SEAKEEPING & MANOUVERING

IRREGULAR/RANDOM WAVE
 WAVE PROPERTIES
 SHORT TERM WAVE ANALYSIS
 INTRODUCTION
Wind

Calm sea surface Ripples on sea surface Small waves

Ripples on the enlarging waves

 Angin merupakan faktor utama pembentuk gelombang di laut - Wind Waves

Angin
Ledakan Peluru
Gempa
Faktor Faktor Laju Kapal
Alam Letusan Manusia
Gunung
Pasang Etc.
Surut
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 INTRODUCTION
Bergerak horizontal dengan kecepatan tertentu

Partikel air bergerak dalam orbit berupa lingkaran

Wind Perpindahan Ukuran

Osilasi dan Propagasi
Wave Energi Gelombang

Lamanya waktu Wind

angin berhembus Speed Kecepatan angin berhembus

Depth
Wave Fetch
Bentangan
permukaan laut

Kedalaman
Size
perairan
Random Wave
Duration
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 SEA STATE
SEA STATE is a measure commonly applied to describe the level of sea severity at a certain time. The
measure is initially obtained from the experiences, especially of seamen who have many years sailing over
the world’s oceans. The measure is further used as a criteria to quantify the operability of ocean structures
and vehicles at large.
SEA STATE DESCRIPTION SIGNIFICANT AVERAGE WIND SPEED BEAUFORT
OF SEA WAVE HEIGHT WAVE HEIGHT Vw (knots) SCALE
Hs (m) Hav (m)

0 Calm (glassy) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0

1 Calm (rippled) 0.01 – 0.10 0.01 – 0.06 0.01 – 6.0 1.0 – 2.0

2 Smooth (wavelets) 0.11 – 0.50 0.07 – 0.31 7.0 – 10.0 3.0

3 Slight 0.51 – 1.25 0.32 – 0.78 11.0 – 16.0 4.0

4 Moderate 1.26 – 2.50 0.79 – 1.56 17.0 – 21.0 5.0

5 Rough 2.51 – 4.00 1.57 – 2.50 22.0 – 27.0 6.0

6 Very Rough 4.01 – 6.00 2.51 – 3.75 28.0 – 47.0 7.0 – 9.0

7 High 6.01 – 9.00 3.76 – 5.63 48.0 – 55.0 10

8 Very High 9.01 – 14.00 5.64 – 8.75 56.0 -63.0 11

9 Phenomenal > 14.00 > 8.75 > 63.0 12

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 FOURIER TRANSFORM
ζ (t)

t (sec)

Wave-1

Wave-2

Wave-3

Σ Wave-k
.
.
.
Wave-∞


 (t )      n 0 cos(nt   n )
n 1
A random wave is formed by a superposition of an infinite number of regular waves
(Pierson, W.J. Jr. and St Denis, M, “On the Motion of Ships in Confused Seas”, Transaction of SNAME, Vol. 61, 1953)

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 SHORT TERM WAVE ANALYSIS

 Random wave recording is carried out at a certain station at sea => Time History

 Every wave record is taken averagely about 30 minutes; minimum containing 100
wave samples
ζ (t)

t (sec)

Pola Acak - Elevasi Urutan Teori Gel. Metode

Gelombang - Propagasi kejadian tidak Reguler : Stokastik
laut pernah Metode
berulang Deterministik
Properties
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 RANDOM WAVE PROPERTIES
Elevasi ζ1 dalam (m) Tp1 Tp2

ζ3

ζ5
ζ1

H2
t (det.)

H1

ζ4
ζ2
Tz1 Tz2
Peak Period

Combination of parameters
Zero-up Crossing Period

By Statistical Method :

Average Significant
Random Wave
Parameters

1/10 Highest Extreme

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 RANDOM WAVE PROPERTIES

Number of Approximate Hext.

Wave Height
Occurrence Percent
1 4 4 H1/10
2 40 39
3
4
31
25
30
25
Hsig.
5 2 2
SUM 102 100 Hav.
Approximate Wave Height x One-Third One-Tenth One-Hundredth
Wave Height Number of Occurrence
Percent Occurrence Highest Wave Highest Wave Highest Wave
1 4 4 4
2 40 39 80
3 31 30 93 21
4 25 25 100 100 32
5 2 2 10 10 10 5
SUM 102 100 287 131 42 5
Σ1 Σ2 Σ3 Σ4 Σ5 Σ6
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 RANDOM WAVE PROPERTIES

The Wave Height Characteristics (in meter) from Wave Records are obtained as shown
in the following table.
Determine:
a. The average height
b. The significant height
c. The average one-tenth highest height
d. The average one-hundredth highest height
Interval H H mean Occurrence
0-1 0.5 27
1- 2 1.5 75
2-3 2.5 100
3-4 3.5 40
4-5 4.5 15
5-6 5.5 8
6-7 6.5 5
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 RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION

1.0

Theory (Rayleigh)
0.8
Measurement
0.6
p(x)

0.4

0.2

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

H/Ĥ

From STWA it can be identified that H has a statistical distribution which can be closely
modeled theoretically by the Rayleigh distribution.
The probability density function (pdf) of which is given by :

   
p( x)  x exp  x 2  ; x  H / H
2  4 
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H1/10 = 1.2765 Hs
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