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Statistical Process Control (Control Chart)
Statistical Process Control (Control Chart)
Statistical Process Control (Control Chart)
x
n 2
of the values from the mean.
i X
Small values >> data are closely σ i1
clustered around the mean n 1
Large values >> data are spread out
around the mean.
Control Chart
Control Charts are one of the primary tools used in Statistical Process Control or
SPC. Control charts help to graphically represent different aspects of a process and
to assist engineers and technicians with producing a quality product. Control
charts are useful to establish when a process has endured a meaningful
modification; control charts separate the two types of variation in a product
quality characteristic.
A graphical display of data over time (data are displayed in time sequence
in which they occurred/measured) used to differentiate common cause
variation from special cause variation.
characteristics
random chance variation
Measured
One or more data points above an UCL or
below a LCL mark statistically significant
changes in the process
A process is in control if Time period
No sample points outside limits
Most points near process average
About equal number of points above and below centerline
Points appear randomly distributed
A process is assumed to be out of control if
Rule 1: A single point plots outside the control limits;
Rule 2: Two out of three consecutive points fall outside the two sigma warning limits on
the same side of the center line;
Rule 3: Four out of five consecutive points fall beyond the 1 sigma limit on the same
side of the center line;
Rule 4: Nine or more consecutive points fall to one side of the center line;
Rule 5: There is a run of six or more consecutive points steadily increasing or
decreasing
Control Chart …Cont’d
UCL = μ + kσ
CL = μ
LCL = μ – kσ
where
μ is the mean of the variable
σ is the standard deviation of the variable
UCL=upper control limit; LCL = lower control limit;
CL = center line.
k is the distance of the control limits from the center line,
expressed in terms of standard deviation units.
When k is set to 3, we speak of 3-sigma control charts.
Historically, k = 3 has become an accepted standard in
industry.
Process Control Charts
Control Charts show sample data plotted on a graph with Center Line
(CL), Upper Control Limit (UCL), and Lower Control Limit (LCL).
Types of the control charts
Variables control charts: Control chart for variables are used to monitor
characteristics that can be measured, e.g. length, weight, diameter, time, etc.
Attributes control charts: Control charts for attributes are used to monitor
characteristics that have discrete values and can be counted, e.g. % defective,
number of flaws in a shirt, number of broken eggs in a box, etc.
UCL = μ + kσx
k = 3,2,1 ; Accepted Standard
CL =μ
LCL = μ – kσx
Constructing a X-bar Chart:
A quality control inspector at the Cocoa Fizz soft drink company has taken
three samples with four observations each of the volume of bottles filled.
If the standard deviation of the bottling operation is .2 ounces, use the
data below to develop control charts with limits of 3 standard deviations
for the 16 oz. bottling operation.
σ .2
σx .1
n 4
Step 3: Calculate CL, UCL, LCL
Center line:
calculations:
(n) A2 D3 D4
2 1.88 0.00 3.27
3 1.02 0.00 2.57
0.2 0.3 0.2 4 0.73 0.00 2.28
CL R .233 5 0.58 0.00 2.11
3
6 0.48 0.00 2.00
7 0.42 0.08 1.92
UCL D4R 2.28(.233) .53 8 0.37 0.14 1.86
9 0.34 0.18 1.82
LCL D3R 0.0(.233) 0.0 10 0.31 0.22 1.78
11 0.29 0.26 1.74
12 0.27 0.28 1.72
13 0.25 0.31 1.69
14 0.24 0.33 1.67
15 0.22 0.35 1.65
R-Bar Control Chart
x-bar and R charts
monitor different parameters!
Control Charts for Attributes –P-Charts
Control Chart for Attributes:
• Attributes are discrete events: yes/no or pass/fail
• Construction and interpretation are same as that of variable
control charts.
p x
The average
n of these individual sample proportion of
nonconforming items is used as the center line (CLp):
m m
p x i U C Lp p 3
p (1 p )
CL p i
i
As true value ofmp is not n
nm known,
p
p(1-p) (.09)(.91)
σp= = =0.064
n 20
Step 3: Calculate CL, UCL, LCL
CL p .09
Control limits for ±3σ limits:
Week Number of
The number of Complaints
weekly customer 1 3
complaints are 2 2
monitored in a large 3 3
hotel. Develop a 4 1
three sigma control 5 3
limits For a C-Chart 6 3
using the data table 7 2
On the right. 8 1
9 3
10 1
Total 22
Control Chart …Cont’d
Setting Control Limits
Type I error
Concluding a process is not in control when it actually is.
Type II error
Concluding a process is in control when it is not.
/2 /2
Mean
Type I error
In control No Error
(producers risk)
Type II Error
Out of control No error
(consumers risk)