Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2._ Bar and Beam Elements Il. Bar Element Consider a uniform prismatic bar: L length A cross-sectional area E elastic modulus u=u(x) displacement é= (x) strain o=0(x) stress Strain-displacement relation: du x (a) Stress-strain relation: o=Ee (2) {© 1997-2002 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 26Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2._ Bar and Beam Elements Stiffness Matrix --- Direct Method Assuming that the displacement wu is varying linearly along the axis of the bar, i.e., x x u(x) = (1-2)u +4 we have (A = elongation) We also have o= F (F = force in bar) A Thus, (5) and (6) lead to ra=FAnaka L where k = = is the stiffness of the bar. (3) 4) (5) (6) (7) The bar is acting like a spring in this case and we conclude that element stiffness matrix is {© 1997-2002 Yijun Liu, University of CincinnatiLecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2._ Bar and Beam Elements FA _EA ke k aa L L -k ok _EA_ EA L L or EA{ 1 -1 k=— 8 tL 7 ® This can be verified by considering the equilibrium of the forces at the two nodes. Element equilibrium equation is EA; 1 -1]fu|_ fh = = ) L{-1 1 diy St; Degree of Freedom (dof) Number of components of the displacement vector at a node. For 1-D bar element: one dof at each node. Physical Meaning of the Coefficients in k The jth column of k (here j = 1 or 2) represents the forces applied to the bar to maintain a deformed shape with unit displacement at node j and zero displacement at the other node. {© 1997-2002 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 28Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2._ Bar and Beam Elements tiffness Matrix --- A Formal Approach We derive the same stiffness matrix for the bar using a forma] approach which can be applied to many other more NiQ)=l-¢, NjQ)=¢ {71997-2002 Yijun Liu, University of CincinnatiLecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2._ Bar and Beam Elements U=W hich gives {© 1997-2002 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 30Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2._ Bar and Beam Elements Expression (20) isa the construction of other t the Principle of Minimum Poter Method. {© 1997-2002 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 31Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2._ Bar and Beam Elements Example 2.1 @OM24E Q@OAE 2| P x L L Problem: Find the stresses in the two bar assembly which is loaded with force P, and constrained at the two ends, as shown in the figure. Solution: Use two 1-D bar elements. Element 1, Uy k, . ‘| 1 Element 2, uy Uu, Imagine a frictionless pin at node 2, which connects the two elements. We can assemble the global FE equation as follows, {© 1997-2002 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 32Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2._ Bar and Beam Elements 2 -2 O)fu) [F -2 30 -1lhup=4F -1 1fly} Load and boundary conditions (BC) are, u, =u; =0, F,=P FE equation becomes, 2 -2 O]f0) [F FA) 3 -alu bade L Oo -1 14{0 F, Deleting the 1“ row and column, and the 3“ row and column, we obtain, Aslan} = (P} Thus, PL “= “ 3EA and 4, 0 PL ure ~ 3EA uy 0 Stress in element 1 is {© 1997-2002 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 3Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2._ Bar and Beam Elements =Ee= = fu o, = Ee, = EB,u, = E[-1/L Why 2 = pea 2( PL -0)-7 L L\3EA 3A Similarly, stress in element 2 is oO; Ee, = EB,u, = E[-1/L vif | ls Flo PL --2 L LX 3EA/ 3A which indicates that bar 2 is in compression. Check the results! Notes: In this case, the calculated stresses in elements 1 and 2 are exact within the linear theory for 1-D bar structures. Tt will not help if we further divide element 1 or 2 into smaller finite elements. © For tapered bars, averaged values of the cross-sectional areas should be used for the elements. We need to find the displacements first in order to find the stresses, since we are using the displacement based FEM. {© 1997-2002 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 34Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2._ Bar and Beam Elements Example 2.2 A O41 © |p —S Ss . it | Problem: Determine the support reaction forces at the two ends of the bar shown above, given the following, P=60x10'N, E=2.0x10'N/mm’, A=250mm’, L=150mm, A=1.2 mm Solution: We first check to see if or not the contact of the bar with the wall on the right will occur. To do this, we imagine the wall on the right is removed and calculate the displacement at the right end, _ PL EA (6.0 x10*)(150) _ (2.0 10*)(250) 18mm > A= 12mm ° Thus, contact occurs. The global FE equation is found to be, {© 1997-2002 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 35Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2._ Bar and Beam Elements 4 1 -1 O}fm) (fF = -1 2 -1Rwyb=46 “10 -1 1 |ly F, The load and boundary conditions are, F, = P=6.0x10°N u, =A=12mm FE equation becomes, 1 -1 0jf0) [F = -1 2 -Iub=4P o -1 1]la} [& The 2™ equation gives, Hn ash -(r) EA EA Fle} = {p+ =a Solving this, we obtain uy = 1a) =15mm 2\EA that is, and {© 1997-2002 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 36Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2._ Bar and Beam Elements uy 0 uy p=415-(mm) uy 12 To calculate the support reaction forces, we apply the 1" and 3" equations in the global FE equation. The 1* equation gives, uy EA EA F=—[l -1 Okhu, p=—(—u,)=-50x 10° N / OL L us and the 3“ equation gives, EA "lg FTO -1 the p= uy =-10x10'N Check the results.! {© 1997-2002 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 37Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2._Bar and Beam Elements Distributed Load Uniformly distributed axial load g (N/mm, N/m, Ib/in) can be converted to two equivalent nodal forces of magnitude gL/2. WE Verily Mis by considering Mie Wo a {© 1997-2002 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 38Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2._Bar and Beam Elements {© 1997-2002 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 39Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2._ Bar and Beam Elements Bar Elements in 2-D and 3-D Space 2-D Case x Local Global xy X,Y U,V, UV) 1 dof at a node 2 dof’s at a node Note: Lateral displacement v; " does not contribute to the stretch of the bar, within the linear theory. Transformation 4, u, =u, cos0 + v, sin@=[/ mf i y, : u v, =u, sinO + v, cos0=[—m i i vy, where /=cos0, m=sin6. {© 1997-2002 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 40Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2._ Bar and Beam Elements Tn matrix form, {| - Ee Th (26) or, || 7] (27) —m 1 is orthogonal, that is, T' = T’. For the two nodes of the bar element, we have u; Tom 0 O]fu; vf fom 1 0. Off, p= (28) u, 0 0 fF miju, v, 0 -m I]\ly, or, : To u=Tu ‘ith T= 29) want] | 09) The nodal forces are transformed in the same way, f =Tf (30) {© 1997-2002 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati alLecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2._ Bar and Beam Elements Stiffness Matrix in the 2-D Space In the local coordinate system, we have FAP 1 -1fu| ff tes het Augmenting this equation, we write 1 0 -1 OVfu EA|0 0 0 Olly, L|-1 0 1 Ofjy, 0 0 0 Olly J on oN or, ku =f Using transformations given in (29) and (30), we obtain k'Tu=Tf Multiplying both sides by T’ and noticing that T’T = I, we obtain T’kTu=f G1) Thus, the element stiffness matrix k in the global coordinate system is k=T’kT (32) which is a 4x4 symmetric matrix. {© 1997-2002 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati a2Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2._ Bar and Beam Elements Explicit form, u, vy, urv; Po im -P =Im _ BA) Im m -lm -m (33) k L|-P -Ilm PP Im -Im -m Im im Calculation of the directional cosines 1 and m: X,-X, Y,- Y 1=cos0=— ; m=sind= 7 - (34) The structure stiffness matrix is assembled by using the element stiffness matrices in the usual way as in the 1-D case. Element Stress u, u, [ 1 a m 0 0]ly, o= Ee= EB, | }=E\-— — u, L Lio 0 7 milu, Y; That is, u, E i o=—|-l -m 1m 35 zl Thu, (5) v {© 1997-2002 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati BLecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2._Bar and Beam Elements Example 2.3 A simple plane truss is made of two identical bars (with £, A, and L), and loaded as shown in the figure. Find 1) displacement of node 2; 2) stress in each bar. Solution: This simple structure is used here to demonstrate the assembly and solution process using the bar element in 2-D space. In local coordinate systems, we have : 1-1 x FA “x, L{-1 1 These two matrices cannot be assembled together, because they are in different coordinate systems. We need to convert them to global coordinate system OXY. Element 1: @=45", [=m=2 2 Using formula (32) or (33), we obtain the stiffness matrix in the global system {© 1997-2002 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 44Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2._ Bar and Beam Elements UV, Uy Vy 1 1 -1 -1 EA} 1 1 -1 -1 k, =T/k,\T, =— 2L/-1 -1 1° 1 -l1-1 1 1 Element 2: o-135, 1-22, m We have, uy, Vy Us V3 1 -1 -1 1 : -l 1 1 -1 k, = 17,1, = £4 2 2r}-1 101 =i Assemble the structure FE equation, UV, Uy, Vv, Us Vs 1 1-1-1 0 O7fu) [Fy 1 1-1-1 0 offy,| |a, FAl-1 -1 2 0 -1 1fJul |Ay 2z|-1 -1 0 2 1 -1ly,f )Ay, 0 0 -1 101 -1flu) [Re 0 0 1 -1 -1 1 fly} Ry {© 1997-2002 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 45Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2._ Bar and Beam Elements Load and boundary conditions (BC): =P, u, =v, =u, =v; =0, F, P, F, a 2x = fis 2y Condensed FE equation, sto allah 2L|0 2I\Ilv,f |B Solving this, we obtain the displacement of node 2, PB. h(a] Using formula (35), we calculate the stresses in the two bars, 0 0 o Fr -1 1 yee le ep sey L2 EA|P, 2A P P E V2 L |B v2 =2M4 1K =? (p_p a=T 51 Nea) 0 (73402 ®) 0 Check the results: Look for the equilibrium conditions, symmetry, antisymmetry, etc. {© 1997-2002 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 46