Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808) Dalton’s Atomic Theory

1. Elements are composed of extremely small particles

called atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element are identical, having the
same size, mass and chemical properties. The atoms of
one element are different from the atoms of all other
elements.
3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one
element. In any compound, the ratio of the numbers of
atoms of any two of the elements present is either an
integer or a simple fraction. 2

4. A chemical reaction involves only the separation,

combination, or rearrangement of atoms; it does not
result in their creation or destruction.
2.1
2.1

16 X + 8Y 8 X2 Y

2.1 J.J. Thomson measured the mass to charge ratio of the electron.
(1906 Nobel Prize in Physics) 2.2
Cathode Ray Tube

Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment

Measured mass of e-
Atomic(1908
number,
Nobel Mass
Prize innumber and Isotopes
Chemistry)
(1923 Nobel Prize in Physics)
A molecule
Atomic is an
number (Z) = aggregate
number ofAnof twobeam
protons
X-ray or more
in the atoms in a
nucleus.
definite arrangement held dislodges an
together electron
Mass number (A) = number of protons + by covalent
number bonds.
of neutrons.
Do You Understand Ions?

Alkali Earth M etal

from air molecules
Formula of Ionicwhich
Common Compounds
Monatomic
Isotopes are atoms of the same element Cations
becomes
(same number of

Alkali M etal

Noble G as
ionic compounds consist of a combination
attached
protons) but different numbers of droplet.
neutrons
to an oil of cations
in their nuclei.

Group

Halogen
2 x +3 = +6 3 x –2 = –6
and anions.
Al O 27 3+
How
• themany protons
formulaPeriod
2
–
and
isHalways
Al
the
3+ electrons
2
same
H2 O 3
as the
O
NH
2–are in
3empirical
CH
13 Al ?
formula
4
e charge
= –1.60 x 10–19velocity
A a particle
Mass Number C ~ 1.4 x 10 7 m/s
• the sum ofAtomic
the charges on the Xcation(s) andof
Element
(~5% speed anion(s)
Symbol
light) in each
A diatomic
Thomson’s charge/mass
formula unit
Number
13 protons, 13
molecule
of =e–+2
1 xmust
+2 –Zzero
= –1.76
equal 3= x10
2x 10electrons
contains
–1 =8only
C/g two atoms
–2
2.2
1. atoms positive charge H2is concentrated inCO
the nucleus
Molecular
Thecompounds
ionic mass e–pmass
12
compound ~ , N
mass CaBr
=2,9.10
13
NaCl. O2,2 x
n = Br10
Na 2 ,+ HCl,
1840 to g –mass
14Cl
–28
x ratio e=– 1 to 1
2. proton (p) has 6C
opposite
Ca2+ 6 (+)C charge
Br –of C
electron
6 (-)
2.2
3. How
massmany of p isprotons
The
1840 x and electrons
Isotopes
mass of
of e- (1.67 are
Hydrogenin-2478
x 10 Se2– ?
34g)
• Made of A polyatomic
nonmetals molecule
or nonmetals
235
U
Chadwick’s Experiment (1932)
+ contains
238
more than two atoms
U–2
2.2
2.2
metalloids. 92 O3, H2O,1 NH 92 3, =CH
(193534 Noble 2 xPrize
+1
protons, = in Physics
+2
34
Molecular
x forelectrons
–2
+ 2 =Compounds
36 discovery
4
of neutron) 2.3
• Use common names for these: Rutherford’s Model of
AnAion baseis2O,can
an be defined
atom, or group Na
as2a COofsubstance
atoms,
3 thathas
that yields
a net 2.5
AHmolecular
NH
Do 3, CH4formula
You Understand the Atom
COIsotopes?
• The hydroxide
positive
element
atoms HI
Chemical
ions
orfurther
negative (OH
left in
of each element
Na–) whenNomenclature
+
charge.
H
hydrogen
periodic atom
shows
in iodide
table is
the
dissolved
has 1
a molecule p;
3 exact
2–
Hein
number
water.
atom
of the has 2
of 2.4
p
A monatomic ion contains only one atom. 2.5
first.
Cation: ion withCompounds
a also
positive charge 2.6
The word substance.
Ionic
“carbide” is used
mass for anion
He/mass H should = 2
• The element
• If aclosest
NF3 Na to bottom ofloses
nitrogen group isone or more electrons2.5
neutral +,atom
Cl –, Ca 2+,trifluoride
O 2–, Al3+, N3– 14
first. How many
An
• NaOH
often
protons,
empirical a
a metal
formulaneutrons, sodium
+ nonmetal
shows and hydroxide
electrons
the simplest are in C 2.6
?
it becomes cation.
measured mass He/mass H = 4 6
• If more than one compound
SO2KOH ratio can
sulfur be formed
dioxide
whole-number ofprefixes
thepotassium
atoms in a substance.
Monatomic
from the same elements, negative
use the ion names to end inhydroxide
“ide.”
Na 6 protons,
11 protons 14 – 6 = 8 neutrons, 6 electrons
11 protons
indicate the number 11 BaCl
of electrons
each kind
2 of atom to barium
Na + chloride
specify the compound. molecular
N2ClBa(OH)
4 dinitrogen empirical
tetrachloride
barium
10 electrons
hydroxide 2.7
2
A polyatomic
atomic K+ion
ainradius
2O
9 Becontains
~ 100 pmmore
1 n=+potassium
12
1 xHC +–10
than
10 energy
one atom.11
moxide
• The last
How element
many ends
protons, H“ide.”
2Oneutrons, and electrons 2O are in 6 C ?
Anion: ion with a negative –3charge
NO
nuclear 2radius nitrogen
Mg(OH)
~ 5 x 10 2 dioxide
pm = 5CHmagnesium
x 10O m–15 hydroxide
• If aneutron
neutral C
Protium(n)6H 12O
atom
is
OH –6, gains
neutral one
,(charge
CN–Deuterium
NH + or = 0)more electrons
Tritium
4 , NO
2–
3
(Uranium compound) 6N protons,
it becomes an
KNO11 anion.
– 6 = 5 neutrons, potassium 6 electrons
nitrate
(radioactive)
“If the atom is 2Othe O3dinitrogen
Houston
3 monoxide
Astrodome, O then
2.2 n mass17~protons p mass = 1.67 x 10 g –24
17
2.2
protons
the nucleus Cl is a17 marble
N2H4 on the 50-yard Cl- line.”
NH
2.7
electrons 2
2.7 18 electrons 2.2
2.2
2.7
2.3
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.3
2.5
2.7
2.6