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Module 2 - Shallow Foundations 2020
Module 2 - Shallow Foundations 2020
MAT FOUNDATION
Bridge Abutment
Bridge Abutment
Bridge Abutment
Gravel Sand
Continuous Footings
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐´𝑁𝑐 + 𝜎𝑧𝐷 𝑁𝑞 + 0.5𝛾´𝐵𝑁𝛾
Square Footings
𝑞𝑢 = 1.3𝑐´𝑁𝑐 + 𝜎𝑧𝐷 𝑁𝑞 + 0.4𝛾´𝐵𝑁𝛾
Circular Footings
𝑞𝑢 = 1.3𝑐´𝑁𝑐 + 𝜎𝑧𝐷 𝑁𝑞 + 0.3𝛾´𝐵𝑁𝛾
Where:
c´ ➔ Effective cohesion
σ´zD ➔ Effective stress at a depth D below ground surface
γ´ ➔ Submerged unit weight
B ➔ Foundation base or diameter
Nc
Nq Bearing capacity factors (See table on next slide)
Nγ
Where:
c’ ➔ cohesion
σ´zD ➔ effective stress at the bottom of the foundation
γ ➔ unit weight
B ➔ foundation width
𝐵
𝑠𝛾 = 1 − 0.4 Where k is a factor defined as follows:
𝐿
𝑘 = 𝐷ൗ𝐵 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐷ൗ ≤ 1
𝐵
For strip (continuous) footings
all shape factors are taken as: 𝑘 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝐷ൗ𝐵 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐷ൗ > 1
𝐵
𝑠𝑐 = 𝑠𝑞 = 𝑠𝛾 = 1 NOTE: k must be used in radians
1 − 𝑖𝑞 2𝜂
𝑔𝑐 = 𝑖𝑞 − for 𝜙>0 𝑏𝑐 = 1 − for 𝜙>0
5.14𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙 5.14𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙
2 2
𝑔𝑞 = 𝑔𝛾 = 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 𝑏𝑞 = 𝑏𝛾 = 1 − 𝜂𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙
𝑁𝑐 = 𝑁𝑞 − 1 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜙
𝑁𝛾 = 𝑁𝑞 − 1 tan(1.4𝜙)
𝐵 𝐵
𝑠𝑐 = 1 + 0.2𝐾𝑝 𝑠𝑞 = 𝑠𝛾 = 1 + 0.1𝐾𝑝 𝑠𝑞 = 𝑠𝛾 = 1
𝐿 𝐿
𝐷 𝐷
𝑑𝑐 = 1 + 0.2 𝐾𝑝 𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑𝛾 = 1 + 0.1 𝐾𝑝 𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑𝛾 = 1
𝐵 𝐵
2 2
𝜃° 𝜃°
𝑖𝑐 = 𝑖𝑞 = 1 − 𝑖𝛾 = 1 − 𝑖𝛾 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜃 > 0
90° 𝜙°
Where:
Kp = tan2(45 + ϕ/2)
θ = Angle of resultant measured from vertical without a sign
If θ = 0, all the i factors = 1
Instructor: F. Grajales, Ph.D. Slide 43
Capacity from In-Situ Tests
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
For SI Imperial
B ≤ 4 ft 𝑁
𝑞𝑎 = 12𝑁𝑘𝑑 𝑞𝑎 = 𝑘
(B ≤ 1.22 m) 4 𝑑
B > 4 ft 2 2
𝐵 + 0.305 𝑁 𝐵+1
(B > 1.22 m) 𝑞𝑎 = 8𝑁 𝑘𝑑 𝑞𝑎 = 𝑘𝑑
𝐵 6 𝐵
For SI Imperial
B ≤ 4 ft 𝑁
𝑞𝑎 = 20𝑁𝑘𝑑 𝑞𝑎 = 𝑘
(B ≤ 1.22 m) 2.5 𝑑
B > 4 ft 2 2
𝐵 + 0.305 𝑁 𝐵+1
(B > 1.22 m) 𝑞𝑎 = 12.5𝑁 𝑘𝑑 𝑞𝑎 = 𝑘𝑑
𝐵 4 𝐵
CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT:
For Normally Consolidated Clays σ’0 + Δσ’ = σ’c
CREEP SETTLEMENT:
e t2 H
SS = H = C log
1 + ep t1 1 + e p
Where:
ep, is the void ratio at the end of the
primary consolidation
H, thickness of clay layer