8/22/2014

TELEVISION ENGG.

UNIT 3
MONOCHROME TV RECEIVER

7th Semester
Electronics & Telecommunication

SYLLABUS
• Monochrome TV receiver block diagram
• AGC,AFC Circuit
• UHF,VHF Tuner
• EHT generator

MONOCHROME RECEIVER:

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Antenna System
• All TV antennas are mounted in horizontal position for better
reception and favourable signal to noise ratio.
• A Yagi antenna, i.e., a dipole with one reflector and two or
more directors, is a compact high gain directional array, and is
often used in fringe areas. In areas where signal strength is
very low, booster amplifiers with suitable matching network
are used.

RF SECTION

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IF SECTION
• A short length of coaxial cable feeds tuner output to
the first IF amplifier.
• This section is also called video IF amplifier since
composite video signal is the envelope of the
modulated picture IF signal.
• Practically all the gain and selectivity of the receiver
is provided by the IF section

Essential Functions of the IF Section

• The main function of this sections is to amplify modulated IF
signal over its entire bandwidth
• o/p of RF section is about 0.5 mV
• i/p to video detector required 4v
• This needs an overall gain of about 8000.
• This gain should be adjustable, by automatic gain control, over
a wide range to accommodate input signal variations at the
antenna from 50 μV to 0.5 V, to deliver about 4 V peak-to-
peak signal at the input of the video detector
• To achieve desired gain, atleast three stages of tuned
amplifiers are cascaded

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Video Detector.

• Figure 8.7 shows a simplified circuit arrangement of a video

detector.
• Modulated IF signals after due amplification in the IF section
are fed to the video detector.
• The detector is designed to recover composite video signal
and to transform the sound signal to another lower carrier
frequency.
• This is done by rectifying the input signal and filtering out
unwanted frequency components.
• diode is used, which is suitably polarized to rectify either
positive or negative peaks of the input signal.
• the use of an L-C filter instead of the usual RC configuration
employed in ratio receiver detectors.

Video Amplifier.
• The picture tube needs video signal with peak-to-peak
amplitude of 80 to 100 volts for producing picture with good
contrast.
• With an input of about 2 volts from the detector, the video
amplifier is designed to have a gain that varies between 40 to
60.
• A contrast control which essentially is gain control of the
video amplifier is provided on the front panel of the receiver
to adjust contrast between black and white parts of the
picture. A large contrast makes the picture hard, whereas too
low a value leaves it weak or soft.

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PICTURE TUBE CIRCUITRY AND CONTROLS

The output from the video amplifier may be fed either at the cathode or
control grid of the picture tube.

SOUND SIGNAL SEPARATION

• The picture and sound signals on their respective carriers are

amplified together in the IF section.
• On application of the two signals to the video detector, the
picture IF (38.9 MHz) acts as the carrier and beats with the
sound carrier (33.4 MHz) and its associated FM side-band
frequencies, to produce difference i.e., 5.5 MHz ± 50 KHz
components.
• This is called intercarrier beat signal and is in effect the
second conversion of sound carrier frequency. The resultant
product, however, retains its original FM modulation.
• Function of sound section

Automatic Gain Control (AGC):

• AGC circuit controls gain of RF and IF stages to deliver
almost constant signal voltage to the video detector,
despite changes in the signal picked up by the antenna.
• The change in gain is achieved by shifting the operating
point of the amplifying devices.
• The operating point is changed by a bias voltage that is
developed in the AGC circuit.
• Any shift in the operating point changes gm (mutual
conductance) of the tube or power gain of the transistor
circuit which in turn results in change of stage gain.

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• Sync level in the composite video signal is fixed irrespective of

the picture signal details. Hence, sync pulse tops represent
truly the signal strength.
• A peak rectifier is used to develop a control voltage which is
proportional to the sync level.
• The composite video signal to the peak rectifier in the AGC
circuit is either obtained from the output of video detector or
after one stage of video amplification.
• The output is filtered and the dc voltage thus obtained is fed to
the input (bias) circuits of the RF and IF amplifiers to control
their gain.
• Decoupling circuits are used to avoid interaction between
different amplifier stages.

• Since AGC voltage is proportional to the signal strength, even

weak RF signals will also develop some control voltage.
• This when applied to the RF amplifier will tend to reduce its
gain, though the stage should provide maximum possible gain
for weak signals to maintain high signal to noise ratio.
• Therefore, the RF amplifier is not fed any AGC voltage till the
signal strength attains a certain predetermined level. This is
achieved by providing a voltage delay circuit in the AGC line.
Such a provision is known as delayed AGC.

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ADVANTAGES OF AGC
1)Intensity and contrast of the picture ,once set with manual
controls, remain almost constant despite changes in the input
signal strength ,since the AGC circuit reduces gain of the
receiver with increase in input signal strength.
2) Contrast in the reproduced picture does not change much when
the receiver is switched from one station to another.
3) Amplitude and cross modulation distortion on strong signals is
avoided due to reduction in gain.
4) AGC also permits increase in gain for weak signal.
5) Flutter in the picture due to passing airplane and other fading
effects are reduced.
6) Sound signal, being a part of the composite video signal ,is also
controlled by AGC and thus stays constant at the set level.
7) Separation of sync pulses becomes easy since a constant
amplitude video signal becomes available for the sync separator.

AFC Circuit

• Colour television tuner employ an

additional circuitry known as Automatic
Frequency Tuning.AFT circuit actually
control the local oscillator frequency to
obtain a picture IF of exactly 38.9 MHz
at the converter o/p

AFC Circuit

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EHT Generator
• An anode voltage of the order of 15kV is
needed for sufficient brightness in B&W
picture tube .this is known as as HV or EHT
supply.a novel method for generating EHT
source is illustrated in figure.such an
arrangement does not load very much the
horizontal output stage because the current
demand is less than 1mamp.

EHT Generator

SUMMARY
The main difference between colour &
monochrome receiver is Colour television
tuner employ an additional circuitry known as
Automatic Frequency Tuning.AFT circuit
actually control the local oscillator frequency
to obtain a picture IF of exactly 38.9 MHz at
the converter o/p. Automatic Gain Control
(AGC) Circuit varies the gain of a receiver
according to the strength of signal picked up
by the antenna