REVIEW TOPIC 6 AND TOPIC 7

TOPIC 6: GERUND AND TO INFINITIVE

There are certain words in English that are usually followed by an infinitive or
gerund. If you are not sure whether to use the infinitive or gerund, check out our
lists or look the words up in a dictionary.
I. Infinitive
1. Usage
- Infinitive as the Subject of a Clause (followed by the verbs below)
Be, seem, appear
Example: To follow his advice seemed logical.
To know you is to love you.
- Infinitive after certain Expressions (without 'to')
had better, would rather, would sooner, why not, why should I/you/… [not]
Example: I would rather stay at home.
Why not go to the cinema?
- Infinitive after certain Verbs (without to)
Can dare (also with to) do help (also with to)
let may must need (also with to)
shall should will

Example: We must stay at home.

I can swim.

- Infinitive after certain Verbs (with to)

afford agree aim appear

arrange attempt be determined beg

care choose claim condescend

consent dare (also without to) decide demand

deserve determine endeavour expect

fail guarantee happen Have + to (must)

hesitate help (also without to) hope learn

long need (also without to) mean manage

neglect offer ought plan

prepare pretend proceed promise

refuse resolve seem Stop

swear tend threaten trouble

undertake used volunteer vow

want wish would hate would like

would love would prefer

Example: He refused to pay the bill.

He wants to swim.
- Infinitive after certain Verbs with Interrogative (how, if, what, where,
whether)
ask advise + O consider decide explain

find out forget know learn remember

see show teach tell + O understand

wonder

Example: We didn't remember where to meet.

They don’t know how to swim.
- Infinitive after certain Verbs with an Object (without 'to')
Let, make, hear, see, have, ....
Example: We heard him scream.
He made her swim.
- Infinitive after certain Verbs with an Object (with 'to')
advise allow ask beg cause

enable encourage expect forbid force

get help invite mean order

permit persuade recommend remind teach

tell want warn would hate would like

would love would prefer

Example: She got me to wash the dishes.
They wanted him to swim.
- Infinitive after certain Adjectives
amazed amazing angry astonished awkward brave

careless clever cowardly crazy delighted difficult

disappointe disgusted easy extraordinar funny generous

d y

glad happy hard honest horrified impossible

kind nice odd pointless relieved ridiculous

rude sad selfish silly sorry strange

stupid surprised wicked wise

Example: It was impossible to go back.

It’s easier to swim downstream.
- Infinitive after certain Nouns
effort agreement aim appearance arrangemen attempt
t

choice claim decision determination expectation failure

guarantee hesitation hope longing need neglect

offer plan preparation procedure promise refusal

resolution tendency threat trouble try

Example: There was no need to get angry.

We made a promise to swim. (derived from the verb ‘to promise’)

II. Gerund
1. Form
“ing” form of the verb
2. Usage
- As the subject of a clause
Example: Cycling is good for your health.
- Adjectives (with Prepositions) followed by the Gerund
afraid of angry about / bad at busy clever at crazy
 at about

excited about disappointed famous fond of glad about good at

about for

impressed by interested in keen on like near proud of

sick of sorry about tired of worried worth

about

Example: I am interested in visiting the museum.

He’s afraid of going by plane.
- Prepositions followed by the Gerund
about (in after apart from because of before
'how/what
about')

by in in spite of instead of on

without

Example: Instead of studying for her exams, she went out every night.
Before going to bed he turned off the lights.
- Verbs followed by the Gerund
admit advise allow appreciate avoid can't help

can't stand consider delay deny dislike enjoy

escape fancy finish go (in go imagine involve

swimming)

keep mention mind miss permit postpone

practise reject resist risk stop suggest

understand waste
time /
money

Example: I enjoy cooking

He denied having stolen my money
Verbs with Prepositions followed by the Gerund
accuse of adjust to agree with apologize for approve of

ask about ask for begin by believe in be used to

blame for care for carry on complain concentrate on
about

congratulate consist of cope with decide against decide for

on

depend on die of dream about / escape from feel like

of

forgive for give up insist on keep on look forward

to

object to pay for prevent sb. protect from put off

from

rely on spend money succeed in suspect of take part in

on

talk about / of thank for think of use for warn against

worry about

Example: I'm looking forward to seeing you again soon.

I am not used to speaking Chinese

Nouns / Nouns with Prepositions followed by the Gerund

advantage of alternative of chance of choice danger of
between

difficulty in doubt about experience in fun hope of

idea of interest in opportunity of place for pleasure in

point in possibility of problem reason for trouble

trouble in use way of waste of waste of time

money
Example: There's no point in waiting any longer.
We had problems finding our way back home.

III. Words followed either by Infinitive or Ing-Form

- Words with the same meaning

attempt begin bother cannot bear cease continue

hate intend love prefer

Example: I started to read. / I started reading.

- Words with the same meaning but different use

Word Infinitive with an object without an object
Gerund
advise I advise you to go by bus I advise going by bus
allow / permit He allowed her to take He allowed taking the
the car car
forbid She forbids us to smoke She forbids smoking

- Words with a different meaning

Word Infinitive meaning Gerund meaning

forget / with regard to the future with regard to the past

remember Remember to switch off Do you remember switching off
the lights. the lights?

go on start something new continue with the same action

Go on to read. Go on reading.

regret with regard to the future with regard to the past

I regret to say that. I regret saying that.

stop interrupt another action terminate

I stopped to smoke. I stopped smoking.

try do something complicated do it and see what happens

Try to solve this riddle. Try talking to him.

Example: He stopped to smoke. / He stopped smoking.

stop to do st: tạm dừng lại để làm việc gì đó
stop doing st : dừng hẳn không làm việc gì đó

- Infinitive or present participle

Words Infinitive meaning Gerund meaning

feel Emphasises that the action is Action can be completed, but not
hear completed. necessarily.
see Example: I saw him go up the Example: I saw him going up the
stairs.  stairs. 

~Additional exercises~

Exercise 1: Complete the sentences using the verb in brackets in the correct
gerund or infinitive form.
Complete the sentences using the verb in brackets in the correct gerund or
infinitive form.

Dear Ms Collins,

I am writing 1  to express  (express) my interest in the position of Personal

Assistant advertised in the newspaper last week. I am proficient at 2  typing  
to use
(type), and I know how 3   (use) most word-processing software. I
also have excellent organisational abilities as I used 4  to work  (work) for a
to look
very big company as an event planner. I always tend 5   (look)
forward to new challenges that can make me 6  grow  (grow) in my
position. I enjoy 7  working  (work) with people, I am flexible, and I don't
mind 8  working  (work) overtime. As you can see from the attached letters of
reference, my previous employers considered me to be a skilled secretary. I
to extend
would be pleased 9   (extend) my career by working for a prestigious
company like HTM.

hearing
I look forward to 10   (hear) from you.

Yours sincerely,

Jessica Jones.

Exercise 2: Choose the correct gerund or infinitive from the parenthesis at

the end of the sentence.
1. Alan can’t stand _________ on trains. (riding/ to ride)

2. Mr. Harris enjoys _________ people out to dinner. (inviting / to invite)

3. In the old days, gentlemen challenged their rivals _______. (fighting / to

fight)

4. As the famous saying goes, there’s no use ______ over spilt milk. (crying / to
cry)

5. Jim stopped _________ his shoelace. Wait for him. (tying / to tie)

6. My wife always volunteers ___________ cakes PTA meetings. (baking / to

bake)

7. Don’t waste my time ___________ about your salary. (complaining/ to

complain)

8. Please allow me ____________ your Facebook page. (joining / to join)

9. You won’t forget _________milk on your way home, will you? (picking up
/to pick up)

Exercise 3: Put the verb in brackets into the correct form (either the
infinitive or gerund form).

1. Would you mind (open) .............................the window?

2. Hello. I'd like (speak).............................to Mr Jones, please.

3. We intend (move).............................to the new offices in June.

4. I don't remember (tell).............................him to cancel the appointment.

5. I want (learn).............................to speak Spanish.

6. Are you looking forward to (go).............................to London?

7. The boy admitted (steal).............................the computer from the shop.

8. Peter hopes (become).............................a vet after his studies

9. Don't forget (put).............................the cat out before you go to bed.

10. Do you regret (tell).............................Edward about the contract?

Exercise 4: (Infinitive with/without to, or gerund).

1. Last week my friends and I were busy (prepare)................................ a
surprise party for our friend Judy.
2. She is very keen on (travel) ................................and had been abroad for some
time.
3. So why not (welcome)................................her on her return?
4. We asked her parents (give)................................us the keys to her flat.
5. When Judy arrived at the airport yesterday, she was a bit disappointed about
none of us (be)................................there and her parents pretended not
(know)................................anything.
6. But when she came home, she was happy (see)................................everybody
again.
7. Although she hates (speak)................................in front of many people, we
made her (tell)................................us about her time abroad.

TOPIC 7: RELATIVE CLAUSES

1.WHAT ARE RELATIVE CLAUSES?

- A relative clause is a part of a sentence that modifies a noun (person/place/thing) in a sentence.

  Example: The woman that has just left the shop  didn’t buy anything.

(‘that has just left the shop’ is the relative clause that modifies the noun ‘woman’ by telling
us which woman the speaker is referring to.)

2.DIFFERENT TYPES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES

Defining and non - defining relative clauses
+ Defining (Restrictive/ Bound) relative clauses (Mệnh đề quan hệ
xác định):
- A defining relative clause gives essential information about
the noun (person/place/thing) it modifies.
- Without this clause, the sentence would NOT make much sense as the reader
would not be able to identify the noun in the sentence that the writer is
describing.

‘Who’, ‘whose’ and ‘that’ can be used to describe people.

‘Which’, ‘whose’ and ‘that’ can be used to describe things.

 Example: The hotel that we stayed in wasn’t bad.

(‘that we stayed in’ is a defining relative clause that indicates to the reader
which hotel we are talking about.)

+ Non - defining (Non - restrictive/ Free) relative clauses (Mệnh đề quan hệ

không xác định):
- A non-defining relative clause gives extra information about a noun and
has commas at both ends.

‘Who, 'whom’ and ‘whose’ can be used to describe people.

‘Which’ and ‘whose’ can be used to describe things.

‘That’ CANNOT be used to describe people or things in non-defining relative

clauses

 Example: My sister, who lives in France, is coming to stay with me

next week.

(‘who lives in France’ is not necessary information, but gives extra

detail about the noun ‘sister’)

3.Finite and non - finite relative clauses 

+ Finite relative clauses

- A finite relative clause is a relative clause that includes a finite verb.

- A finite verb is a verb that indicates tense.

Example: The book you gave me has been torn up.

+ Non - finite relative clauses

- Defining and non-defining relative clauses have their non-finite equivalents.

- In non-finite relative clauses we use non-finite verb forms (present participle,

past participle, to-infinitive), but NO relative pronouns.

Example: Who is the girl sitting next to you in class? 

* Participles in non - finite relative clauses:

  * The present participle in a non - finite relative clause can occur if the

subject of the participle is the same as the noun it refers to.

  - Present participle clauses correspond to active voice finite relative clauses.

  Example: Who is the girl sitting next to you in class? 

 * The past participle in a non - finite relative clause can occur if the preceding
noun is the object of the participle.
  - Past participle clauses correspond to passive voice finite relative clauses.

  Example: John was the only one not informed about the room change. 

* The TO - infinite in non - finite relative clauses:

  * The to-infinitive is often used in non-finite relative clause after ordinal

numbers (the first, the second etc.), superlatives (the best, the most
beautiful etc.) and after next, last and only:

  Example: Neil Armstrong was the first person to land on the moon. 

  - Passive infinitives are also possible:

  Example: His was the last composition to be marked. 

4.RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Subject - The person who/ that phoned me last night

is my teacher.

- The car which/ that hit me was yellow.

Object - The person (whom/ who/ that) I phoned

last night is my teacher.
defining relative
clauses
- The car (which/ that) I drive is old.

Possessive - The student whose phone just rang should

stand up.

- The police are looking for the car whose/ of

which driver was masked.

non-defining Subject - Mrs Pratt, who is very kind, is my teacher.

relative clauses
- The car, which was a taxi, exploded.

Object - Mrs Pratt, whom/ who I like very much, is

my teacher.

- The car, which I was driving at the time,

suddenly caught fire.

Possessive - My brother, whose phone you just heard, is

a doctor.

- The car, whose driver/ the driver of

which jumped out just before the accident,
 was completely destroyed.

 - Subject or Object Pronouns:

+ If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject
pronoun. 

  - Subject pronouns must always be used.

Example: This is the house that had a great Christmas decoration.

+ If the relative pronoun is NOT followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun),

the relative pronoun is an object pronoun. 

  - Object pronouns can be dropped in defining relative clauses

Example: The house (that) Jack built is large.

5.RELATIVE ADVERBS

relative adverb meaning use

when in/on which refers to a time expression

where in/at which refers to a place

why for which refers to a reason

 Example: This is the shop in which/ where I bought my bike.

Lưu ý

- Dùng WHAT khi muốn nói với nghĩa "điều mà"

Example: I don’t understand what you say. (Tôi không hieeur bạn nói)

- Trong các mệnh đề quan hệ có giới từ, nếu dùng WHOM thì đặt giới từ lên
trước WHOM.
Example: The girl to whom you’re talking is my friend.
- Dùng THAT trong các mệnh đề quan hệ có các cụm từ chỉ thời gian the day,
the year, the time ...
Example: The last time (that) I saw her, she looked very well.
 ~Additional exercises~
Exercise 1: Join the sentences with a relative pronoun (who, which, whose)
as shown in the example. Use commas where necessary:
Example: The boy was happy. He won the competition.
-> The boy who won the competition was happy.
a) The girl bought two tickets. She was standing in front of me.
->
b) William lost his wallet in the supermarket. He's very absent-minded.
->
c) That's the book. It won the Booker Prize last year.
->
d) Those are the girls. They didn't do their homework.
->
e) My neighbour looks very sad. Her husband died last month.
->
f) This is the CD. It was on sale yesterday.
->
g) Diane is looking for a job. She was made redundant last week.
->
h) That book collection is really interesting. It's about a young witch.
->

Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences so that the relative clauses

become reduced relative clauses. Some are active in meaning and will need
a present participle, others will need a past participle and the meaning will
be passive.
1. ) The French verse which is recited to Mrs. Belville is from Voltaire's
adaptation "Nanine".
->
2. ) Some writing which is called art criticism will be helpful, some will not.
->
3. ) The British reader is likely to have been spared certain of the varieties of
suffering which are spoken of in the writings of Kundera and Klima.
->
4. ) Whether a top-down or bottom-up approach is used, this categorization
often obscures similarities between items that have been placed in separate
categories.
->
5. ) "Push" factors refer to the difficulties of earning a living that were described
in the previous chapter.
->
6. ) All the managers' time was spent on the people who were planning to stay
on, so the ones that were planning to leave at the end of the year did not take
part in performance appraisal meetings.
->
7. ) The integral (6.24) involves two continuous functions that are
monotonically decreasing for positive arguments.
->
8. ) The forms which have been described by King and Williams are
characteristic of tideless seas, such as the Mediterranean and the Baltic.
->
9. ) Any letters which contain results and which have arrived late will be
forwarded to your home addresses.
->
10. ) None of the clinical symptoms that were recognised as symptoms of
primary HIV infection differed between HIV positive drug users and those
negative for HIV.
->
11. ) Anyone who will be taking the IELTS examination next month must pay
and register at reception before 5 o'clock today.
->

Exercise 3: who/ whom/ which/ that/ whose/ where/ when/ why?

1. A hotel is a place.............................people stay when they're on holiday.
2. What's the name of the woman.............................lives in that house?
3. What do you call someone.............................writes computer programs?
4. A waiter is a person.............................job is to serve customers in a restaurant.
5. Overalls are clothes.............................people wear to protect their clothes
when they are working.
6. Is that the shop.............................you bought your new laptop?
7. He's the man.............................son plays football for Manchester Utd.

Exercise 4: Choose who / whom / that / which / when / where / whose / why.
1. My cousin Ethan,______________works at NASA, is a brilliant scientist.
2. The shop______________I go to is close to downtown.
3. Your shop,_____________will probably be shut down next year, is really old.
4. I've met most of the people________are eager to take part in the competition.
5. Do you know the reason______________our offer was rejected.
6. Do you remember the town ______________you were born?
7. The neighbor______________son is always running around the street is a
journalist.
8. Where is the box______________came in the mail?
9. 1999 is the year______________the big earthquake happened.
10. Do you know the man______________my father's helping?
11. I apologized to the woman______________coffee I spilled.
12. My cat Fer,______________I love, bit me yesterday.
13. I had never seen the guy______________was following me yesterday.
14. My new car,______________was in park, was hit from behind.
15. They towed the car______________was in front of the barn.
16. The container______________we throw our trash should be kept outside the
house.

Exercise 5: Fill in the gaps using relative clause patterns.

1- Her mother,.............................you never met, is interested in detective novels.
2- Roses, for.............................all women have a liking, smell very nice.
3- Hasan is the person.............................the manager wants to see.
4- Hoang was the first man who go to work early.

➔ _________________________________________.
5- One should quit smoking,.............................is very harmful to health.
6- A student.............................doesn't study hard enough cannot be successful.
7- They have three sons, all of.............................are living abroad.
8- We are living next to a woman.............................dog barks all the time.
9- This is mount Ararat, on the peak of............................., there always is snow.
10- Minh was the first student ___________________.
A. interview B. interviewed C. to interview D. to be interviewed
11- Confusing topics.............................are well-expressed can be understood.
12- The car,.............................was designed by a foreign company, won the race.
13- Shakespeare, most of.............................plays were adapted to cinema, is still
read by many.
14- All the students (wish).............................to organize a picnic were
discouraged when they saw the dark clouds.
15- The questions (ask).............................in the exam were specially chosen.