Rule = 1

Mean and Median should be used for Quantity

Rule = 2

Mode should be used for categorically

Rule = 3

Symmetric-------- Mean, Skew--------------- Median

Rule = 4

 If skew is between -1 to +1 then it is called symmetric. And we choose

Mean.
 If skew is more than 1 then it is called skew. . And we choose Median.

ANSWER STYLE

Data is Quantitative

Data is positively skewed (Skew= 5.125)

So median should be used

Summarized income = 38*1000

(When we compare the data then we take standard deviation and when)

 Hypothesis Testing
 Confidence Interval

Method of Comparison (Standard deviation & Variance)

Hypothesis testing is done by using p-value.

Rule = 1

Null Hypothesis: Ho (H not)

Alternative Hypothesis : Ha (H a)

Ho is rejected if p-value is less than alpha.

Ho is accepted if P-value is greater than alpha.

Ha is rejected if p-value is greater than alpha.

Ha is accepted if p-value is lesser than alpha.

(P-value means significance/sig)

Why we use hypothesis testing and confidence interval?

Hypothesis testing and confidence interval is done by for statistical significance.

Note: we say population in the language of research of theory. (Theory and

Population are same)

In the language of research we say sample of such numerical data which that we
use for testing theory. (Numerical data ---------- Sample)

In research language:

Population-------------------------- Theory
Sample---------------------------- That numerical data which we use for testing theory.

What is statistical significance?

Jab kise theory ko test karne k liay koi numerical data lete hain, to us numerical
data ki representativeness ko Statistical significance kehte hain.

Reliability & Viability (CP)

Reliabliy ki value .7 se above ho to wo questionier is kabil hai k use ho sakta hai.

Even number: 2,4 ========= Not included (Neutral) in even number.

Odd number: 1,3 ========= Included (Neutral) in Odd number.

(Where scale is not given in question then we consider 5-point Likert scale.)

Column ============== Questions/ Variables/Items

Rows ================ Respondent

Q. How many male and females in this data file?

Q. What are the number of married and unmarried person?

Q. What are the number of females which are married?

Q. How many banks are taken for the data?

Q. What is the usual satisfaction level (s1) of the employee?

(When we will find in combine result then we will always use MEAN)

Transform====Compute======Target variable

When two statements are not matched with each other then create the conflict.

(E.g.) When one person says that the employee of the organization is satisfied and
the second person says that employee of the organization is not satisfied. Then
create the conflicts.

OR

In order to launch a hypothesis testing procedure, you must have to create

conflict.

Procedure of Hypothesis testing

Step - 1

Research Question. Generally, employees of the organization are satisfied?

Step - 2

Null hypothesis: (Ho) No, the employees of the organization are not satisfied.

Alternative hypothesis: (Ha / H1) Yes, employees of the organization are satisfied.

Step – 3
Level of significance (Alpha): It may be 1%, 5%, 10% (But it is not fixed)

Step – 4

Testing procedure: (It will do from SPSS)

I. Satisfaction scale: 5 Points Likert scale (1,2,3,4,5)

Note:( The half part of Likert scale is based on Not satisfied. (E.g.) 1,2 will show
the not satisfied. And other half part of Likert scale based on Satisfied. (E.g.) 3,4
will show the satisfied. And 3 is Natural part.)

 Not satisfied ============== Null hypothesis

 Satisfied================ Alternative hypothesis

In research language:

 Null hypothesis: (Ho) No, the employees of the organization are not
satisfied.

In statistics language:

 Mean < 3

In research language:

 Alternative hypothesis: (Ha / H1) Yes, employees of the organization are

satisfied.

In statistics language:

 Mean > 3

When we will find hypothesis testing:

Analyze ====== Compare means========== One sample T.Test

 II. Using SPSS:
Table 2 Copy paste here
P-value is 0.00
 Alpha 10% = 0.1
 At 10% Ho is rejected so “Employee are satisfied”
 Alpha 5% = 0.05
 At 10% Ho is rejected so “Employee are satisfied”
 Alpha 1% = 0.01
 At 10% Ho is rejected so “Employee are satisfied”

Preparation:

How we summarized data?

 Four method for summarized data.

I. Mean (When data is quantity)
II. Median (When data is quantity)

(If the quantity data is skewed preferred to used median. If the quantity is
symmetric or approximately symmetric preferred to use mean)

(When skew values within -1 to 1 then we use mean and it is called symmetric.
When skew value more than 1 then is skewed and we will use median)

III. Mode (When data is categorially)

IV. Visualization (Poor method)

(It depends on conditions that when we will use one in of these four method)

(How many=============Frequencies)

(Usual=================Average)
How many numbers of male and females? =========== (Frequencies)

How many females which are married? ============= (split)

What is the overall level of satisfaction?

Its means we take combine and when we take combine we will always use mean.