Turbine design for small hydro versus large hydro.

Hermod Brekke
Professor Emeritus Dr. Techn. NTNU
Scenery in a Norwegian fjord
TRADITIONAL UTILIZING OF HYDROPOWER
 DEVELOPING COUNTRIES HAVE LARGE HYDROPOWER SOURCES SUITABLE
ALSO FOR SMALL HYDRO IN THE REMOTE AREAS WITH SPREAD POPULATION.
HRW, May 2007
CLASSIFICATION: INFLUENCE FROM BLADE INLET ANGLE ON INLET
PRESSURE AT BEST EFFICIENCY=η*=U1CU1/(gH) ,
A LARGE FRANCIS TURBINE IS COMPLICATED AND EXPENSIVE
SIMPLIFIED FRANCIS TURBINE FOR SMALL HYDRO
 THREE CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS IN REVERSE AS TURBINES MAY BE USED BY
START STOP WHEN WATERLEVEL CONTROL FOR FLOW CONTROL IS NEEDED.

Pump sizes: 1=(1/7), 2=(2/7) and 3=(4/7) of maximum flow: 1+2+3 =(7/7)=1
LARGE HIGH EFFICIENCY PELTON TURBINE
SMALL PELTON TURBINE FOR HIGH
HEAD OPERATION. STANDARDISATION
3500 SENTERLINJE INNLØP: X=F1353-!354, Y=G1353-1354
GRENRØR MOT TURBINHUS 6 DYSER m. INSTØPT RINGLEDNING
3000
Flens her her Rørlengder tilpasses.
INNSIDE TILLØPSRØR MOT GRENRØR: X=F1343-
Kulesenter endres ikke.
2500 1345, Y=G1344-1346
N O R M A L T IN N L Ø P m m

2000 INNSIDE INNLØPSKONUS: X=F1345-1347, Y=G1346-

1348
1500
UTLØPSKANT INNSIDE INNLØPSKON OG KON: BETA:
1000 X=F1347-1349, Y=G1348-1350

500 INNSIDE KANT AVGRENINGSKONUS: X=F1349-1351,

Y=G1350-1352
0
-3500 -3000 -2500 -2000 -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 SENTERLINJE INNLØP I KNUTEPUNKT KULE::
-500 X=F1354-1355, Y=G1354-1355
FLENSER FOR
DEMONTASJE
BEND ETTER -1000
SENTERLINJE I PKT. INJEKTOR: Y=F1355-1356,
ØSKE Y=G1355-1356
-1500
SKJÆRING INNLØPSKON-INNLØPSRØR: X= F1357-
Deles her for transport etter 1370, Y=G1357-1370
-2000
trykkprøving. Flens her .
INNLØPSRØR MOT INJEKTOR INNVENDIG: X=FF1361-
-2500
1362, Y=G1361-1362
-3000
AVLØPSKONUS FRA SKJÆRING MED KON: ALFA:
PARALLELT MED INNLØP mm X=F1360-1361, Y=G1360-1361
-3500

INNVENDIG KONUS ALFA SKJÆRING MED KON

UNFAVOURABLE PIPING IN A SMALL PELTON
TURBINE, BAD JETS LOW EFFICIENCY.
PELTON JETS OF LOW QUALITY IN A
SMALL PELTON TURBINE
FATIGUE!!!
PRESSURE RECORDING OF CLOSURE FROM A SMALL OPENING.
BY MEASURING THE TIME FROM BOTTOM TO TOP: =∆T=2L/a AS WELL
AS THE PRESSURE PEAK= ∆H AND KNOWING THE LENGTH OF PENSTOCK
=L , THE WAVE PROPAGATION SPEED = a CAN BE DETERMINED AS WELL AS
CLOSING SPEED:
IF THE ALLOWABLE PRESSURE RISE IS: ∆Hmax=a∆C/g (m), AND THE
CROSS SECTION =A, THEN THE CLOSING SPEED OF THE TURBINE CAN
BE FOUND: ∆Q/∆T= A*∆C/∆T=A*∆Hmax*g/(2L)
ROTATING SAND GRAINS OUTSIDE RUNNER INLET

FC TANGENTIAL
COMPONENT =CU

Fd RADIAL COMPONENT
=Cm
FLOW
DIRECTION
Photo of test rig and illustration of a particle
moving in the rotational flow.
DIAMETER OF SMALLEST SAND GRAINS THAT ARE HELD BACK ROTATING
OUTSIDE RUNNER AND NOT FLUSHED THROUGH A FRANCIS TURBINE
DRAG COEFFICIENT=CD=0.1
ERODED GUIDE VANE AFTER PART LOAD OPERATION IN SAND LADEN WATER
CAUSED BY LOW RADIAL VELOCITY OR EVEN REVERSED FLOW AT THE
CROWN

Ref.Water Power
and Dam
Construction
Feb.1982, Li Xue-
Zhang
 SAND EROSION INCREASES INVERSE
PROPORTIONAL TO THE SIZE OF THE TURBINE!!
INFFLUENCE FROM
THE BLADE LEAN θ
ON THE PRESSURE-
DISTRIBUTION
FROM CROWN TO
BAND