The Pilgrim Father отцы пилигримы Pilgrim Fathers, in American colonial history, settlers

of Plymouth, Mass., the first permanent colony in

New England (1620). Of the 102 colonists, 35 were
members of the English Separatist Church (a radical
faction of Puritanism) who had earlier fled to Leiden,
the Netherlands, to escape persecution at home
Mayflower МейФлауэр The Mayflower was an English ship that transported
the first English Puritans, known today as the Pilgrims,
from Plymouth, England to the New World in 1620.
Mercantilist doctrine Mercantilism was an economic system of trade that
spanned from the 16th century to the 18th century.
Mercantilism banked on the principle that the world's
wealth was static, and consequently, many European
nations attempted to accumulate the largest possible
share of that wealth by maximizing their exports and
by limiting their imports via tariffs
Natural Rights Философия прав The idea first came up in ancient times but was
philosophy человека discussed most famously by English philosopher John
Locke. Locke said that the most important natural
rights are "Life, Liberty, and Property". In the United
States Declaration of Independence, the natural rights
mentioned are "Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of
Happiness". The idea was also found in the
Declaration of the Rights of Man. It is viewed by
Locke, Jefferson, and others that the purpose of
government is to protect peoples' natural rights
through a social contract (an implicit agreement
among the members of a society to cooperate for
social benefits).
The Founding Fathers Отцы-основатели John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton,
John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and
George Washington.
were a group of American leaders who united the
Thirteen Colonies, led the war for independence from
Great Britain, and built a frame of government for the
new United States of America upon republican
principles during the latter decades of the 18th
century
The bill of the Right Билль о правах The Bill of Rights is the first 10 Amendments to the
-1791 Constitution. It spells out Americans’ rights in relation
to their government. It guarantees civil rights and
liberties to the individual—like freedom of speech,
press, and religion. It sets rules for due process of law
and reserves all powers not delegated to the Federal
Government to the people or the States. And it
specifies that “the enumeration in the Constitution, of
certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or
disparage others retained by the people.”
The Monroe Doctrine - доктрина Монро The Monroe Doctrine was articulated in President
1823 James Monroe's seventh annual message to Congress
on December 2, 1823. The European powers,
according to Monroe, were obligated to respect the
Western Hemisphere as the United States' sphere of
interest.
The era of good The Era of Good Feelings marked a period in the
feelings political history of the United States that reflected a
 sense of national purpose and a desire for unity
among Americans in the aftermath of the War of
1812. The era saw the collapse of the Federalist Party
and an end to the bitter partisan disputes between it
and the dominant Democratic-Republican Party
during the First Party System
The war between the Гражданская война civil war in the United States between the North and
states (1861-1865) the South; 1861-1865. The Civil War began primarily
as a result of the long-standing controversy over the
enslavement of black people.
The Emancipation Декларация об Emancipation Proclamation, edict issued by U.S. Pres.
Proclamation 1863 отмене рабства Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, that freed the
slaves of the Confederate states in rebellion against
the Union.
A tariff A tariff is a tax imposed by a government on goods
and services imported from other countries that
serves to increase the price and make imports less
desirable.
Sectionalism Sectionalism is loyalty to one's own region or section
of the country, rather than to the country as a whole
States’ Rights the rights and powers held by individual states rather
than by the federal government
Slavery Рабство Slavery, condition in which one human being was
owned by another. A slave was considered by law as
property, or chattel, and was deprived of most of the
rights ordinarily held by free persons.
The bleeding Kansas Bleeding Kansas, Bloody Kansas or the Border War
1859 was a series of violent civil confrontations in the
United States between 1854 and 1861 which emerged
from a political and ideological debate over the
legality of slavery in the proposed state of Kansas
Confederate States of Конфедеративные was formed by 7 secessionist slave-holding states in
America Штаны Америки North America. Existed 1861-1865. Enrecognized
republic.
The Gilded age/ The Позолоченный век/ an era that occurred during the late 19th century,
age of enterprise Эпоха from the 1870s to about 1900. an era of serious social
предпринимательств problems masked by a thin gold gilding. The Gilded
а Age was an era of rapid economic growth, especially
in the North and West. However, the Gilded Age was
also an era of abject poverty and inequality, as
millions of immigrants—many from impoverished
regions—poured into the United States, and the high
concentration of wealth became more visible and
contentious.
The Big Stick policy Политика большой refers to President Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign
дубинки policy: "speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go
far." The idea is negotiating peacefully but also having
strength in case things go wrong.
Dollar diplomacy Долларовая was a form of American foreign policy to minimize the
дипломатия use or threat of military force and instead further its
aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its
economic power by guaranteeing loans made to
foreign countries.

The proclamation of Декларация о was a formal announcement issued by U.S. President

Neutrality нейтралитете George Washington on April 22, 1793 that declared
 the nation neutral in the conflict between France and
Great Britain. It threatened legal proceedings against
any American providing assistance to any country at
war.
Boston tea party Бостонское чаепитие was a political and mercantile protest by the Sons of
Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16,
1773. The target was the Tea Act of May 10, 1773,
which allowed the British East India company to sell
tea from China in American colonies without paying
taxes apart from those imposed by the Townshend
Acts. American Patriots strongly opposed the taxes in
the Townshend Act as a violation of their rights.
Demonstrators, some disguised as Native Americans,
destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East
India Company.

James Monro Джеймс монро 1838 – 28 January 1920. was a lawyer who became
the first Assistant Commissioner (Crime) of the
London Metropolitan Police and also served as
Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis from 1888
to 1890.
National Recovery Национальная was a prime New Deal agency established by U.S.
administration администрация president Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) in 1933. The
восстановления goal of the administration was to eliminate "cut-
throat competition" by bringing industry, labor, and
government together to create codes of "fair
practices" and set prices.
The Truman doctrine Доктрина Трумэна was an American foreign policy whose stated purpose
was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during
the Cold War. It was announced to Congress by
President Harry S. Truman on March 29, 1947.

The Marshall План Маршалла officially the European Recovery Program. was an
plan/European American initiative passed in 1948 to aid Western
Recovery Program – Europe, in which the United States gave over $12
June, 1947 billion in economic assistance to help rebuild Western
European economies after the end of World War II.
Berlin Blocade Блокада Западного (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949) was one of the first
Берлина major international crises of the Cold War. During the
multinational occupation of post–World War II
Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western
Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of
Berlin under Western control. The Soviets offered to
drop the blockade if the Western Allies withdrew the
newly introduced Deutsche Mark from West Berlin.
The Americans and British then began a joint
operation in support of the entire city.

Great Depression Time Великая депрессия severe worldwide economic depression that took

place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the
United States. he Great Depression started in the
United States after a major fall in stock prices that
began around September 4, 1929, and became
worldwide news with the stock market crash of
October 29, 1929, (known as Black Tuesday). The
Great Depression had devastating effects in
countries both rich and poor. Personal income, tax
 revenue, profits and prices dropped, while
international trade plunged by more than 50%.
Unemployment in the U.S. rose to 25% and in some
countries rose as high as 33%.
The New Deal Новый курс Рузвельта series of programs, public work projects, financial
reforms, and regulations enacted by
President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United
States between 1933 and 1936. It responded to
needs for relief, reform, and recovery from the Great
Depression. The programs focused on what
historians refer to as the "3 Rs": relief for the
unemployed and poor, recovery of the economy
back to normal levels and reform of the financial
system to prevent a repeat depression.[1] The New
Deal produced a political realignment, making
the Democratic Partythe majority
Declaration Of The Декларация the main treaty that formalized the Allies of World
United Nations объединенных наций War II; the declaration was signed by 47 national
governments between 1942 and 1945. On New
Year's Day 1942, the Allied "Big Four" (the US, the
UK, the USSR, and China) signed a short document
which later came to be known as the United Nations
Declaration and the next day the representatives of
twenty-two other nations added their signatures.
United Nations World ООН intergovernmental organization tasked with
Organization maintaining international peace and security,
developing friendly relations among nations,
achieving international co-operation, and being a
centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.[3] It
was established after World War II, with the aim of
preventing future wars, and succeeded the
ineffective League of Nations. Its objectives include
maintaining international peace and security,
protecting human rights, delivering humanitarian aid,
promoting sustainable development, and upholding
international law.
The Truman Doctrine Доктрина Трумана American foreign policy whose stated purpose was
to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during
the Cold War. It was announced to Congress by
President Harry S. Truman on March 29, 1947. It
implied American support for other nations allegedly
threatened by Soviet communism. The Truman
Doctrine became the foundation of American foreign
policy, and led, in 1949, to the formation of NATO, a
military alliance that is still in effect.
The North Atlantic НАТО an intergovernmental military alliance between 29
treaty organization North American and European countries. NATO
constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its
independent member states agree to mutual defence
in response to an attack by any external party.
NP - Gross national Gross national product (GNP) is an estimate of total value of
product all the final products and services turned out in a given
period by the means of production owned by a country's
residents. GNP is commonly calculated by taking the sum
of personal consumption expenditures, private domestic
investment, government expenditure, net exports and any
income earned by residents from overseas investments,
minus income earned within the domestic economy by
foreign residents. Net exports represent the difference
between what a country exports minus any imports of goods
and services.

GNP is related to another important economic measure

 called gross domestic product (GDP), which takes into
account all output produced within a country's borders
regardless of who owns the means of production.
ITT - International американская корпорация. Была основана в 1920 году
Telephone and как международная телефонная и телеграфная
компания. Наибольшего расцвета достигла в 1960—
Telegraph
1970-х годах, когда стала одним из крупнейших
конгломератов США, объединявшим сотни компаний
различных отраслей экономики. В последующие
десятилетия компания распалась, с 2011 года название
ITT Corporation носит группа производителей
оборудования и комплектующих для промышленности,
в частности является одним из крупнейших в мире
производителей насосного оборудования[4].
National Association is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in
for the Advancement 1909 as a bi-racialendeavor to advance justice for African
of Colored People Americans by a group including W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary
(NAACP) White Ovington and Moorfield Storey.[3]
Its mission in the 21st century is "to ensure the political,
educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all
persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination."
National NAACP initiatives include political lobbying,
publicity efforts and litigation strategies developed by its
legal team.[4] The group enlarged its mission in the late 20th
century by considering issues such as police misconduct, the
status of black foreign refugees and questions of economic
development.[5]Its name, retained in accordance with
tradition, uses the once common term colored
people, referring to those with some African ancestry.
The Civil Rights
Movement:

Rosa Park

Martin Luther King

The Civil Rights Acts

(1957)
“I have a Dream” –
speech delivered by
Martin Luther King
“the New Frontier”

“the Great Society”

the Caribbean missile The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October

crisis Crisis of 1962 (Spanish: Crisis de Octubre), the Caribbean
Crisis (Russian: Карибский кризис, tr.Karibsky
krizis, IPA: [kɐˈrʲipskʲɪj ˈkrʲizʲɪs]), or the Missile Scare, was
a 13-day (October 16–28, 1962) confrontation between
the United States and the Soviet Union initiated by the
American discovery of Soviet ballistic missile deployment
in Cuba. The confrontation is often considered the
closest the Cold Warcame to escalating into a full-
scale nuclear war.
Test Ban Treaty prohibited all test detonations of nuclear weapons except for
those conducted underground. It is also abbreviated as
the Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT) and Nuclear Test
Ban Treaty (NTBT), though the latter may also refer to
the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT),
 which succeeded the PTBT for ratifying parties.
Negotiations initially focused on a comprehensive ban, but
this was abandoned due to technical questions surrounding
the detection of underground tests and Soviet concerns over
the intrusiveness of proposed verification methods. The
impetus for the test ban was provided by rising public
anxiety over the magnitude of nuclear tests, particularly tests
of new thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs), and the
resulting nuclear fallout. A test ban was also seen as a means
of slowing nuclear proliferation and the nuclear arms race.
Though the PTBT did not halt proliferation or the arms race,
its enactment did coincide with a substantial decline in the
concentration of radioactive particles in the atmosphere.

1955 – 1975 Vietnam

War
Gemini program Джемини вторая программа США пилотируемых космических
полётов[1].
Космические корабли серии «Джемини» продолжили
серию кораблей «Меркурий», но значительно
превосходили их по возможностям (2 члена экипажа,
большее время автономного полёта, возможность
изменения параметров орбиты и т. д.). В ходе программы
были отработаны методы сближения и стыковки,
впервые в истории осуществлена стыковка космических
аппаратов. Было произведено несколько выходов в
открытый космос, установлены рекорды
длительности полёта. Суммарное время полётов по
программе составило более 41 суток. Суммарное время
выходов в открытый космос составило около 10 часов.
Опыт, полученный в ходе программы Джемини, был
использован при подготовке и осуществлении
программы Аполлон.
Для полётов по программе Джемини была создана
вторая группа астронавтов НАСА, но в полётах также
принимали участие астронавты первой и третьей группы.
Electoral College is a body of electors established by the United States
Constitution, constituted every four years for the sole
purpose of electing the president and vice president of
the United States. The Electoral College consists of 538
electors, and an absolute majority of 270 electoral votes is
required to win election. According to Article II, Section 1,
Clause 2 of the Constitution, each state
legislature determines the manner by which
its state's electors are chosen. Each state's number of electors
is equal to the combined total of the state's membership in
the Senate and House of Representatives; currently there are
100 senators and 435 representatives.[1][2][3] Additionally,
the Twenty-third Amendment, ratified in 1961, provides that
the District of Columbia(D.C.) is entitled to the number of
electors it would have if it were a state, but no more than the
least populated state (presently 3).[4] U.S. territories are not
entitled to any electors as they are not states.
The White House Белый дом The White House is the official residence and workplace of
The West Wing the president of the United States. It is located at
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C.and has
The Oval Office
been the residence of every U.S. president since John
Adams in 1800. The term "White House" is often used as
a metonym for the president and his advisers.
The House of Палата  is the lower house of the United States Congress,
Representatives представителей the Senate being the upper house. Together they compose
the national legislature of the United States.
The composition of the House is established by Article One
of the United States Constitution. The House is composed of
representatives who sit in congressional districts that are
allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as
measured by the U.S. Census, with each district entitled to
one representative. Since its inception in 1789, all
representatives have been directly elected. The total number
of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435.[1] As of
the 2010 Census, the largest delegation is that of California,
with fifty-three representatives. Seven states have only one
representative: Alaska, Delaware, Montana, North
Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming.[2]

Senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper

house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name
comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: Senatus), so-
called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: senex meaning
"the elder" or "old man") and therefore allegedly wiser and
more experienced members of the society or ruling class.
Thus, the literal meaning of the word "senate" is Assembly
of Elders.
“Capitol Hill” or “The is the largest historic residential neighborhood in
Hill” Washington, D.C., stretching easterly in front of the United
States Capitol along wide avenues. It is one of the oldest
residential neighborhoods in Washington, D.C., and with
roughly 35,000 people in just under 2 square miles (5 km2),
it is also one of the most densely populated.[1]
As a geographic feature, Capitol Hill rises near the center of
the District of Columbia and extends eastward. Pierre
(Peter) Charles L'Enfant, as he began to develop his plan for
the new federal capital city in 1791, chose to locate the
"Congress House" (the Capitol building) on the crest of the
hill at a site that he characterized as a "pedestal waiting for a
monument". The Capitol building has been the home of the
Congress of the United States and the workplace of many
residents of the Capitol Hill neighborhood since 1800.
The Supreme Court is the final court of appeal in the United Kingdom for civil
cases, and for criminal cases from England, Wales and
Northern Ireland. It hears cases of the greatest public or
constitutional importance affecting the whole population.[2]
As authorised by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, Part
3, Section 23(1),[1] the Supreme Court of the United
Kingdom was formally established on 1 October 2009.
It assumed the judicial functions of the House of Lords,
which had been exercised by the Lords of Appeal in
Ordinary (commonly called "Law Lords"), the 12 judges
appointed as members of the House of Lords to carry out its
judicial business as the Appellate Committee of the House
of Lords. Its jurisdiction over devolution matters had
previously been exercised by the Judicial Committee of the
Privy Council.
Chief Justice  is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United
States, and as such the highest-ranking officer of the federal
judiciary. Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of
the Constitution grants plenary power to the president of the
United States to nominate, and with the advice and
consentof the United States Senate, appoint a chief justice,
who serves until they resign, are impeached and convicted,
 retire, or die.
The chief justice has significant influence in the selection of
cases for review, presides when oral arguments are held, and
leads the discussion of cases among the justices.
Additionally, when the Court renders an opinion, the chief
justice, if in the majority, chooses who writes the Court's
opinion. When deciding a case, however, the chief justice's
vote counts no more than that of any associate justice.
Associate Justices  is the title of all members of the Supreme Court of
the United States other than the chief justice of the United
States. The number of associate justices is eight, as set by
the Judiciary Act of 1869. Each Supreme Court justice has a
single vote in deciding the cases argued before it; the chief
justice's vote counts no more than that of any other justice.
However, the chief justice—when in the majority—decides
who writes the court's opinion. Otherwise, the senior justice
in the majority assigns the writing of a decision.
Furthermore, the chief justice leads the discussion of the
case among the justices. The chief justice has certain
administrative responsibilities that the other justices do not
and is paid slightly more ($267,000 per year as of 2018, as
opposed to $255,300 per year for each associate justice).
Courts of Appeal An appellate court, commonly called an appeals
court, court of appeals (American English),[1] appeal
court (British English), court of second instance or second
instance court, is any court of law that is empowered to hear
an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal. In
most jurisdictions, the court system is divided into at least
three levels: the trial court, which initially hears cases and
reviews evidence and testimony to determine the facts of the
case; at least one intermediate appellate court; and
a supreme court (or court of last resort) which primarily
reviews the decisions of the intermediate courts. A
jurisdiction's supreme court is that jurisdiction's highest
appellate court.[2] Appellate courts nationwide can operate
under varying rules.[3]
The authority of appellate courts to review the decisions of
lower courts varies widely from one jurisdiction to another.
In some areas, the appellate court has limited powers of
review. Generally, an appellate court's judgment provides
the final directive of the appeals courts as to the matter
appealed, setting out with specificity the court's
determination that the action appealed from should be
affirmed, reversed, remanded or modified
District Court are the general trial courts. The federal district courts have
jurisdiction over federal questions (trials and cases
interpreting the Constitution, Federal law, or which involve
federal statutes or crimes) and diversity (cases otherwise
subject to jurisdiction in a state trial court but which are
between litigants of different states and/or countries). There
are 89 federal districts in the 50 states. United States district
courts also exist in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands,
the District of Columbia, Guam, and the Northern Mariana
Islands. So, in total, there are 94 U.S. district courts.
Decisions from these courts are subject to review by one of
the 13 United States court of appeals, which are, in turn,
subject to review by the Supreme Court of the United States.
“Reaganomics”
Strategic Defense
Initiative
Solidarity labor
movement
occupy Afghanistan
Перестройка
Гласность

INFT – intermediate-
Range Nuclear Forces
Treaty
operations in Panama
Persian Gulf
the Third Way
philosophy
Terrorist Act, No Child
Left Behind Act