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RAKE Receiver
RAKE Receiver
RAKE Receiver
RAKE Receiver
Agenda
• Introduction
• Multipath Channel
• M-finger RAKE Receiver
• RAKE Receiver Blocks
• RAKE Receiver Requirements
• RAKE Receiver in IS-95 System
• RAKE Receiver in WCDMA System
• Conclusions
• References
• Homework
Introduction (1)
• In CDMA spread spectrum systems, the chip rate
is typically much greater than the flat fading
bandwidth of the channel
– Conventional modulation and receiver techniques
require an equalizer to undo the ISI between
adjacent symbols
– CDMA spreading codes are designed to provide
very low correlation between successive chips
• Propagation delay spread in the radio channel
provides multipath signal at the receiver
– If multipath components are delayed in time by
more than one chip duration (1/Rc), they appear
like uncorrelated noise at a CDMA receiver, and
equalization is not required
-> RAKE type correlator receiver can be used!!!
Introduction (2)
• RAKE receiver, used specially in CDMA
cellular systems, can combine multipath
components
– To improve the signal to noise ratio (SNR)
at the receiver
– Provides a separate correlation receiver for
each of the multipath signals
– Multipath components are practically
uncorrelated when their relative propagation
delay exceeds one chip period
• The basic idea of A RAKE receiver was
first proposed by Price and Green and
patented in 1956
Multipath Channel
• Due to reflections from obstacles a radio
channel can consist of many copies of
originally transmitted signals having
– different amplitudes, phases, and delays
• Multipath can occur in radio channel in
various ways
– Reflection, diffraction, scattering
• The RAKE receiver uses a multipath
diversity principle
– It rakes the energy from the multipath
propagated signal components
• M-ray multipath model can be used
– Each of the M paths has an independent Additive
delay, t, and an independent complex time- Gaussian
G1(t) Noise
variant gain, G Delay 1
G2 (t) r(t)
– t(t) is transmitted signal Delay 2
t(t) .
– r(t) is received signal .
Multiple
.
GM (t) Access
12/7/2004 Tommi Heikkilä Delay M Interference
S-72.333 Postgraduate Course in Radio Communications
6
.
. M
mM(t) ZM
Correlator M
12/7/2004 Tommi Heikkilä
S-72.333 Postgraduate Course in Radio Communications
7
Z' m 1
m Z m
propagation environment
• Code Generators
– PN codes for the user or channel
• Correlator • Delay Equalizer
– Despreading and integration of – Compensates delay for the
user data symbols
difference in the arrival times of the
• Channel Estimator symbols in each finger
– Channel state estimate
• Combiner
– Channel effect corrections
– Adding of the channel compensated
• Phase Rotator symbol
– Phase correction
12/7/2004 Tommi Heikkilä – Multipath diversity against fading
S-72.333 Postgraduate Course in Radio Communications
9
0
0 20 40 60 80 1 00 1 20 14 0
components
measurement Allocation
finger 1
1 2 n
w1
rn
Finger n
estimate
Channel
estimator Pilots
Conclusions
• RAKE receiver attempts to collect the time-shifted
versions of the original signal by providing a separate
correlation receiver for each of the multipath signals
• RAKE receiver uses several baseband correlators to
individually process several signal multipath
components
• The correlator outputs are (MRC) combined to
achieve improved communications reliability and
performance
• RAKE receiver is used in CDMA based systems such
as IS-95 and WCDMA
References
• Rappaport, Wireless Communications Principles and
Practice, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1996, pp. 336-338.
• Tero Ojanperä, Ramjee Prasad, Wideband CDMA for
Third Generation Mobile Communications, Norwood MA,
USA, Artect House Inc., 1998, 439 pp.
• Simon Haykin, Michael Moher: Modern Wireless
Communications, Prentice Hall 2005, pp. 258-338.
• Samuel C. Yang, CDMA RF System Engineering,
Norwood MA, USA, Artech House Inc., 1998, 280 pp.
• Mikko Järvelä, RAKE training slides by Nokia,
03.04.2001, Oulu.
Homework