CURRENT ELECTRICITY – REVISION SHEET (Part A) - PHYSICS – Standard 10th

Sr. Physical Unit’s Type of

Symbol Definition Unit Definition Formula Extra
No. Quantity Symbol Quantity
1 Charge Q - coulomb C - Q = ne e = − 1.6 × 10−19C Scalar
1. In metals, the flow of current is due to
free electrons
One ampere is defined as the current which Q 2. In electrolytes, the flow of current is
Electric
2 I Current is defined as the rate of flow of charge. ampere A flows in a conductor when one coulomb of I= Scalar
Current t due to flow of ions (cations and anions)
charge passes in one second
3. Measured with the help of ammeter
which is connected in series.

Potential at a point is defined as the amount of The potential at a point is said to be one volt W
3 Potential V work done per unit charge in bringing a positive volt V when 1 joule of work is work is done in bringing V = Scalar
test charge from infinity to that point. 1 coulomb of charge from infinity to that point. Q

Potential and Potential Difference is

measured with the help of voltmeter
which is always connected in parallel.

Potential difference between two points is equal to The potential at a point is said to be one volt W
Potential
4 V the work done per unit charge in moving a positive volt V when 1 joule of work is done in bringing 1 V = Scalar
Difference Q
test charge from one point to the other. coulomb of charge from one point to another.

The resistance of a conductor is said to be one V

1. Factors Affecting Resistance:
R=
The obstruction offered to the flow of current by ohm, if 1 ampere current flows through it when -- Material of the wire
I
4 Resistance R ohm Ω Scalar
the conductor (wire) is called its resistance. a potential difference of 1 volt is applied across -- Length (Directly Proportional)
or
the ends of a conductor -- Thickness (Inversely Proportional)
V = IR
ohm-1, siemen -- Temperature (Directly Proportional)
1 2. Slope of V – I graph gives Resistance
5 Conductance G Reciprocal of Resistance gives Conductance mho (not used Ω-1 or S - G= Scalar
now) R 3. Slope of I – V graph gives Conductance

Created By: Ruchit Shroff PRO LEARNING ACADEMY

CURRENT ELECTRICITY (PART A)
Factors affecting Resistivity:
-- Material
For Metals and Alloys – Very Low
For Semiconductors – Low
Resistivity / Specific Resistance of a material is the resistance ρl For Insulators – Very High
ρ R=
6 Specific of a wire of that material of unit length and unit ohm metre Ωm - -
(rho) A
Resistance area of cross section
-- Temperature
For Metals – Directly
Semiconductors – Inversely
Alloys – Remains unchanged
σ ohm-1metre-1, 1
7 Conductivity Reciprocal of Resistivity is known as Conductivity Ω-1m-1 - σ= - -
(sigma) siemen-1metre-1 ρ

To find slope: Ohm’s Law: The current flowing in a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference applied across its ends provided that
the physical conditions and the temperature of the conductor remains constant.
Y2 − Y1
Slope = Distinguish Between Ohmic and Non – Ohmic Resistors
X 2 − X1
OHMIC RESISTOR NON – OHMIC RESISTOR
Verification of Ohm’s Law: 1. Obeys Ohm’s Law 1. Does not obey Ohm’s Law
2. The graph of V vs I is a straight line 2. The graph of V vs I is a curve which
passing through the origin may or may not pass through the origin
3. The slope of V – I graph is same at all 3. The slope of V – I graph is different at
values of V or I for a given temperature values of V or I for a given temperature.
Ex.: All metals Ex.: LED, filament of a bulb

SUPERCONDUCTORS:
A superconductor is a substance of zero resistance (or infinite conductance) at a very low temperature. E.g.: Mercury (Below 4.2K), Lead (Below 7.25K), and Niobium (Below 9.2K).

CHOICE OF MATERIAL OF WIRE:

1. Electrical connections and for power transmission: 2. Resistance Wire (Standard Resistors):
- Low Resistance -Low Specific Resistance -Ex.: Copper, Aluminum, Silver - High resistance -High Specific Resistance -Ex.: Manganin, Constantan
3. Fuse Wire: -Low melting point 4. Filament of Electric Bulb:
-Specific Resistance more than Copper and Aluminum -Ex.: Alloy of Lead and Tin - High Melting Point -Ex.: Tungsten Wire
5. Heating Element in appliances (Heater, Toaster):
- High Resistance - High Specific Resistance -Ex.: Nichrome Wire
Created By: Ruchit Shroff PRO LEARNING ACADEMY
CURRENT ELECTRICITY (PART A)

Created By: Ruchit Shroff PRO LEARNING ACADEMY