Ocampo, Esmeralda A.

3CHEM1

I. EXPERIMENT 3 : Cryoscopy

II. OBJECTIVES:

The purpose of the simulated experiment was to understand the colligative properties
of solutes, to find the freezing point depression of a solution, to determine the van ‘t Hoff factor of
solutes and to find the molar mass of an unknown solute. This experiment also help to make the
experimenters understand what cryoscopy is.

III. METHODOLOGY

The materials needed for the experiment were the water bath, test tube, thermometer and the
stirrer. The solvents needed were the benzene, water, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, and
chloroform, while the solute used were the sodium chloride, calcium chloride, aluminum chloride,
urea and glucose.

Figure 1. Set Up for the simulation of cryoscopy

Four sets of solution were made which are the two different solutions of polar solvent and
unknown an unknown salt, one polar solvent and an unknown polar compound and lastly and one
monpolar solvent and unknown nonpolar compound. For each solution, three trials were made, and
for each trial, different amounts of the solute and the solvent were selected.
Simulation of Cryoscopy

Figure 2. Switched on thermometer and water bath

For the simulation of the experiment, first, the test tube was taken from the water bath. Second,
a solvent component was selected. Third, a known amount of solvent was chose. Fourth, the
thermometer was placed into the test tube. Fifth, the test tube was placed in the water bath. Sixth,
the power button was turned on. Seventh, the temperature of the solvent was recorded. Eight, the
button was turned off. Ninth, the test tube was again taken from the water bath. Tenth, a solute
was chosen, and its weight was chosen. Eleventh, the test tube was returned in the water bath.
Twelfth, the button was turned on again. Thirteenth, the temperature of the solution was recorded,
and lastly, the freezing point of the pure solvent was used in determining the depression in freezing
point.

IV. RESULTS:
In order to find the freezing point depression of different solutions, the masses and freezing points
were recorded. The following data were gathered from the simulation.

Table 1. Part A - Mass and Freezing point of a polar solvent and an unknown salt (Solute)

First Trial
Mass Freezing Point
Polar ( Solvent) 32.00 0.00 o C
unknown salt (Solute) 2.56 g -5.09
Second Trial
Polar ( Solvent) 62.90 g 0.00 o C
unknown salt (Solute) 4.50 g -4.54 o C
Third Trial
Polar ( Solvent) 90.40 g 0.00 o C
unknown salt (Solute) 6.29 g - 4.42 o C

The table above shows the raw data gathered from the solution of a polar solvent and an unknown
salt. Upon the addition of the salt, it was obvious from the data that the freezing point of the
solution changed. The freezing point of the polar solvent is 0.00 o C, and for each different amounts
of the unknown salt, the freezing point decreased accordingly.

Table 2: Computed Results for Part A (H2o polar solvent + NaCl salt)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

o o
∆Tf 5.09 C 4.54 C 4.42 o C
Kf 1.86 C/m
Van’t Hoff factor 2 2 2
Molar mass of solute 58.45 g/mol 58.67 g/mol 56.21 g/mol
Mean molar mass 57.78 g/mol
Relative error 0.01129
Percent relative error 1.13 %

The table above shows the freezing point depression, molar mass, relative error, and percent
relative error for the polar solvent water (H2o) and the salt sodium chloride (NaCl). The molar
masses were averaged in order to calculate the percent relative error. The true value for the molar
mass is 58.44 g/mol and the mean molar ass is 57.78 g/mol which gave a percent relative error of
1.13 %

Table 3. Part B - Mass and Freezing point of the second polar solvent and an unknown salt (Solute)

First Trial
Mass Freezing Point
Polar ( Solvent) 12.80 g 0.00 o C
unknown salt (Solute) 1.95 g -7.65 o C
Second Trial
Polar ( Solvent) 30.90 g 0.00 o C
unknown salt (Solute) 4.43 g -7.20 o C
Third Trial
Polar ( Solvent) 100.00 g 0.00 o C
unknown salt (Solute) 10.00 g - 5.02 o C

Just like for the first solution, the table above also shows that when the salt was added, the freezing
point of the polar solvent became more negative. The freezing point of the polar solvent is 0.00 o C,
and for each different amounts added of the unknown salt, the freezing point decreased.
Table 4: Computed Results for Part B (H2o polar solvent + CaCl salt)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

∆Tf 7.65 o C 7.20 o C 5.02 o C
Kf 1.86 C/m
Van’t Hoff factor 3 3 3
Molar mass of solute 111.17 g/mol 111.03 g/mol 111.11g/mol
Mean molar mass 111.10 g/mol
Relative error 0.00108
Percent relative error 0.11 %

The table above shows the freezing point depression, molar mass, percent relative error for the
polar solvent water (H2O) and the salt calcium chloride (CaCl). The mean molar mass 111.10 g/mol
was the computed value, and the true value is 110.98 (PubChem, 2020). This gave a relative error of
0.11 % for the CaCl2.
Table 5. Part C Mass and Freezing point of a polar solvent and an unknown polar compound

First Trial

Mass Freezing Point

Polar Solvent 20.30 0.00 o C

Unknown Polar Compound 2.48 g -3.78 o C

Second Trial

Polar Solvent 46.70 g 0.00 o C

Unknown Polar Compound 5.57 g -3.69 o C

Third Trial
Polar Solvent 100.00 g 0.00 o C
Unknown Polar Compound 10.00 g - 3.09 o C

For the third part, three trials were also made for each solution. Each trial with different masses of
the polar solvent and an unknown polar compound, showed also that the freezing point were
lowered when added with the unknown polar compound.
 Table 6: Computed Results for Part C (H2o polar solvent + Urea)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

∆Tf 3.78 o C 3.69 o C 3.09 o C

Kf 1.86 C/m

Van’t Hoff factor 1 1 1

Molar mass of solute 60.18 g/mol 60.24 g/mol 60.24 g/mol

Mean molar mass 60.22 g/mol

Relative error 0.00266

Percent relative error 0.27 %

For part C, the chosen solvent was the pure water (H2O), and the unknown polar compound was the
urea (CH4N2O). The mean molar mass 60.22 g/mol was the computed value, and the true value is
60.06 (PubChem, 2020). This gave a relative error of 0.27 % for the Urea.

Table 7. Part D - Mass and freezing point of a nonpolar solvent and unknown nonpolar compound

First Trial

Mass Freezing Point

o
Polar Solvent 28.20 5.50 C

Unknown nonpolar Compound 2.90 g 2.19 o C

Second Trial

Polar Solvent 46.70 g 5.50 o C

Unknown nonpolar Compound 5.00 g 2.05 o C

Third Trial
Polar Solvent 100.00 g 5.50 o C
Unknown nonpolar Compound 10.00 g 2.28 o C

For the fourth part, each trial with different masses of a nonpolar solvent and an unknown nonpolar
compound, showed also that the freezing point were lowered when added with the unknown polar
compound.
 Table 8: Computed Results for Part C (Benzene + Camphor)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

o o
∆Tf 3.31 C 3.45 C 3.22 o C
Kf 5.12 C/m
Van’t Hoff factor 1 1 1
Molar mass of solute 159.17 g/mol 165.51 g/mol 158.98 g/mol
Mean molar mass 161.22 g/mol
Relative error 0.05906
Percent relative error 5.90 %

For part D, the chosen solvent was the benzene (C6H6) and the unknown polar compound was the
camphor (C10H16O). The mean molar mass 161.22 g/mol was the computed value, and the true value
is 152.23 g/mol (PubChem, 2020). This gave a relative error of 5.90 % for the Camphor.

The following are the computed results in the experiment:

V. CALCULATIONS:
Part A Calculations
Determination of the Freezing Point Depression
In finding ∆𝑇𝑓, the equation to be used is :
∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇𝑓 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) − 𝑇𝑓 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

Trial 1 of Part A
0°C – Pure water freezing point -5.09 o C - Freezing point of solution A
∆𝑇𝑓 = 0°𝐶 − (−5.09 °𝐶)
∆𝑻𝒇 = 5.09 °𝐶

Trial 2 of Part A
0°C – Pure water freezing point -4.54 o C - Freezing point of solution A
∆𝑇𝑓 = 0°𝐶 − (−4.54 °𝐶)
∆𝑻𝒇 = 4.54 °𝐶

Trial 3 of Part A
0°C – Pure water freezing point - 4. 42 o C - Freezing point of solution A
∆𝑇𝑓 = 0°𝐶 − (−4.42 °𝐶)
∆𝑻𝒇 = 4.42 °𝐶
 Determination of the van’t Hoff Factor of Solute
The solvent used was pure water, and the solute was sodium chloride. Sodium chloride is an electrolyte
and an ionic salt, so it dissociated completely in the water. For ionic salts and electrolytes, the number
of the dissociated ions is equal to the van’t Hoff factor. In the dissociation two ions dissociated,
therefore the van’t Hoff factor is equal to 2.

Determination of molar mass of the solute

In determining the molar mass of the solute for each trial, three formulas were used. The molality must
be calculated first, then the moles of the solute, and lastly the molar mass.

Molality : ∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓 × 𝑚 × 𝑖

moles of solute (mol)

Moles of solute : m = mass of solvent (kg)

mass solute (g)

Molar Mass : m = moles

Trial 1 of Part A
°C
Molality : 5.09 °𝐶 = 1.86 ×𝑚×2
m
m= 1.37 m

moles of solute (mol)

Moles of solute : 1.37 m =
0.032
moles = 0.0438 mol

2.56 g
Molar Mass : m = 0.0438 mol
MM = 58.45 g/mol

Trial 2 of Part A
°C
Molality : 4.54 °𝐶 = 1.86 m × 𝑚 × 2
m= 1.22 m

moles of solute (mol)

Moles of solute : 1.22 m = 0.0629
moles = 0.0767 mol

4.50 g
Molar Mass : m = 0.0767 mol
MM = 58.67 g/mol
Trial 3 of Part A
°C
Molality : 4.42 °𝐶 = 1.86 ×𝑚×2
m
m= 1.19 m

moles of solute (mol)

Moles of solute : 1.19 m =
0.0940 kg
moles = 0.1119 mol

6.29 g
Molar Mass : m = 0.1119 mol
MM = 56.21 g/mol

Mean Molar Mass:

58.45 + 58.67 +56.21 = 173.33 ÷ 3 = 57.78 g/mol

Determination of the Relative Error

True Value : 58.44 g/mol Computed Value = 57.78 g/mol

𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

58.44−57.78
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 58.44
= 0.01129

% 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = 0.01129 x 100 = 1.13 %

Part B Calculations
Determination of the Freezing Point Depression
In finding ∆𝑇𝑓, the equation to be used is :
∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇𝑓 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) − 𝑇𝑓 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

Trial 1 of Part B
0°C – Pure water freezing point -7.65 o C - Freezing point of solution A
∆𝑇𝑓 = 0°𝐶 − (− 7.65 °𝐶)
∆𝑻𝒇 = 7.65 °𝐶

Trial 2 of Part B
0°C – Pure water freezing point -7.20 o C - Freezing point of solution A
∆𝑇𝑓 = 0°𝐶 − (−7.20 °𝐶)
∆𝑻𝒇 = 4.54 °𝐶
Trial 3 of Part B
0°C – Pure water freezing point - 5.02 o C - Freezing point of solution A
∆𝑇𝑓 = 0°𝐶 − (-5.02 °𝐶)
∆𝑻𝒇 = 5.02 °𝐶

Determination of the van’t Hoff Factor of Solute

The solvent used was pure water, and the solute was calcium chloride. Since it also has ionic salts and
electrolytes, the number of the dissociated ions is equal to the van’t Hoff factor. For calcium chloride,
three ions dissociated, therefore the van’t Hoff factor is equal to 3.

Determination of molar mass of the solute

Trial 1 of Part B
°C
Molality : 7.65 °𝐶 = 1.86 m × 𝑚 × 3
m= 1.37 m

moles of solute (mol)

Moles of solute : 1.37 m = 0.0128
moles = 0.01754 mol

1.95 g
Molar Mass : m =
𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟒 mol
MM = 111. 17 g/mol

Trial 2 of Part B
°C
Molality : 7.20 °𝐶 = 1.86 ×𝑚×3
m
m= 1.29 m

moles of solute (mol)

Moles of solute : 1.29 m = 0.0309
moles = 0.0399 mol

4.43 g
Molar Mass : m = 0.0399 mol
MM = 111.03 g/mol

Trial 3 of Part B
°C
Molality : 5.02 °𝐶 = 1.86 m × 𝑚 × 3
m=0 .90 m
 moles of solute (mol)
Moles of solute : 0.90 m = 0.100 kg
moles = 0.09

10.00 g
Molar Mass : m = 0.090 mol
MM = 111.11 g/mol

Mean Molar Mass:

111.17 + 111.03 + 111.11 = 333.31 ÷ 3 = 111.10 g/mol

Determination of the Relative Error

True Value : 110.98 g/mol Computed Value = 111.10 g/mol

𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

110.98−111.10
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 110.98
= 0.00108

% 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = 0.01129 x 100 = 0.11 %

Part C Calculations
Determination of the Freezing Point Depression
In finding ∆𝑇𝑓, the equation to be used is :
∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇𝑓 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) − 𝑇𝑓 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

Trial 1 of Part C
0°C – Pure water freezing point -3.78 o C - Freezing point of solution A
∆𝑇𝑓 = 0°𝐶 − (− 3.78 °𝐶)
∆𝑻𝒇 = 3.78 °𝐶

Trial 2 of Part C
0°C – Pure water freezing point - 3.69 o C - Freezing point of solution A
∆𝑇𝑓 = 0°𝐶 − (− 3.69 °𝐶)
∆𝑻𝒇 = 3.69 °𝐶

Trial 3 of Part C
0°C – Pure water freezing point - 3.09 o C - Freezing point of solution A
∆𝑇𝑓 = 0°𝐶 − (3.09 °𝐶)
∆𝑻𝒇 = 3.09 °𝐶
 Determination of the van’t Hoff Factor of Solute
The solvent used was pure water, and the solute was the urea. Urea is a nonelectrolyte polar
compound, meaning it does not dissociate in water so the van’t Hoff factor is equal to 1.

Determination of molar mass of the solute

`
Trial 1 of Part C
°C
Molality : 3.78 °𝐶 = 1.86 m × 𝑚 × 1
m= 2.03 m

moles of solute (mol)

Moles of solute : 2.03 m = 0.0203
moles = 0.04121 mol

2.48 g
Molar Mass : m = 0.𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟐𝟏 mol
MM = 60.18 g/mol

Trial 2 of Part C
°C
Molality : 3.69 °𝐶 = 1.86 m × 𝑚 × 1
m= 1.98 m

moles of solute (mol)

Moles of solute : 1.98 m = 0.0467
moles = 0.09247 mol

5.57 g
Molar Mass : m = 𝟎.𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟒𝟕 mol
MM = 60.24 g/mol

Trial 3 of Part C
°C
Molality : 3.09 °𝐶 = 1.86 m × 𝑚 × 1
m= 1.66 m

moles of solute (mol)

Moles of solute : 1.66 m = 0.100 kg
moles = 0.1660

10.00 g
Molar Mass : m = 0.1660 mol
MM = 60.24 g/mol
Mean Molar Mass:

60.18 + 60.24 + 60.24 = 180.66 ÷ 3 = 60.22 g/mol

Determination of the Relative Error

True Value : 60.06 g/mol Computed Value = 60.22 g/mol

𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

60.06−60.22
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 60.06
= 0.00266

% 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = 0.00266 x 100 = 0.27 %

Part D Calculations
Determination of the Freezing Point Depression
In finding ∆𝑇𝑓, the equation to be used is :
∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇𝑓 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) − 𝑇𝑓 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

Trial 1 of Part D
5.50 °C – Benzene freezing point 2.19 o C - Freezing point of solution A
∆𝑇𝑓 = 5.50°𝐶 − (2.19 °𝐶)
∆𝑻𝒇 = 3.31 °𝐶

Trial 2 of Part D
5.50 °C – Benzene freezing point 2.05 o C - Freezing point of solution A
∆𝑇𝑓 = 5.50°𝐶 − (2.05 °𝐶)
∆𝑻𝒇 = 3.45 °𝐶

Trial 3 of Part D
5.50 °C – Benzene freezing point 2.28 o C - Freezing point of solution A
∆𝑇𝑓 = 5.50°𝐶 − (2.28 °𝐶)
∆𝑻𝒇 = 3.22 °𝐶

Determination of the van’t Hoff Factor of Solute

The solvent used was pure water, and the solute was camphor. Since camphor is a covalent compound,
it didn’t dissociate in benzene . Therefore, the van’t Hoff factor of camphor is equal to 1.
 Determination of molar mass of the solute
`
Trial 1 of Part D
°C
Molality : 3.31 °𝐶 = 5.12 m × 𝑚 × 1
m= 0.646 m

moles of solute (mol)

Moles of solute : 0.646 m = 0.0282
moles = 0.01822 mol

2.90 g
Molar Mass : m = 𝟎.𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟐 mol
MM = 159.17 g/mol

Trial 2 of Part D
°C
Molality : 3.45 °𝐶 = 5.12 m × 𝑚 × 1
m= 0.674 m

moles of solute (mol)

Moles of solute : 0.674 m = 0.0467
moles = 0.03021 mol

5.00 g
Molar Mass : m =
𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟏 mol
MM = 165.51 g/mol

Trial 3 of Part D
°C
Molality : 3.22 °𝐶 = 5.12 m × 𝑚 × 1
m= 0.629 m

moles of solute (mol)

Moles of solute : 0.629 m =
0.100 kg
moles = 0.0629

10.00 g
Molar Mass : m =
0.0629 mol
MM = 158.98 g/mol

Mean Molar Mass:

159.17 + 165.51 + 158.98 = 483.66 ÷ 3 = 161.22 g/mol

 Determination of the Relative Error
True Value : 152.23 g/mol Computed Value = 161.22 g/mol

𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

152.23−161.22
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 152.23
= 0.05906

% 𝑹𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = 0.05906 x 100 = 5.90 %

VI. CONCLUSION:
The simulation of cryoscopy helped in understanding the concepts of the freezing point
depression for the four different solutions. It was observed for the four solutions that when a solute was
added, the freezing point lowered. The freezing point for the solution of water and NaCl gave a percent
error of 1.13 %. For the solution of water and the CaCl, the percent error was 0.11%. The freezing point
for the solution of water and urea gave a percent error of 0.27 %, and for the solution of benzene and
camphor, the percent error was 5.90%. Using the Kf and the van’t Hoff Factor of solute, the molar mass
of the unknown solutes were calculated.

Although the experiment focused mainly on one colligative property which is the freezing point
depression, still, the objectives of the experiments such as to understand the colligative properties of
solutes, to find the freezing point depression of a solution, to determine the van ‘t Hoff factor of solutes
and to find the molar mass of an unknown solute were met.

VII. REFERENCES:

Chem Pirdue. (2020). Freezing Point Depression. Retrieved September 06, 2020, from
https://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/solutions/freeze.html

PubChem. (2020). Molar Masses. Retrieved September 06, 2020, from

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/