Name:

Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600

Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

MODULE 1 – Practical
Subject Teacher:
Research 1 (STEM)

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:
1. share research experiences and knowledge (CS_RS11-IIIa-1)
2. explain the importance of research in daily life (CS_RS11-IIIa-2)
3. describe characteristics, processes, and ethics of research (CS_RS11-IIIa-3)
4. differentiate quantitative from qualitative research (CS_RS11-IIIa-4); and
5. provide examples of research in areas of interest. (CS_RS11-IIIa-50)

RESEARCH AND ITS IMPORTANCE

• LEARNING – a relatively permanent change in behavior; one way to learn is through inquiry
• INQUIRY – defined as "a seeking for truth, information, or knowledge – seeking information by
questioning
• INQUIRY-BASED LEARNING – concerns with these elements: changing knowledge, creativity,
subjectivity; socio-cultural factors, sensory experience and higher-order thinking strategies
• RESEARCH -- is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection,
presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that lines with an individual‘s speculation with
reality. Research is analogous to inquiry, in that, both involve investigation of something through
questioning. However, research involves several stages.

WHY IS RESEARCH IMPORTANT?

Research is important in any field of study. Its significance cuts across all disciplines and benefits
all strata of society. The following are the importance of research:
1. Research provides a scientific basis for any practice or methodology in any field or discipline.
2. Research is undertaken for the continuous development and further productivity in any field.
3. Research helps develop tools for assessing effectiveness of any practice and operation.
4. Research provides solutions to problems concerning almost all issues encountered in the
different areas of work.
5. Research impacts decision-making.
6. Research develops and evaluates alternative approaches to the educational aspects of any
discipline.

AIMS OF RESEARCH:
Aside from its goal to improve the quality of life, research has the following aims:
1. Verification of existing knowledge. Research is aimed at verifying or proving the veracity of
existing theories or knowledge. This verification may lead to the development of new ideas,
strengthening a current knowledge, or debunking a theory.
2. Acquisition of new knowledge. Research also brings forth new ideas regarding a theory or even
create a totally new theory.
3. Application of new knowledge. Once new ideas or innovations are proven true, they are then
utilized and translated to something useful to humankind; and fulfill the ultimate purpose of
research: to alleviate people’s quality of life.
4. Advancement of the researcher’s expertise. As researchers conduct more investigations, they
do not only verify theories or discover new ideas and technologies, but also gain relevant
experiences that enhance and deepen their knowledge and skills in the area of their
investigation.

RESEARCH PROCESS:
A. Select a general problem.
B. Review the literature of the problem.
C. Select a specific research problem, question, or hypothesis.
D. Collect data.
E. Analyze and present or display data.
F. Interpret the findings and state conclusions or generalizations regarding the problem.
 Name:
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

MODULE 1 – Practical
Subject Teacher:
Research 1 (STEM)

Characteristics of Research
Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.
Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether
historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study.
Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.
Methodical.Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic
method and procedures
Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a
problem.

ETHICS IN RESEARCH
Ethics generally is considered to deal with beliefs about what is right or wrong, proper or
improper, good or bad. According to a dictionary definition (Webster‘s 1968), to be ethical is to
conform to accepted professional practice.

Ethical considerations in conducting research

✓ Honesty, objectivity, and integrity
✓ Carefulness and openness
✓ Respect for intellectual property
✓ Presentation of research findings and responsible publication
✓ Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance
✓ Distortions of findings by sponsor
✓ Competence and legality
✓ Human subject protection
 Name:
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

MODULE 1 – Practical
Subject Teacher:
Research 1 (STEM)

Unethical practices in conducting research

➢ Deceiving a respondent about the true purpose of a study
➢ Asking a respondent questions that cause him or her extreme embarrassment; guilt emotional
turmoil by remaining him or her of an unpleasant experience
➢ Invading the privacy of a respondent
➢ Studying the respondents or research subjects without their knowledge
➢ When analyzing the data—revealing only part of the facts, presenting facts out of context,
falsifying findings or offering misleading presentation such as lying with statistics

ETHICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH

In conducting research, some ethical issues must be considered. These are animal rights and
welfare, human rights and scientific misconduct.

Animal Rights and Welfare in Research

• The principles on animal use in research are based on the Philippine Republic Act No. 8485,
otherwise known as the Animal Welfare Act of 1998. The purpose of this act is to protect and
promote the welfare of all animals in the Philippines.
• To enforce the law and facilitate the regulations of animal welfare, an Institutional Animal Care and
Use Committee (IACUC) is encouraged to be formed by research institutions to oversee the process
done on research involving animals.
• In the Philippines, all IACUC are registered in the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department of
Agriculture. Before any animal study can commence, the researchers must submit their proposals
to the IACUC for review and evaluation.

Human Experimentation
• The conduct of biomedical research (or human experimentation) involving human participants
raises a lot of ethical and legal issues that have concerned philosophers, lawyers, policy makers,
scientists, and clinicians for many years. The infamous Nazi medical experiment and Japan’s Unit
371 are examples of unethical experimentation on human subjects. Watch the following videos to
learn more of these human experiments during the WWII.
Japan's Secret World War II Death Lab (2003) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmWHHjuOMog
The Twins of Auschwitz – Newsnight https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8_oWrDk4Hs

The freezing temperature experiment The sea water experiments by Dr. Wilhelm
Beiglboeck. 44 experimental subjects who The purpose of this experiment was to
investigated how to treat those who had
were subject to four different test groups: test the limits of human endurance and
been severely chilled or frozen for the benefit
no water, sea water, sea water processes existence at high altitudes with and
of the German Air Force. (Victim immersed
by the Berka method, sea water without without oxygen. The victims were locked
in freezing water at Dachau Concentration
Camp) salt. In order to gather data, the subjects into an airtight, low-pressure chamber
were given either liver or spinal cord and the pressure would be changed to be
punctures, and were not given any type of up to 68 thousand feet in order to mimic
food. the flier's descent.
• In 1946, 23 doctors were tried for the medical experiments and related crimes committed during
the Holocaust. Thus, the Nuremberg Code was developed in order to account for medical
experimentation and research ethics.
 Name:
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

MODULE 1 – Practical
Subject Teacher:
Research 1 (STEM)

Nuremberg Code
• the first major international document to provide guidelines on research ethics. It
made voluntary consent a requirement in clinical research studies, emphasizing that consent can
be voluntary only if participants are able to consent; they are free from coercion (i.e., outside
pressure); and they comprehend the risks and benefits involved. The Code also states that
researchers should minimize risk and harm, make sure that risks do not significantly outweigh
potential benefits, use appropriate study designs, and guarantee participants′ freedom to
withdraw at any time.

Human Rights in Research

Often, research studies involve human respondents. Ethical considerations must be strictly
followed to ensure that humans are not harmed and exploited.
1. Right to voluntary participation. All human respondents should participate in a research study
out of his free will and should not be forced or coerced to participate.
2. Right to informed consent. All respondents should be informed of all the procedures, potential
risks, and benefits that the research would bring.
3. Right to be protected from harm. The respondent shall not be subjected to anything that may
cause inconvenience or physical, emotional and psychological harm.
4. Right to confidentiality. All personal information extracted from the respondents shall be made
confidential and should not be disclosed to the public at all condition.
5. Right to anonymity. A respondent may choose not to disclose his or her identity to anyone,
including the researchers themselves.

Scientific Misconduct: Plagiarism and Intellectual Property

Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s ideas, words, processes and results without
giving due credit. The following are considered acts of plagiarism:
1. Claiming authorship of a work or creation done by another person
2. Copying an entire written work or a portion of it- including words, sentences, and ideas- without
acknowledging the author
3. Failing to put quotation marks to distinguish a quotation taken directly from a source
4. Giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
5. Merely changing the words but retaining the sentence structure so that the selection or quotes
still bears a resemblance to the original source
6. Using so many words and ideas from the original source that it makes up a large portion of your
work, even if you acknowledged the original author.

• Plagiarism should not be tolerated as the unauthorized use of original ideas and works constitutes
a violation of intellectual property rights, which is defined as:
“Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind: inventions; literary and artistic works; and
symbols, names, and images used in commerce.”
- (World Intellectual Property Organization, 2004)
• In the Philippines, intellectual property is protected by Republic Act 8293 or the Intellectual Property
Code of the Philippines. This is the basis of ownership of any published article or materials in the form
of books, magazines, and the like as well as those that are in electronic form.
• Using these materials without recognizing the author constitutes copyright infringement which has
corresponding consequences such as years of imprisonment or fine.

TYPES OF RESEARCH
A. Based on Application of Research Method
1. Pure Research – deals with concepts, principles, or abstract things
2. Applied Research – utilize data to address societal problems or issues, findings ways to make
positive changes in society
B. Based on Purpose of the Research
1. Descriptive Research – aims at defining or giving a verbal portrayal; liable to repeated
research
2. Correlational Research – shows connectedness or relationship of two factors/circumstances
 Name:
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

MODULE 1 – Practical
Subject Teacher:
Research 1 (STEM)

3. Explanatory Research – elaborates or explains not just the reasons behind relationship but
also the ways by which such relationship exists
4. Exploratory Research – finds out how reasonable or possible it is to conduct a research on a
certain topic
5. Action Research – studies an ongoing practice of a school, organization, community or
institution for the purpose of obtaining results that will bring improvements of the system

C. Based on Types of Data Needed

1. Quantitative research is a type of educational research in which the researcher decides
what to study; asks specific, narrow questions; collects quantifiable data from participants;
analyzes these numbers using statistics; and conducts the inquiry in an unbiased, objective
manner.
2. Qualitative research is a type of educational research in which the researcher relies on the
views of participants; asks broad, general questions; collects data consisting largely words
(text)from participants; describes and analyzes these words for themes; and conducts the
inquiry in a subjective, biased manner

Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Objective Gain an understanding of underlying Quantify data and generalize results
reasons or motivations. from a sample from the population of
interest.
Measure the incidence of a particular
occurrence, view or opinion in a chosen
sample
Sample Usually a small number of non- Usually a large number of subjects who
representative cases. Subjects can be are randomly selected and represent
chosen deliberately to text a particular the population of interest.
theoretical premise.
Data Analysis Non-statistical; data cannot be Statistical; data can be expressed as a
expressed as a number. number.
Examples Medicine
Dengue prevention practices of Efficacy of a tetravalent dengue
different provinces in the Philippines vaccine in children in Latin America
Agriculture
Health benefits of organically grown Effects of different application rates of
vegetables to elderly organic fertilizer on soil enzyme and
activity
Engineering
Factors related to persistence in Fundamental investigation of
engineering: results of a qualitative magnesium corrosion using experiments
study and simulation
 Name:
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section:
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph

MODULE 1 – Practical
Subject Teacher:
Research 1 (STEM)

References:
BBC Newsnight. (2015, January 28). The Twins of Auschwitz – Newsnight. Youtube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8_oWrDk4Hs

Journeyman Pictures. (2013, December 4). Japan's Secret World War II Death Lab (2003). Youtube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmWHHjuOMog

Clemente, R.F., Julaton, A. B., and Orleans, A. V. (2016). Research in Daily Life 1. Sibs Publishing House,
Inc. pp. 2-25

Cristobal, A. P. and De La Cruz-Cristobal, M. C. (2017). Practical Research for Senior High School 1. C &
E Publishing, Inc. pp. 2-37

Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. (n.d.). Human Experimentation: An Introduction To

the Ethical Issues. https://www.pcrm.org/ethical-science/human-experimentation-an-
introduction-to-the-ethical-issues

UCI Office of Research. (n.d.). Ethical Guidelines, Federal Regulations and State Statutes.
https://research.uci.edu/compliance/human-research-protections/researchers/ethical-
guidelines-fed-regs-and-state-statutes.htm

Yin, E. (2010). The Evolution of Medical Ethics. Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.