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Disclaimer
The views expressed herein are based on those
of the author and do not necessarily reflect
those of the organization. The author drew
information from the ACI 318-19 updates from
the public comment version of the ACI 318-19
document. All conversion factors to the SI units
are based on the author's understanding and
comparisons to the ACI 318-14.

CE 432 1st Semester 19/20 1

Dr. Nadim Shbeeb

Shear And Diagonal

Tension In Beams

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Shear and Diagonal Tension

in Beams

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Shear and Diagonal Tension

in Beams

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Diagonal Tension
fmax (compression)

Vmax Vmax

Mc
fbending =
I fmax (tension)
VQ
v=
Ib

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Diagonal Tension
V (Shear Stress)

Vmax
(f,V)

f/2 fmax
fmin O
f (Normal Stress)
C f/2

2 2
f f f
f max = +   + v2 Vmax =   + v 2
2 2 2
2
f f
f min = −   + v2
2 2
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Diagonal Tension

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Diagonal Tension
• At a location of large V and small M, there will be
little flexural cracking, prior to the development
of a diagonal tension crack. Thus, the average
shear stress prior to crack formation is
ܸ
‫=ݒ‬
ܾ݀
• It was found that in regions with large shear and
small moment, diagonal tension cracks form at an
average or nominal shear stress
ܸ௖௥
‫ݒ‬௖௥ = < 0.29 ݂௖ᇱ
ܾ݀

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Diagonal Tension
• It was found that in regions with small shear
and large moment, diagonal tension cracks
form at an average or nominal shear stress
ܸ௖௥
‫ݒ‬௖௥ = < 0.16 ݂௖ᇱ
ܾ݀

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Diagonal Tension
• At a location of large V and large M.
– Flexural tension cracks form first.
– When the diagonal tension stress at the upper end of
one or more of these cracks exceeds the tensile
strength of the concrete, the crack bends in a diagonal
direction and continues to grow in length and width

ܸ௖௥ ߩܸ݀
‫ݒ‬௖௥ = = 0.16 ݂௖ᇱ + 17 < 0.29 ݂௖ᇱ
ܾ݀ ‫ܯ‬

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Diagonal Tension
• From Experiments the following graph is
developed

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ACI Code Provisions

for Shear
9.4.3.1- For beams built integrally with supports, V at the
support shall be permitted to be calculated at the face of
support.
9.4.3.2- Sections between the face of support and a critical
section located d from the face of support for nonprestressed
beams and h/2 from the face of support for prestressed beams
shall be permitted to be designed for V at that critical section if
(a) through (c) are satisfied:
(a) Support reaction, in direction of applied shear, introduces
compression into the end region of the beam.
(b)Loads are applied at or near the top surface of the beam.
(c)No concentrated load occurs between the face of support and
critical section

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ACI Code Provisions

for Shear

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ACI Code Provisions

for Shear

22.5.1.1- Nominal one-way shear strength at a section, Vn, shall be

calculated by:
Vn = Vc + Vs (22.5.1.1)
22.5.1.2-Cross-sectional dimensions shall be selected to
satisfy Eq. (22.5.1.2).

V୳ ≤ ϕ(Vୡ + 0.66 fୡᇱ b୵ d) (22.5.1.2)

22.5.1.3- For nonprestressed members, Vc shall be calculated in

accordance with 22.5.5

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ACI Code Provisions

for Shear
22.5.1.6- Vs shall be calculated in accordance with 22.5.8.

22.5.1.7- Effect of any openings in members shall be considered in

calculating Vn.

22.5.2.2- For calculation of Vc and Vs, it shall be permitted

to assume (a) through (c):
(a) d equal to 0.8 times the diameter for circular sections
(b) bw equal to the diameter for solid circular sections
(c) bw equal to twice the wall thickness for hollow circular
sections

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ACI Code Provisions

for Shear
22.5.3.1-The value of ݂௖ᇱ used to calculate Vc, Vci, and Vcw for one-
way shear shall not exceed 8 MPa, unless allowed in 22.5.3.2.

22.5.3.2-Values of ݂௖ᇱ greater than 8 MPa shall be permitted in

calculating Vc, Vci, and Vcw for reinforced or prestressed concrete
beams and concrete joist construction having minimum web
reinforcement in accordance with 9.6.3.4 or 9.6.4.2.

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ACI Code Provisions

for Shear
22.5.5.1-For nonprestressed members, Vc shall be calculated in
accordance with Table 22.5.5.1 and 22.5.5.1.1 through
22.5.5.1.3.
Table 22.5.5.1—Vc for nonprestressed members

Criteria ܸ௖

ܰ௨ (a)
0.17ߣ ݂௖ᇱ +  
6!+ ,
‫ܣ‬௩ ≥ ‫ܣ‬௩,௠௜௡ Either of ଵ
( ) ܰ௨
0.66ߣߩ௪ଷ ݂௖ᇱ + ܾ ݀ (b)
6‫ܣ‬௚ ௪
ଵ
( ) ܰ௨
‫ܣ‬௩ < ‫ܣ‬௩,௠௜௡ 0.66ߣߣ௦ ߩ௪ଷ ݂௖ᇱ + ܾ ݀ (c)
6‫ܣ‬௚ ௪

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ACI Code Provisions

for Shear
Notes:
1. Axial load, Nu, is positive for compression and
negative for tension.
2. Vc shall not be taken less than zero.

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ACI Code Provisions

for Shear
22.5.5.1.1- Vc shall not be taken greater than 0.42ߣ ݂௖ᇱ ܾ௪ ݀

22.5.5.1.2- In Table 22.5.5.1, the value of Nu/6Ag shall not

be taken greater than 0.05 f’c

22.5.5.1.3- The size modification factor, λs, shall be determined

by
2
λs = ≤ 1.0
d
1+
254

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ACI Code Provisions

for Shear
22.5.8 One-way shear reinforcement
22.5.8.1 At each section where Vu > φVc, transverse
reinforcement shall be provided such that Eq. (22.5.8.1) is
satisfied. V
Vs ≥ u − Vc
φ (22.5.8.1)
22.5.8.2 For one-way members reinforced with transverse
reinforcement, Vs shall be calculated in accordance with 22.5.8.5.

22.5.8.3 For one-way members reinforced with bent-up

longitudinal bars, Vs shall be calculated in accordance with
22.5.8.6
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ACI Code Provisions

for Shear
22.5.8.4 If more than one type of shear reinforcement is
provided to reinforce the same portion of a member, Vs shall be
the sum of the Vs values for the various types of shear
reinforcement.
22.5.8.5.1 In nonprestressed and prestressed members, shear
reinforcement satisfying (a), (b), or (c) shall be permitted:
(a) Stirrups, ties, or hoops perpendicular to longitudinal
axis of member
(b) Welded wire reinforcement with wires located perpendicular
to longitudinal axis of member
(c) Spiral reinforcement
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Types of Web Reinforcement

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ACI Code Provisions

for Shear

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ACI Code Provisions

for Shear

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ACI Code Provisions

for Shear
8

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ACI Code Provisions

for Shear
8

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ACI Code Provisions

for Shear
Minimum Shear Reinforcement
9.6.3.1-For nonprestressed beams, minimum area of shear
reinforcement, Av,min, shall be provided in all regions where
ܸ௨ > ϕ0.085ߣ ݂௖ᇱ ܾ௪ ݀ except for the cases in Table 9.6.3.1. For
these cases, at least Av,min shall be provided where ܸ௨ > ϕܸ௖

250 mm

600 mm
600 mm To be revisited
during the slab
ϕ0.17ߣ ݂௖ᇱ ܾ௪ ݀
40 MPa class

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ACI Code Provisions

for Shear
9.6.3.4-If shear reinforcement is required and torsional effects can
be neglected according to 9.5.4.1, Av,min shall be in accordance with
Table 9.6.3.4.
Table 9.6.3.4—Required Av,min

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ACI Code Provisions

for Shear

mm

≤ 0.33ߣ ݂௖ᇱ ܾ௪ ݀
600

> 0.33ߣ ݂௖ᇱ ܾ௪ ݀

300

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ACI Code Provisions

for Shear

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Example S1
• A rectangular beam is to be designed to carry a shear
force Vu of 120 kN. No web reinforcement is to be
used, what is the minimum cross section if controlled
by shear and fc’=22 Mpa, (d=2 b)

Vu ≤ ϕ 0.085λ f c' bw d
120 ×1000
 bw d = = 401319 mm 2
.75 × 0.085 × 1× 22
d = 895.90 mm bw = 447.95 mm

• If minimum reinforcement is used, then d=633.5 mm

and bw=316.75 m
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Example S2
A simply supported rectangular beam 40 cm wide
having an effective depth of d=63.4 cm (h=70 cm)
carries a total factored load of 140 kN/m on a 6 m
clear span. It is reinforced with 4φ32 of tensile
steel which continues uninterrupted into the
supports. If fc’=22 MPa throughout what part of
the beam is web reinforcement required? Use
vertical φ10 U stirrups with fy=420 MPa where
reinforcement is needed.

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Example S2
Calculate Vu at d
140 × 6
Vu = − 140 × 0.634 = 331.24 kN
2
Calculating Vc. Assuming reinforcement is required then,

( )
φVc = φ 0.17λ f c' bw d = 0.75 × .17 ×1× 22 × 400 × 634 = 151.7 kN
or
 1
  
φVc = φ  0.66λρ w 3  f c' bw d  = 0.75 × .66 × 3 0.012685 × 1× 22 × 400 × 634 = 137.3 kN
 
 
 φVc = 137.3 kN

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Example S2
Vu − ϕVc 331.24 − 137.32 < 0.66 f c' bw d
Vs = = = 258.56 kN
ϕ 0.75 < 0.33 f c' bw d
Spacing
1) 600 mm
d
2) = 317 mm
2
π 102
3) Given 1φ8 Av = 2( ) = 157.08 mm 2
4
Av f yt d 157.08 × 420 × 634
s= = = 161.77 mm
Vs 258.56 ×1000
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Example S2
Maximum spacing to provide minimum Av
Av min f yt 157.08 × 420
4) s1,max = = = 567.16 mm
0.062 f c' bw 0.062 × 22 × 400
Av min f yt
s 2,max = = 471.24 mm
0.35bw
Use 1φ10 @ 15 cm for the first 1.0 m
Use 1φ10 @ 20 cm for the second 1.0 m
Use 1φ10 @ 40 cm for the third 1.0 m
Since Av,min is provided no need to check equation c of table
22.5.5.1. Also since d>bw no need for transverse reinf.
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Required Reinforcement
Example S2 At 2.02 m
420

378 At 2.46 m
336

294

252

Vu
210
75.83
φVc
168

126

84
φVc = φ 0.085λ f c' bw d
42

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

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Example S3
• Beam loaded as shown fc’=21 MPa, fyt=280
MPa. Use vertical φ8 U stirrups. Select the
stirrups spacing
DL=24 kN/m, LL=30 kN/m
40 cm

63.6 cm

4φ32

8m Col. 40 x 40 cm
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Example S3
wu = 1.2 × 24 + 1.6 × 30 = 76.8 kN / m
76.8 × 8
Vu = − 76.8 × (0.2 + 0.636) = 243 kN
2
( )
φVc = φ 0.17λ f c' bw d = 0.75 × .17 ×1× 21 × 400 × 636 = 148.64 kN
or
 1
  
φVc = φ  0.66λρ w 3  f c' bw d  = 0.75 × .66 × 3 0.012685 × 1× 21 × 400 × 636 = 134.58 kN
 
 
 φVc = 134.58 kN

243 − 134.58 < 0.66 f c' bw d

Vs = = 144.56 kN
0.75 < 0.33 f c' bw d

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Example S3
Spacing
1) 600 mm
d
2) = 318 mm
2
π 82
3) φ8 Av = 2( ) = 100.53 mm 2
4
Av f yt d 100.53 × 280 × 636
s= = = 123.84 mm
Vs 144.56 × 1000
Av min f yt 100.53 × 280
4) s1,max = = = 247.68 mm
0.062 f b '
c w
0.062 × 21 × 400
Av min f yt
s 2,max = = 201.06 mm
0.35bw

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Example S3

Required up to 2.25 m from column centerline

Use 1φ8 @ 12 cm for the first 1.5 m
Use 1φ8 @ 20 cm from 1.5 m to 3.1
and none for the last 90 cm up to the mid-span.
2 2
λs = = = 0.76
d 636
1+ 1+
254 254
 1
  
φVc = φ  0.66λλs ρ w 3  fc' bw d  = 0.75 × .66 × 0.76 × 3 0.012685 ×1× 21 × 400 × 636 = 102.28 kN
 
 
Vu @ 3.1 m = 69.12 kN < 102.28 kN
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