DEVELOPING

COHESION & CLARITY

I. Connecting Ideas
Good writers connect the ideas in their paragraphs. A
paragraph with connected idea is cohesive. It is clear
and easy to read.

II. Using And to connect words, phrases,

and sentences.
 And connects words and phrases that have the
same verb. There is no need to repeat the subject III. Using also to add information
or verb after and.
 When two successive sentences introduce similar
Examples: ideas, you can use the word also in the second
sentence.
- Yara is studying English. Yara is
studying art.
 Also usually goes before the main verb in the
- Yara is studying English and art.
sentence, but it goes after the verb be.
- Yoshi likes reading. Yoshi likes
 Also is a very useful word, but it shouldn’t be
watching
used too often. Never use it in two successive
television.
sentences, and try to use it no more than twice in
- Yoshi likes reading and watching a paragraph.
television.
Examples:
Note: When it connects more than two items,
- Yara Haider likes Lebanon very much.
commas are used to separate them.
She also
Examples:
likes the students in her school.
- I like Core English, Academic
- Janet is in my English class. She is
Writing, and
also in my
Cultural Studies.
music class.
 Sometimes and connects phrases that have
different verbs. There is no need to repeat the
subject after and.
IV. Using But and So to connect
Examples:
sentences
- Yara Haider is 19. Yara is studying
 But connects two sentences with contrasting or
art.
opposite idea.
- Yara Haider is 19 and plans to be a
fashion Examples:
designer.
- She thinks her English class is
excellent.
- Yoshi works in the morning. Youshi
- She thinks the food in the cafeteria is
goes to
terrible.
school at night.
+ She thinks her English class is
- Yoshi works in the morning and goes
excellent, but
to
She thinks the food in the cafeteria is
school at night.
terrible.
 And also connects two sentences with similar
idea; the sentences can be positive or negative.  So connects a reason and a result (effect).
Examples:
Examples:
- My roommate is an art student. Her Reason Result (effect)
boyfriend
plays in a rock band. - They both like jazz, so they go to jazz
concerts together.
I. Combine the sentences together with
and.
1. I like my hat.
I like neon yellow.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
2. My brother wears faded jean.
My brother wears athletic shoes.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
3. Some girls like short skirts.
Some girls like dark leggings.
Some girls like knee-high boots.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
4. Blue is my favorite color.
Yellow is my favorite color.
Pink is my favorite color.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
5. I can speak English.
I can understand English.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
6. Russian is the third most spoken language.
Spanish is the fourth.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
7. My uncle has his own business.
He sells auto parts.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
8. A good boss has a sense of humor.
He / She is always fair.
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
II. Use a caret (^) to add also to the
second sentence.
1. Vanna is good at English speaking. He is good at
English writing.
2. My friend has good salary. He has a beautiful
wife.
3. Thida works hard. She takes care of her mom.
4. Vanna can swim. He can hold 2-minute breath.
5. Thida plays computer game. She likes listening
to music.
III. Connect the two simple sentences in
each pair with but and so.
1. English uses sound symbols.
Yellow is my favorite color.
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
2. Chinese has many different dialects.
Chinese people cannot always understand each
other.
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
3. Chinese is spoken by more people.
English is spoken in more countries.
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
4. International companies are growing.
They will soon need more bilingual workers.
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
5. We want to go to Hawaii soon.
We need to save money.
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
Mr. Po Sam Eng