

 300 ml water

 Vitamins and iron must be give given a supplements.

Contd….

 Milk powders

 Mix milk powder with cooled boiled water according to the

instruction on the package

 Vitamins can be added

 Different types of milk powder may be used:

-Full-cream milk powder, for example, Nespray

-Low-fat milk powders, for example, Semillco

- Fat free milk powder, for example, Elite

Contd…

 Modified milk powders

 Example: Lactogen, Nan, S 26

 The powder must be mixed with cooled boiled water.

Contd…

 Hypoallergenic baby food

 When a baby has an allergy to dairy products, there are many

products that can be substituted.

 Goat’ milk

 Soya bean preparations

Risk of artificial feeding
 Artificial/bottle feeding-Disadvantages:

1. Bottle feed makes the baby ill and starved:

 Mothers from poor families may be unable to buy the adequate

quantity of formula powder milk and therefore use less milk
powder and more water or other liquid in milk powder.

 Thin, weak watery milk given to child makes him ill and may be
fatal.
Contd…

2. Infection:

 Even a little bit of milk left in the bottle increases the growth
of micro-organism and this infected bottle-feed can make the
baby sick, prone to diarrhea, infection and may be fatal.

 The proper cleaning of bottle, bowl and spoon is necessary

each time the baby is fed.

 It results in diarrhoea and starvation of the baby which are

serious problems.
Contd…

3. Safe bottle feeding needs adequate water and fuel:

 Feeding bottles has to be boiled for the sterilization of the

bottle to make them microbe-free.

 So mother need more water and fuel to clean it.

 If not sterilized and washed; in cold water germs remain in

bottle which makes baby ill and infected.
Contd…

4. Safe bottle feeding is not cheap:

 Artificial feeing is more costly than breastfeeding.

 The requirement of milk powder, washing of bottle, fuel

requirement, needs money. Therefore it is not heap.
Contd…

5. Safe bottle feeding takes time:

 Artificial feeding takes time to prepare the feeds.

Contd…

6. Artificial feeding is not ready all time:

 Mother is not ready all the time with feeding bottle when the
baby demands it.

 Sometimes she forgets to wash, clean and make milk when

required by the baby.

 This takes time, energy and repetition of work.

Hazards or Consequences

1. Protein-energy malnutrition and Karatomalacia:

 These are the main hazards for infants prematurely deprive of

their mother’s milk and fed on inadequate substitutes under
unhygienic conditions.
 Contd…

2. Neonatal tetany

 This consists of twitches and spasms occurring between the 3rd

and 14th day of life.

 Alimentary absorption of calcium and magnesium may be

impaired by the high phosphate content of the feeds and also by
the inability to absorb fully the fatty acids present in cow’s milk.
 Contd…

3. Hypertonic dehydration
 Sodium concentration in human milk is 7 mmol/l.
 It is higher (20&25mmol/l) in cow’s milk and in all types of
preparation feed.
 Healthy infants can excrete this extra load of sodium but will have to
secret more concentrated urine.
 The clinical features of hypertonic dehydration are anorexia and
irritability; there may be convulsions.
 Therefore mothers are advised to make feed accurately according to
instructions.
Contd…

4. Obesity

 Babies on bottle-feeding grows faster and likely to become

obese.

 This is because mothers like to make high concentration feeds

and sometimes too early introduction of solid foods to provide
a concentrated source of energy.
Contd…

5. Cot Deaths

 Sometimes, mother feed their babies and make them sleep.

 Sometimes, fatality may result.

 It my be due to the anaphylaxis (allergic reaction) to cow’s

milk to which the baby becomes sensitive.
Contd…

6. Other hazard

 Baby food manufacturers add a considerable amount of salts

in the food which is harmful and can cause hypertension in
later life.

 Sometimes sweetened baby foods are prepared which may

cause dental problems later and obesity.
Contd…

7. Sometimes babies are given the cereal products too early,

which may cause celiac disease in babies.

8. Spinach puree is also very harmful in the early stage of life.