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Microwave Engineering-Passive Components
Microwave Engineering-Passive Components
Transmission Waveguides
Line
Direction of
Travel
z
Hx Hz
x
Transverse Electric (TE) 11
Ey Direction of
travel
Hz
z
Hx
H
x
Transverse Magnetic (TM) 12
• The magnetic field, H is transverse to the direction of
propagation of wave and the electric field, E has components
transverse and in the direction of the wave.
• Exists in waveguide modes.
y
E
Ey
Direction of
travel
z
Ez
Hx
x
13
14
c o
g = g =
f −f 1 − ( fc f )
2 2 2
c
18
c c c ( g ) c
fc = = vp = =
2a c o 1 − ( fc f )
2
377 g
Zo = = 377 (TE mod e)
1 − ( fc f ) o
2
o
Z o = 377 (TM mod e)
g
19
cxnp 2a
fc = c =
2a xnp
c
vp = vg v p = c 2
1 − ( fc f )
2
21
o
g =
1 − ( fc f )
2
g
Z o = 377 (TE mod e)
o
o
Z o = 377 (TM mod e)
g
22
23
Matching.
Coupling Probes 25
E-plane Tee is a waveguide tee in which the axis of its side arm
is parallel to the E field of the main guide.
An E-Plane Tee junction is formed by attaching a simple
waveguide to the broader dimension of a rectangular waveguide,
which already has two ports.
The arms of rectangular waveguides
make two ports called collinear ports i.e.,
Port1 and Port2, while the new one,
Port3 is called as Side arm or E-arm.
This E-plane Tee is also called as Series
Tee.
E-Plane Tee 50
As the axis of the side arm is parallel to the electric field, this
junction is called E-Plane Tee junction. This is also called as
Voltage or Series junction.
The ports 1 and 2 are 180° out of phase with each other.
The alongside figure shows the
connection made by the sidearm to the
bi-directional waveguide to form the
parallel port.
The E-plane tee can be used as signal
combiner or splitter.
51
When the waves are fed into the side arm (Port 3), the waves
appearing at port 1 and port 2 of the collinear arm will be in
opposite phase and in the same magnitude➔Signal splitter.
52
When the two input waves are fed from Port 1 and Port 2 of
the collinear arm, the signals combine at Port 3 providing
phasor sum ➔Signal combiner.
If the fields fed at port 1 and port 2 are of same amplitude
and phase, then the output at port 3 will be zero due to phase
cancellation.
If the fields fed at port 1 and port 2 are
of same magnitude but 1800 out of
phase, then the output at port 3 will be
doubled in magnitude than that fed at
port 1 or port 3.
53
H-Plane Tee 54
An H-Plane Tee junction is formed by attaching a simple
waveguide to a rectangular waveguide which already has
two ports.
The arms of rectangular waveguides make two ports called
collinear ports i.e., Port1 and Port2, while the new one,
Port3 is called as Side arm or H-arm.
This H-plane Tee is also called as Shunt
Tee.
All three arms lie in the plane of H-field
which is equally divided.
H-Plane Tee 55
As the axis of the side arm is parallel to the magnetic field,
this junction is called H-Plane Tee junction.
This is also called as Current junction, as the magnetic field
divides itself into arms.
The alongside figure shows the
connection made by the sidearm to the
bi-directional waveguide to form the
serial port.
H-Plane Tee 56
Magic Tee
Directional Couplers 70
A Directional coupler is a device that
samples a small amount of Microwave
power for measurement purposes.
The power measurements include
incident power, reflected power, VSWR
values, etc.
Directional Coupler is a 4-port
waveguide junction consisting of a
primary main waveguide and a
secondary auxiliary waveguide.
It is used to couple the Microwave power which may be unidirectional or bi-
directional.
Properties of Directional 71
Couplers
All the terminations are matched to the ports.
When the power travels from Port 1 to Port 2, some portion of it gets
coupled to Port 4 but not to Port 3.
As it is also a bi-directional coupler, when the power travels from Port
2 to Port 1, some portion of it gets coupled to Port 3 but not to Port 4.
If the power is incident through Port 3, a portion of it is coupled to Port
2, but not to Port 1.
If the power is incident through Port 4, a portion of it is coupled to Port
1, but not to Port 2.
Port 1 and 3 are decoupled as are Port 2 and Port 4.
➢ Ideally, the output of Port 3 should
be zero. However, practically, a 72
small amount of power called back
power is observed at Port 3.
➢ The alongside figure indicates the
power flow in a directional coupler.
where,
Pi = Incident power at Port 1
2. Directivity (D):
Measure of how well the directional coupler
distinguishes between forward and reverse
travelling power.
Ratio of forward coupled power level and back
power level in auxiliary waveguide.
Directional Coupler Parameter 75
3. Isolation (I):
Measures the directional properties.
Ratio of incident power in main waveguide to the
reverse power at auxiliary waveguide.
I = C.D
I (dB)= [C]dB+[D]dB
Directional Coupler Parameter 76
This is a directional
coupler with same
main and auxiliary
waveguides, but with
two small holes that are
common between
them.
These holes are λg/4
distance apart where λg
is the guide
wavelength.
Two-Hole Directional Couplers 78
E∠2θ0
E∠θ0
Precision Rotary Phase Shifter 83
Applications:
Phased shifters are used in a variety of communication and radar
systems.
They are used in microwave instrumentation and measurement
systems.
They are used in various industrial applications.
Microwave circulators 86
A microwave circulator is a multiport waveguide junction in
which the wave can flow only from the nth port to the
(n+1)th port in one direction.
Although there is no restriction on the number of ports, the
four-port microwave circulator is the most common.
One type of four-port microwave circulator is a combination
of two 3-dB side-hole directional couplers and a rectangular
waveguide with two nonreciprocal phase shifters as shown
in figure.
Microwave circulators 87
Four-port Circulator
Schematic
Microwave circulators 90
A rectangular cavity
resonator is a closed
section of a rectangular
waveguide.
The electromagnetic fields
in the cavity are excited via
external coupling. An
external power source is
usually coupled to the
cavity by a small aperture, a
small wire probe or a loop.
Rectangular Cavity Resonator 102
Quality factor:
The quality factor Q of a cavity can be decomposed into two
parts, representing different power loss mechanisms:
1. Qc, resulting from the power loss in the walls which
have finite conductivity.
Rectangular Cavity Resonator 103
where Xmn denotes the n-th zero of the m-th Bessel function,
and X'mn denotes the n-th zero of the derivative of the m-th
Bessel function.
MASER 108