2.18.

1 Roof Seal System 37

2.18.2 Support Leg 38
2.18.3 Roof Drain System 39
2.18.4 Vent – Bleeder vents 43
2.18.5 Centering and Anti-Rotation Device 44
2.18.6 Rolling Ladder and Gauger Platform 44

2.19 Fire Fighting System and Foam Dam 44

CHAPTER 3: TANK DESIGN

3.1 Introduction 46

3.2 Shell Design 46

3.2.1 Longitudinal Stress 47

3.2.2 Circumferential Stress 48

3.2.3 Longitudinal Stress versus Circumferential Stress 49

3.2.4 Circumferential Stress Thickness Equation and

1-Foot Method 49

3.2.5 Shell Design Thickness calculation 50

3.2.6 Top Stiffener and Intermediate Wind Girder Design

3.2.6.1 Top Stiffener/ Top Wind Girder 51

3.2.6.2 Intermediate Wind Girder 54

3.2.7 Overturning Stability against Wind Load 57

3.2.8 Seismic Design 60

3.2.8.1 Site Geometry Design Data for

Seismic Design 62

3.2.8.2 Overturning Stability 62

3.2.8.3 Design Spectral Accelerations 64

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 3.2.8.4 Parameter required for Seismic Design 65

3.2.8.5 Effective Weight of Product 69

3.2.8.6 Center of Action for effective Lateral Force 71

3.2.8.7 Ring Wall Moment 72

3.2.8.8 Base Shear Force 72

3.2.8.9 Resistance to Overturning 74

3.2.8.10 Anchorage Design 77

3.2.8.11 Freeboard 78

3.2.8.12 Seismic design Summary 79

3.3 Roof Design 80

3.3.1 Roof type Selection 80

3.3.2 Pontoon and Center deck Design 81

3.3.2.1 Roof Stress Design 82

3.3.2.2 Effect of large Deflection on Center Deck 83

3.3.2.3 Pontoon Stability – Pontoon Ring Design 86

3.3.3 Fitting and Accessories Design 89

3.3.3.1 Roof Seal System 90

3.3.3.2 Roof Seal Material 95

3.3.3.3 Roof Support Leg 96

3.3.3.4 Venting System 98

3.3.3.4.1 Operation of Bleeder Vent 98

3.3.3.4.2 Bleeder Vent Design 101

3.3.3.5 Roof Drain System 104

3.3.3.5.1 Articulated Piping System 105

3.3.3.5.2 Flexible Drain Pipe System 107

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 3.3.3.5.3 Drain System Selection 109

3.3.3.5.4 Drain Pipe Design 110

3.3.3.6 Rolling Ladder & Gauger Platform 112

3.3.3.7 Fire Fighting System and Foam Dam 113

CHAPTER 4: TANK CONSTRUCTION

4.1 Introduction 116

4.2 Foundation 117

4.3 Bottom Plate Placement 118

4.4 Shell Erection 121

4.5 Tank Testing

4.5.1 Tank Bottom Testing 123

4.5.2 Tank Shell Testing 123

4.5.3 Floating Roof Testing 125

CHAPTER 5: SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION

5.1 Design consideration

5.1.1 Design Consideration of Foundation 127

5.1.2 Design consideration on Tank Shell 129

5.2 Construction Consideration

5.2.1 Nominal Diameter Versus Inside Diameter 130.

5.2.2 Plate Square-ness 130

5.2.3 Wind Damage 131

5.3 Testing Consideration

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 5.3.1 Hydrotest/ Water Test 131

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 132

REFERENCE 134

APPENDIX A: Project Specification A1

APPENDIX B Design Calculation B1