IRe22.2016 | STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AND CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ROAD BRIDGES SECTION VI COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION (LIMIT STATES DESIGN) (Third Revision) Published by: INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS Kama Koti Mera, Sector-8, R.K. Puram, Now Deihi-110 022 | January, 2015 CONTROL COPY | oat: | (Pus Packing & Postage)IRC:22-2015 First Published October, 1996 Reprinted March, 1971 Reprinted February, 1974 Reprinted November, 1977 (Incorporates Amendment No. t, February, 1977) First Revision October, 1986 Reprinted March, 1981 (Incorporates Amendment No. 1, March, 1991) Reprinted September, 1998 Reprinted uly, 2004 Reprinted November, 2002 Incorporates Amendment No. 2, November, 2002) Reprinted (ctober, 2005 (incorporates Amendment No. 3, January, 2003) ‘Second Revision ‘September, 2008 Reprinted October, 2003 Third Revision Janvary, 2015 (Ail Rights Reserved, No part ofthis publication shall be reproduced, translated of transmited in any form or by any means without the _petmission ofthe Indian Reads Congress) Printed by India Offset Press, Delhi 1000 CopiesCONTENTS S.No. Description Personnel ofthe Bridges Specifications and Standards Committee Introduction 600 General 601 Limit State Method of Design 602 Material 603 Design for Utimate Limit State 604 Design for Serviceabilty Lint, 605 Design for Fatigue Limit 608 Shear Connector 607 Composite Columns 608 Filler Beam Decks for Bridges 609 Precast Slab on Steel Beams 610 Construction & Erection 611 Testing Method 612 Fito Resistance 613 Maintenance Annexure Moment of Resistances ‘Annexure-lI Location of Plastic Neutral Axis in Composite Column Annexure-lI| Materials and Properties IRo:22-2016 10 10 2 36 ar 80 63 or 68 cy 8 atIRo22-2015 PERSONNEL OF THE BRIDGES SPECIFICATIONS ‘AND STANDARDS COMMITTEE (As on 8% August, 2014) : ae, SN Decor Gara (Road Dopmen. Misty of Ros (Govern) ‘Pansat tay, New Dah | 2 Tawade, 0.0. Addi, Director General, Ministry of Road (Cosonneer) “Torso ways New Date 3. chef Enger @)s8R nny of Road Transpo & Highway, New Deh | (WamterSeaean) Mombors oro tw, CPW ett) Ghasabad 5 Nimchandan CR Chsiman & Managing Okecr, STUP Constante (P) fatale rs Crit Ene: et), MORTH, New Da bootie ar €-22013, vast Kun, Opp. DPS. Now Debi 4 ——_Banpopayay Or: Director. hp Constr), Now Dot & ——_Banijopayay. + TK Jot brecor Gone et) NSDAG, Kohat 10 banafoe, AK ‘hie Enger Ret) MoRTH, Now Debi 12 Baca Atk Dbecor ech) 6 Engineers & Builds Us | Shomerar J 1. onmn.ec 0G (Rts), MoRTAH, New Oa Jo cmc any !uandang Ure, go & Sacral Egg. Comat j (ua, Rode ] 18 Bongeuar AL ic LAT Mana | i cnosiiaran Chet Engine (Ret) MoRTEH, New Doi Low. (Ghoshal, A, Director and Vice President, STUP Consultants (P) Ltd. reat | = cones ‘ea Preise, STUP Constants PL. Mumbai J. kant, Chiat Engne: (Ret). MP, PA Bhorl } 20. Kea ina D6yRO)& Ae. ey (Re) MOST. New Debi 2. Kara Ash ‘hi gnc (Re) MoRTH, Now Debi 2, Kuma Prtta 10 (RO)8AS, MeRTAH (etd), New Dah j 2 em vovet ee) UP PHD, 24 Mane, PY, Director, FreysintPretrossed Concrete Co, Mumsure), WX (Chet Engineer (Reta) MoRTH, Now Osh Nogpal, AK, Pro, New D3 Narain, AD. 1G (RO) & AS, MoRTAH (Red), New Deh oan, RS. (Chet Engineer Ret.) MoRT3H, New Deh Pandey, RK, (Chet Engineer Ptanning), MoRTH, New Dah Parameswaran, Chie Scientist (AS), CR, New Dat Dr Os Laksteny Ralzaa, Pratap S, Vico President (Corporate Afar}. Gammon Indo Ui, Mumba Rao, Or MB, ‘18%, Santa Var, Naw Dan Foy. BS, Senior Executive Directs Mls. Consulting Engg, Services Indi (Pst) Le, Gurgaon Saha, Dr GP. Executive Director Consiuma Consultancy (P) Uc Mumoa! Sharan, 1G (RO) Spl. cy (Rout) MoRTAH, New Det sharma, RS, Chief Engineer Rett) MoRTAM, New Dei Shia, [DGIRO)& SS, (Rotd) MORTAH, Now Doh Sutbarao, Ox Harshavachan Chuan & Managing Director, Consus Consultancy (@)U haanbat Tandon, Mahesh Po. Managing Director, Tendon Consutente (P) Lis ‘Now Doi ‘Thandavan, KB, (Cio Engincor (Rett) MoRTaH, New Doi Veleyutham, ¥, 1G (RO) & 8S (Ret MoRTEH, New Dah Mowanatnn,T 7048, Secor 8, Pocket 10, Vsant Kur, Now eth ‘The Fuocutve Croctor (3S) __-ROSO, Lucknow The Det and Head, (Ci Engg), Bureau of fin Stance, New Dah Corresponding Membors Fans, OF. VK, Consultant Word Bank) Singh, RB. Dieter, Projets Consulting Inga (P) Lx, New Da ExOfficio Members Prost, (Suni Browmik.Engncerin Che, Inian Roads Conese PWD (RAB), Gow. of Tope Honorary Treasure, (GN. Das), Drector General (Road Devekpmen!) Inn Roade Congress Minit of Rosa Transport & Faghaays Secretary Genera Indian Roads Congress1Ro:22-2015 STANDARD SPECIFICATION AND CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ROAD BRIDGES SECTION VI: COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION (LIMIT STATES DESIGN) INTRODUCTION ‘Tre fist Bridge Code in Limit State Philosophy published by IRC in 2008 formatted as a ‘Stand alone” document with minimum reference to other bridge codes. IRC:24, the basis ‘code for Stee! Road Bridges in limit state philosophy was prepared inline with BIS publicalion 'S:800-2007 (General Construction in Steel Limit State Method) was published in 2010, IRC:24 was extensively revised in January 2014. IRC:112, Code for Concrete Road Bridges, InLimitState Method was pubishedin 2011. IRC Technical Committee for Steeland Composite ‘Structures (6-5) felt the need for a through revision of IRC:22 to make it compatible withthe revised version of IRC:24 for Stool Road Bridges and IRC:112 for Concrete Road Bridges. ‘The present revised version isa result of such an endeavour ‘The personnel ofthe Stee! and Composite Structures Committee (6-5) is glven below ‘Ghoshal, A. Convenor Basa, Ashok Co-Convenor Ghosh, U.K. Member Secretary Members Bogish, Dr. 8.P, Mohanty, GR. Banerjee, TB. Parameswaran Dr. (Mrs.) Lakshmy Baul, Saibal Purekayastha, D Bhattacharya, AK, Roy, Or. BC. Bhattacharya, D Singh. A. Chopra, AK. Singhal, U Ghosh, Prof Achyut Sood, V.B, Guna, ary Subbarao, Dr. H Kalyanaraman, Dr. V. Tandon, Prof. Mahesh Kumar, Sudhanshy Venkatram, P6, Vijay, Late PB. Corresponding Mombers Bhowmick, A Singh, RB. Exotticio Members Presidant, (Bhowmik, Suni), Engineer-in-Chiet, Indian Roads Congress PWD (R&B), Govt. of Tripura Honorary Treasurer, (Das, S.N.), Director General Indian Roads Congress (Road Development), Ministry of Road Transport and Highways Secretary General, Indian Roads CongressSS See ee ee ST ST EE IRo:22-2015 The B-5 Commitee finally approved the draft document in its meeting held on 12.4.2014 for placing before the BSS Committae, The Bridges Specifications and Standards Committee (BSS) approved the draft document in its meeting held on 8" August 2014. The Executive Committee in its meeting held on 18° August 2014, approved the same document for placing it before the Council. The IRC Councl in its 203° mooting held at New Delhi on 19° and 20" August 2014, approved the draft revision of IRC:22-2014 "Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges’ Section V1 Composite Construction (Limit States Design) ‘or publishing 600 GENERAL 600.1 Scope ‘Tris code is applicable to simply supported as well as continuous bridges and supporting ‘column systems, with Steel-Conorete Composite Construction. The code is based on Limit Statos Mathed of Design, 600.2 Type This code is restricted to steel-concrete composite construction where steel girders are used as primary members and castn-situ reinforced concrete andlor pre-cast concrete slab with necessary in-sty concrete as deck slab. Wherever appropriate, the provisions of his, code may be applied o sleel-concrete composite elementsicomponents of other types of bridges: 600.3 Terminology Accidental Load: The load not normally expected in design life but has major impactifit ever ‘occurs, such as ramming of a ship or barge against piers or accidents caused by ramming of vehicles on Bridge Piers of Wall Type, columns or the frames built in the mecian or inthe Vicinity of the cariageway supporting the superstructure, Composite Action: Integral action of primary supporting steel member and supported ‘concrete deck, with or without limited slip et their interface, to ensure greater strength and Fig. In composite columns, ts the integrated action between steel and ils encasement or In fil concrete. Shear transfers to be ensured through use of mechanical devices known as shear connectors in composite beams, Design Loads: The applied loads multiplied by the load factors. Design Service Life: The time period during which the structure or its components should satisfy the design objectives and functions. Detail Category: Designation given to a particular detll to indicate the S-N curve to be used in fatigue assessment, Differential Shrinkages: tis ently due to shrinkage of concrete from the time composite faction comes into effect. When the cooffiient of thermal expansion varies significantly between steel and concrete (concrete with limestone or granite aggregate), it also includes: the difference in thermal strain between the steel and concrete. Differential shrinkage may lead to increase in strosses and is more pronounced in continuous girders, Fatigue: Damage caused by repeated fluctuations of stress, leading to progressive cracking of a structural element,a 4 n) ab his ing the ted nd tor IRo22-2015 Fatigue Limit State: The state of fallure through fatique damage due to repeated application ofloads. Fatigue Strength: Stress range that can be endured by a category of detail, depending upon the numberof eycles. Flexible Shear Connectors: Consists of studs, channels etc. welded as in Fig. 1 to stee! member to davelop integral action and deriving resistance to shear through the bending of connectrs, without permting the slab to it rom girder fango through anchorage ation Stay | “aroune, | ! ‘Mb | (@ Stud Connector RECTION 10 UST ‘ coMecTOR ee Nie Hybrid Section: A fabricated steel section with a wob that has @ spectied minimum yield strength lower than that of one or both flanges. Initial Dead Load: The combination of weight of stee! structura and the portion of concrete {dock that are supported by the stee! structure alone before the development of full composite action with concrete reaching 75 percent of its 28 days strength, Limit State: The load state beyond which he structure is incapable of performing is desired function, (8) Channel Fig. 1 Typical ladle Shear Connectors | | | Loads: Applied forces as mentioned in IRC:6-2014 that the structure is subjected during its He time, Load Factors: The factors multiplied wit the loads or their combinations to obtain design loads, while chocking performance under various limit states. 3IRo:22-2015 Rigid Shear Connectors: Consist of bars, angles, channels, toos welded to stee! member 'o develop composite action, asin Fig. 2, deriving thelr resistance to shear from conorete ‘bearing on the vertical face. They exhibit negligible deformation under shear transfer, These ‘are not recommenced for adoption, DRecnon 10 THRUST Om cOMECTOR 105 eal ea {1 EL mm ULET WELD + Tee Connector with Hooped Bers for Anchorage Fig. 2 Typical Risa Shear Connectors (CIndcatas Lane of Shear (Type) Service Limit: The loading state beyond which the structure or its components becomes incapable of performing its intended function: due to excessive deformation of deflection ot vibration Serviceapitty Loads: The actual loads on the structure against which the serviceabilty of the structure has to be checked ‘Shear Connectors: These are the mechanical attachments to stoel members to transfer Interface shear to develop composite action and are composed of various types, viz rigid shear connectors, flexible shear connectors et. S-N Curve: Curva, defining the relationship between the numbers of stress cycles to fallure (N,,) ata constant stress range (S.), during fetique loading on parts ofa structure Strength Factors: The factors that divide the specified strength to obtain design strength; hile assessing the safety under limit states of steength Stress Range: Algebraic diference between two extremes of stresses in a cycle of loading ata location in a member Superimposed Dead Load: The dead loads added subsequent to concrate hardening of ‘deck slab that are resisted by composite action 4i IRe:22-2016 ‘Transient Load: The loads that are assumed to be varying over a short time interval Ike vehicularliveloadwith dynamiceffect, pedestrian oad, brakingand tractiveforces, temperature effects, wind loads on structure and vohictes, earthquake loads, vehicular centrifugal forces, accident loads such as vehicular colision loads, ete Ultimate Limit State: The state at which the structure falls and loses its integrity leading to its collapse. 600.4 Symbols The symbols, other than those used for load categorization as per Clause 601.3, are as follows: A Area A, Area of structural stool cross section A ‘Area of structural steel cross section in tension A Gross area of concrete A, Area of concrete effective in compression A, Area of stoal reinforcements A ‘Area of each flange of steel section A, Effective cross sectional area A Shear area 1B * _Cenire-to-centre distance between girders and is equal o transverse span of inner older b Outstandiwidth ofthe plate elements b, Effective width of flange between pair of bolts b, ——Fllactiva vidth of concrete ange % Width ofthe structural steel fange D Overall depth of girderidiameter ofthe steel cross section 4 DDopth of web, Nominal diameter of boltsrivets/studs 4, ‘Twice the clear distance from the compression flange of angles, plates or tongue plates to the neutral axis 4, vertical distance between centroid of concrete slab and centroid of steel beam 4, Overall depth of concrete slab 4, Nominal diameter of the pipe column or the dimensions of the column in the direction of depth ofthe base plate E,E, Modulus of elasticity of structural steel E,, _ Secant Modulus of elasticity of concrete E, Modulus of elasticity of reinforcements 5IRO22.2018 > Design capacity ofthe web in bearing ‘Actual normal stress range for the detall category ‘Actual axial compressive stress in concrete at service load Characteristic compressive cute strength of concrete at 28 days Characteristic axial tensile strength of concroto Fatigue stress range corresponding to 6 10% cycles of loading Design fatigue normal stress range Equivalent constant amplitude stress Highest normal sess range Normal fatigue stress range Tensile strength of reinforcements Proof stress Characteristic yold strength of reinforcoment Characteristic uimate tensile stress Characteristic ultimate tensile stress ofthe connected plate Characteritc yield stress of stoel Characteristic yield stress of connected plate Characteristic yield stress ofthe webs material Deptt of the section Distance between shear centre of the two flanges ofthe cross-section Moment of inertia of the member about an axts porpandicula tothe plane of the frame Moment of inertia of concrete (assumed uncracked) about axis ot bending for column | Moment of inertia of composite section Moment of Inertia of the compression flange about the minor axis of the stee! beam ‘Moment of Inertia ofthe fension flange about the minor axis ofthe steel beam ‘Moment of inertia of steel section about axis of bending for column Moment of inertia of reinforcement about axis of bending for column Moment of inertia about the mejor axis Effective length ofthe member Appropriata effective slenderness ratio ofthe section Effective slandemess ratio of the section about the minor axisSIRKASERER ECS 3 Prue 2 q R, aan iRe22-2016 Effective slenderness ratio ofthe section about the major axis Actual span of girder Effective span of cantlover for overhang Length between points of zero mement (inflection) in the span End span of continuous girder Interior span of continuous girdor End span of continuous gitder adjacent to cantilever spanfoverhang Length of overhang or cantilever span Bending moment Reduced bending moment dua to effect of shear force Elastic crical moment corresponding to latoral torsional buckling Elastic moment capacily ofthe section Design plastic resistance ofthe flange alone for steal section PPastic moment capacity ofthe section Design bending strength Factored applied moments about the minor axis ofthe cross-section Factored applied moments about the major axis ofthe cross-section Modular ratio ‘Modular rato (long term) Modular rato short term) Number of stress cycles Design axial force Elastic buckling load Plastic resistance of encased steel column section or concrete filed rectangular or ‘square column section Shear stress at service load Flange stress reduction factor for hybrid section ‘Appropriate radius of gyration Radius of gyration about the minor axis Radius of gyration about the major axis Spacing ‘Spacing of shear connectors for longitudinal shear du to flexural force ‘Spacing of shear connectors due to bending moment Thickness of elementangle, time in minutes 7IRo22-2018 = NN OH RSS z, Thickness of flange of sel section Thicknass of plato Thickness of web of steel section, Facioted applied shear force Design shear strength Plastic shear resistance under pure shear Total load Distance from centrestne of edge girder to edge of slab Depth of elastic neutral axis of composite section from centroid of steel section Depth of neutral axis at limit state of flexure from top of concrete Elastic section modulus Plastic section medulus Plastic section modulus of concrete about its own centroid and about the neutral ‘axis of the composite section respectively Plastic section modulus of reinforcement about its own centroid and about the neutral axis ofthe composite section respectively Plastic section modulus of structural steel section about its own centroid and about the neutral axis of the composite section respectively Distance between point of application of the Ioad and shear centre of the cross: section Imperfection factor Strength coefficient of concrete Steal dstibuton ratio Stress reduction factor due to buckling under compression Stress reduction factory, at, Stress reduction factor fr lateral torsion bucking of a beam Unit weight of steet Patal safty factor for material (concrete) Patil safty factor for load Partial safety factor for material (structural steel) Partial safety factor against yield stress and buckling (structural steel) Partial safety factor agains ultimate stress (structural steel) Partial safety factor for fatigue load Partial safety factor for fatigue strength Partial safety factor against shear failure 8| IRo22-2018 Fe Pl ts etl aioe ai ee Th Ney Coeticents ‘Actual shear stress range forthe detail category 5 Fatigue shear stross range tw Design fatigue shear stress range Tw Highest shear stress range » Fatigue shear stress range at N,_ cycle forthe detall category 601 LIMIT STATE METHOD OF DESIGN 601.1 General ‘Normal elastic method is valid for analysis ofthe structure after considering load history, ‘Sequence of concrete casting and development of composite strength. In case of propped ‘onstruction, most of the initial dead load is resisted through girder-prop system and the main Gieder remains Lasivally ustressed at hat stage. In case ol un-propped construction the steel ‘irders alone has to carry the intial dead load and is consequently stressed. The necessary distinction has to be made in the analysis. In ultimate lim stats, however, this distinction 's not necessary while checking for flexural strength. For design of steel components and concrete deck, stipulations of IRC:24-2010, IRC:112-2011 and this code may be applied, 601.2 Limit States Structural safety has to be assessed for each of tho limit states as mentioned below: 601.21 Servioeabilty Limit Stato 's the state at which any ofthe folowing conditions occur i) Stress in structural steel has reached the prescribed limit, |i) Deflection reaches the prescribed limit li) Concrete crack width reaches the prescribed limitIRo22-2015 Iv) Slip at the interface between stoo! and concrete excseds permissible mits \) Vibration becomes excessive specially at overhanging foot ar cycle paths 601.22 Fetique Limit Siote Is the stale at which strass range due to application of live loads, reach prescribed limit, ‘corresponding to the number of load cycies and deta configuration. 601.23 Uiimate Limit State Is the state when under the worst combination of factored loads the structure or its components either reach design strength nd collapse or becomes unstable. Both stability and strength need to be checked under Ulimate Limit State, 601.3 Design Actions and their Combinations. For Load Combinations and Load factors IRC:6-2014 shall be referred to. 601.4 Material Strength & Partial Safety Factor for Material (,,) Paral safely factors for materials as mentioned below In Table 1 are to be used for assessment of strengt ‘Table 1 Material Safety Factors (,.) nen [Panta Safety Factor, | itmate Limit | Serviceabiy Li Schall opanet ved ee 110 10 rca Sel aganel Uta sues psa cma es Sie Reirtorepnen!(,) apsrs ld Sess 145 100 | sheer Connectors oat ld Sess a ale & Rie or Shop & Ste FacaionaganalVeu'Svess | 125 | 10 | Retr Shp ag a 700 Stef a 150 1.00 once For Bat and Slane Canbiatone 150 190 onze, For Acker Contato cia | eae ST Note: Pi fac ae rl nly Gen and, Ba 8, 602 MATERIAL “Tho Materials and their properties are given in Annexure, 603 DESIGN FOR ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE {A typical composite girder systam is as shown in Fig.3 below. The neutral axis may be in the conerete slab, or in top flange of stool section oF in the web of the steel sections. {Note reference to Annexure-t is given in Clause 603.3.1, where itis more appropriate}. 10Fig Typical Composite Girder 603.1 Goneral Distribution of moments and shears due to application of factored loads may be analyzed by elastic theory assuming concrete to be un-cracked and unreinforced, | Negative moments over nteral supports 28 excited above shouldbe checked agonal | section strength assuming steel gicler acing inteqrally with concrete (considering un-cracked | andun-reinforced) the flexural tensie stressin concrete thus calculated exceeds the tensile Strength of concrete, 4. 88 Given in Table 6.5 of IRC:112-2011 then, 1 1) @ new analysis neglecting concrete (but including reinforcements) over 15 | pporcent of span on either side of supports should be done to check the | strength, | il) provided adjacent. spans do not difer appreciably, positive maximum | ‘moments in the adjacent spans shouid be increased by 40 ff, percent for checking of strength without decreasing support moment (, = tensile stress | | uneracked concrete flange). This provision gives partial recognition to the pPhiosophy of plate design, Sottom flange of girder in negative moment zone should be adequately braced against lateral buckling, 603.1.1 Sectional Classification of Girder The section strength at ultimate limit state should be considered on their ability to resist focal bucking before ful plastic stwength is developed. In this respect the sections may be classified as Class ~ tor Plastic: Cross-sections which can develop plastic hinges and hhave the rotation capacity required for fallure of the structure by formation ofa plastic mechanism, Glass-2or Compact: Cross-sections which can develop plastic moment of e resistance but have inadequate plastic hinge rotation : capacity for formation of a plastic mechanism due to local buckling, "IRC:22-2015 Class -3.0r Semi-compact: Cross-sectionsinwhichtheextremefibersin compression | can reach yield stress, but cannot develop the plastic ‘moment of resistance due to local bucking Class—40or Slender: Cross-sections in which the elements buckle locally, even belore reaching yield stress. This code does not deal with these types of section, 6031.2 General Rules Yor Sectional Classification of Composite-Section 1. Acomposite section should be classified according to the least favourable ‘lass of steel elements in compression. The class of a composite section normally depends on the direction of the bending moment at that section 2. A.steel compression eloment restrained by ils connection to a reinforced conerete element may be placed in a more favourable class, afer ensuring its improved parformance due to the above connection. ® Plastic stress distrinution should be used for section classification except at the boundary between Class 2 and 3 where the elastic stress distribution ‘should be used taking into account sequence of construction and the effects ‘of eroop and shrinkage. | 4. For classification, design values of strength of materials should be taken. Conerete in tension should be neglected. The sess distribution should be established for the gross Crose-Section of the steel web and the effective flanges. Welded mesh should not be included in the effective section unless it has sufficient ductity to withstand fracture when embedded in concrete, 6. in global analysis fr slages of construction, aecaunt should be takon ofthe class of stool soction atthe particular stage considered. 603.1.3 Classification of Composite Section without Concrete Encasement 4. Astool compression ange which i restrained against buckling by effective atachment oa concrete fange by shear conneciors may be assumed to be in das 1 ithe spacing ofthe connecter is in accordance wih 608.9. 2. Other steel flanges and wets in compression in composite girders should be classied onthe basis of width to thickness ratios (width and thickness of individual elements shown in Fig.) and proneness to local bucking. ‘Accortingly sections afe categorized in trae groups as indicated in Table 2 @ ¥ cross-sections with webs in Ciass 3 and langesin Class 1 or2 maybe treated a6 an effective cross-section in Class 2 with an effective web in accordance 12lic ot ale "a at as be be ui ted 603.14 IRC22.2015 With Fig. 4. The proportion of the web in compression should be replaced by a part of 20e4, adjacent to the compression flange, with another part of 20.1, adjacent tothe plastic neutral axis ofthe effective cross-section, Compression Tension Plastic Neutral axis Neglect Fig, 4 EMfoctve Class 2 Wed Typos of Elorents 1 Intemal elements are elements attached along both longitudinal edges to ‘other elements or to longitudinal stifeners connected at sultable intervals to transverse stiffeners, €.9., web of section and flanges and web of box section, Outside elements or Outstands are elements attached slong only one of the longitudinal edges to an adjacent element, tho other edge being free to Alisplace out of plane e.g, lange overhang of an I-section, stem of section and legs of an angle section Tepered elements may be treated as fal elements having average thickness {8 defined in BIS publication, 1S:808-1989 (Reaffrmed 2004), ttle, “incian Standard Dimensions for lat rolled Steel Bean, Column, Channel and Angle sections, ‘The limiting width to thickness ratios of elemonts for diferent classifications of sections are sven in Table 2 based on end conditions of elements as shown in Fig, 5. l elas of eion Compression Element Ratio [Class 1 Cisss2 | Class 3 Paste | Compact | Seniconpoct ; e [ek tae | tose ie [Outstanding etement| Pole? < 7 cteampresion tinge] wtteasocin | wy | ate | ome 180 le Campenni | ge, | mae | a ea wy | mac | ase a meresson fange [Ail compression Net appeabie baa Table 2 Limiting Width to Thickness RatiosIRo22-2015 Near rion [| ta Heytenesae: | at, - web ofan poes [Ha eer onray Be Gees wievoe:| a, | 422 | Trae ace | at erosion a) Naeprate ee fa ore rma [| we ee ix conpreston dn ore ot | ee | use | 17 (th cia tet sate) a |e | toe | tare side ui a cee atm wth tml ot “si pore tuned ml corpesnan al] at | Netepcate tre emt sha sts ee a owatonangieg etm arden contacto foctwodaneergeronter femnecke eee est |) en [umendg ty of an ere waht bs \ereaea eetam ene area sem of Taco, te ect ton ote] py 7 : vince oy | ese | sae aa | [eer ttow uzm cre wand we] ay | age | a ask tinted omer | | roar tow we, vata weed = : | subjected to axial compression 7 REERAaI - Prete omar wich xr sonkconpactinds unto ben a nd becaoy je | © Chest tr snuruckng codec win 61592 2) tant» 7 Yn, iste wih fit ont ty ena ar Sa dort: ole spots ortaweer weep | Satooodg searcmate.tn be eloere semen, ithe Sepothewes bose sane | | Rtwouer: Roe Fag 3 Sector to 4 Darren ta onsen canbe nr ses. nchcasestie sein cst} buned nthe rude decor | Te orate oe dw | cemctoveege ethan (epee sl), _ sel evap eta et sgt) | dslgnconprestesrenrfonallein | “1Ro22-2016 a j I f 1 OL if 3 | | b 4 "s | Roi Reantand beg Rectum Calan | | Cohimes Cee Homer egg: ‘Sections | Itty 1 L | ol aaa | ‘ i aes j | aloe Doble Angles 1 | (back to back) ae i Fae I. oT ma teat > i ao a4 fea Sr r= oat ai t Compo! lems naman with ie SCS a Fig. Dimensions of Sections 603.2 Effective Width of Conerete Stab For strength calculation of composite gies, effective with b, of deck slab on ether side ofthe girder should satisty (Ref: Fig. 6a) 18IRe22-2015 34 “Therefore the total effective width bef (Ref: Fig. 6a) of deck slabs should be restricted to the limits as indicated balow in Eq. 32 and Eq, 33: 603.21 Effective Width of Simply Supported Girder 1. For inner beams by A+B, e. GS” a For equal spacing of the girders Le. 8, = B, = 33 where, L = Actual span of the girder L, =. The effective span taken as the distance between points of zero moments (L, = Lfor simply supported girders) 8 Equal Centre to centre distance of transverse spans of inner slabs (See Fig. 63). 2, For outer edge beams 34 Outer Girder Inmer girder Fig. 6a Etfecive Widths for Composite Beams 603.22 Effective Width for Continuous Girder ‘The effective widh for continuous gitder shal be calculated on the same ines as discussed in Clause 603.2.1 above. The effective span L, for span moment and support moment for 16ga IRO22-2015 continuous girders willbe as given istated by Fig b below o2sdr4) 9250.4) Tae ees i fiom | Lam | Loa Fi. 60 Valu ot for Convo Beam The efectve span for outer span is 0.8 timas the ata pan oat, on, ‘The effective span for innor spans is 0.7 times the actual span. . The effective span for intermediate supportis 0.25 times the sum of the width ofthe acjacent spans. = 0.25(L, +L,)0r0.25(L, +L) Roinforcements placed parallel to the span ofthe steel beam within the effective width of concrete siab at ne continuous support wil ony be effective in analyzing the hogging moment capacity of the composite girder at the continuous support 603.2.3 Effective Cross-Section for Strength Calculation ~ In calculating the strength of the cross section of the composite girders the following should be considered: For Positive moment- Concrete in effective width to be included but not the * reinforcoments, For Negative Moment- Concrete to be neglected but longitudinal reinforcement within effective width are tobe included. 603.3 Analysis of Structure 603.31 Elastic Analysis Design moments and shears may be calculated by normal elastic method. In case of Continuous structures with negative moments over supports adjustments may be necessary fas mentioned in Clause 603.1. Appropriate load combinations with corresponding load factors are to be used to find out the maximum values of moments and shears, Design strength for diferent sections is to be worked out on the basis oftheir capacty to ‘resist local buckling based on classification given in Clause 603.1. Design bending strength, under various stress conditions have been given in Annexure. The bending moments, siven in Annexure-t, are for full shear connection. Necessary correction due to partial shear Connectian shall be done as also indicated in Annexuro- The stability of the bridge as a whole against overtuming shall be ensured under utimate limit state as per provisions of IRC:6-2014. The bridge components shall also be safe against sliding under adverse condition ofthe applied characteristic loads, Following fector of safety shall be ensured: Factor of safety against Overturning 1.30 * Factor of safety against Siding = 1.25 wvIRe:22.2018 6033.2 Plastic Analysis Plastic analysis is not permitted to members subjected to impact loading requiring fracture assessment of fluctuating loading requiring fatique assessment. Thus, in bridges plastic analysis is not permitted 603.3.3 Design of sructure (bending moment) ‘Considering local bucking, sections are to be analyzed as plastic, compact or semi-compact as already mentioned with addlional consideration. 1. Load history and development in composite action are to be taken into consideration with appropriate values of modular ratio ‘m’ at each stage and siresses and deflections are to be the summation of values of successive stage. 2. Effective width of concrete may be as mentioned in Clause 603.2. ‘The bending moment and shear force distribution in a continuous bridge girder has to be determined by structural analysis £603.3.3.1 Design of structure (eect of lateral buckling on moment}: Lateral Buckling may govern the design under the fllowing conditions: 1. ‘At construction stage, in the top flange closer to mid span in both simply Supported and continuous girders. 2. At construction and service stage, inthe bottom Fange closer to support in continuous girders. ‘At the construction stage the effect of lateral torsional buckling on the bottom flange in a ‘continuous girder shall be taken care of by considering the girder as a cantilever upto the point of inflection from the support. After hardoning of concrete, the same lateral torsional Duskling need to be checked with revised point of inflection and changed stitness of section, ‘The Nexural strength corresponding to lateral buckling shall be determined as par Clause LS of Annexure Suitable horizontal bracings o members may be provided at the bottom flange to reduce effective lonath of compression flange near support. For girders which are provided with such bracings or members giving effective lateral restrain tothe camprassion flange at intervals along the span, the effective lateral restraint shall be capable of resisting a force equal to 25 percent the maximum force in the compression flange taken as divided equally between the numbers of points at which the restraint in bracing members occur 603.3.3.2 Design against vertical shear and its effect an plastic moment capacity ‘The factored design shear force, V, in @ beam due to external actions shall satisfy vsv, where, V, = design shear strength calculated as given below: 18IRO:22-2015 = Vite partial safely factor against shear failure (601.4) The vertical shear force is assumed to be resisted by the web ofthe steel section only unless the value for 8 contribution forthe reinforced concrete part ofthe beam has been established, The nominal shear strength, V, may be governed by plastic shear resistance or strength of the web as governed by shear buckling as discussed below Yeo 1 Plastic Shear Resistance The nominal plastic shear resistance under pure shear is given by Y=, where, Aho v= 35 where, ‘A fs the shear area, fis the yield strength of the web and partial safety factor 1.10, ‘Shear area may be calculated as below: - }) Forland Channel Section: Major Axis Bending: Hot Rolled = depth of section x wob thicknoss = ht, Welded = depth of web x web thickness = dt, Minor Axis Bending: Hot Rolled or Welded = 2 x lange width x flange thickness )) Rectangular Hollow Sections of Uniform Thickness: Loaded paralel to depth (d), A, = Ad (b + d) Loaded parallel to width (b), A= Ab (b+ d) where, A ‘Actual area of eross-section b (Overall breadth of tubular section, breadth of I section flanges d= Clear depth of the web between flanges i) Cireular Hollow Tubes of Uniform Thicknoss: A,= 2A/ (Where A= actual area of eross section) 2 Shear Buckling Resistance The nominal shear strength, V,, of webs with or without intermediate stiffeners as governed by buckling may be evaluated Using one of the following methods; 2) Simple Post-Critical Method - The simple post citical method, based fon the shear buckling strength can be used for webs of I-section girders, 19WEE EMRE eee eee ee eee ee SK = iRe22-2015 with or wihout intermediate transverse siflene, provide that the web has transverse sifoners at the supports. Tha nominal shear strength f given by: vey, wher, Vv, = shear force coresponding to web buckling Voz As hor, «= _ shear stress corresponding to web bucking, determined as flows: When’, <08 5, = {Ju 36 When 080.8¥, the Bending resistance Is reduced as the contribution of web to bending gets diminished. Therefore, reduced bending capacily is given as 1 where, Plastic or Compact Section M,—B(M,—Mg) S125, f, | Yo 343 euivyay plastic design moment ofthe whole section disregarding high shear force effect considering web bucking effects = factored applied shear force as governed by web yielding or web bucking 2V, = design shear strength as governed by web yielding or web bucking ‘M, = plastic design strength of the area of the cross section excluding the shear area, considering partial safay factor, 2, Semi-compact Section M,=Z,1, 314 where, Z, = elastic section modulus ofthe whole section 603.3.3.4 Design against longitudinal shear Design against longitudinal shear and strength of shear connector has to be done as in ‘Section 606.0. 603.4 Hybrid Sections Use of hybrid sections are permitted, with necessary adjustment (reduction) in permissible stfesses of the flange element in the cross section with higher yield stress by reduction factor 2, R, May be determinod using tho procedure as elaborated in Annexure. 604 DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY LIMIT 604.1 General [Normal elastic analysis is to be used for finding out design moments and stresses under various load combinations and load factors as mentioned in Clause 601.3. Concrete isto be assumed 2s unroinforced and uncracked 6041.1 Mothod of construction The stress and strain at serviceability limit state denend on the methort of canstnictin that Is, whether the steel beam Is propped or un-propped during construction, 1. Un-proppod construction : |nun-propped construction, the steel beam has to cary the construction load including shuttering, wet concrete and its own weight. However under limit state of colapse, the total oad including transient loads shall be resisted by the composite section 2. Propped construction : In propped construction both the dead and live load are resisted by the ‘composite section. When props are used, they should be keptin place until the in-sit concrete has attained a characteristic strength equal to approximately twice the stress to which the concrete may be subjected shorty after removal ‘of props. ‘This diference in the above two methods of construction does not, however, affect the uitimate limit load, 2“ ale tor fer be vat IRC-22.2015 604.2 Negative Moments Negative moments over intermediate supports are to be adjusted as mentioned in Clause 603.1, 604.3 Stresses and Deflection For calculating stresses and deflection, the value of modular ratio, m shall be taken as, m= 7+ 27.5 For shortter effector loading E, > 15.0 For permanent or long-term loads (K, where, = Modulus of elasticity for steel = 2.0 x 10° Nim? ‘ay = Modulus of elasticity of castin-sity concrete (Ref: Tablet of ‘Annoxute}) fo, = _chsaractetstc cube compressive strength of concrete in Nimm? The equivalent area of concrete slab at any stage, however shall be determined by dividing the effective width ofthe concrete slab by the modular ratio, where, = Modulus of elasticity of cast-in-situ concrete ati days (/< 28 days) Final stresses and deflection isto be worked out separately a each stage of load history with Felevant moduler ratios and section modulus as discussed above and then added together. 604.31 Liming Stresses for Serviceabilty Lining stresses for amerent stage ot construction are as indicated below: 4. Concrete: ‘The allowable compressive stress In concrete shall be as per Clause 12.2-4 of IRC=112-2011 2. Reinforcement Steel: The allowable tensile stress in steel reinforcement shall be 3s. per Clause 12.2.2 of IRC:112-2011 3. Structural Steel: The concept of equivalont stress shall ba adopted to determine the limiting stress permissible for stee! beam or gleder. Where bearing stress is combined with tensile or compressive stress, bending and shear strosses under the most unfavourable conditions of loading, the equivalent stress, /,, obtained from the folawing formula shall Not exceed 0.9, 23iRo:22-2015 Leith heh tie Eales and Te TiS toe En. 42 fo, and f,= equivalent compressive and tonsie stress in steel section clual compressive and tensile stress in steo section, f, = actual bearing stress in steel section {5 = actual shear stress in steel section ‘The value of permissible bending stresses /,, about each axis, to be used in the above formula shall be individually lesser than the Values of the maximum allowable stresses in bending about the corresponding avs. 604.3.2 Limit of Deflection and Camber Calculated defection of composite girder under ive load and impact shall not exceed 1/800 of span of the girdor |n any case under the worst combination of dead load, super-imposed dead load, lve load and impact effects, tho total deflection of the gitder shall not exceed 1/600 of span Necessary camber may be adopted as per clause 504.6 of IRC:24-20'0 to offsat tho effect ofall permanent loads to comply withthe above requirement, The deflection of cantilever arms atthe tip due to dead load, lve load and impact shall not ‘exceed 1/300 of the cantilever arm and the deflection due to lve load and impact only, shall not exceed 1/400 of the cantilever arm, Sidewalk live load may be neglected in calculating deflection When cross bracings or diaphragms of suficiont stfiness and strength are provided between beams in ensue tha lateral distribution of loads, the deflections may be caleviated coneidering all beams acting together. In such cases the gross moment of inertia of equivalent section ‘may be used for calculating the deflection ofthe composite bridge gircer system, 6044 Control of Cracking in Concrete Minimum reinforcements in terms of diameter and spacing required for crack control at top of concrete as per Clause 12.3.3 of IRC. 112-2011 is to be provided in composite girders, at the zone of negative moment, fo prevent cracking adversely afecting appearance and curabily ‘of structure. Crack width calculation as well as limiting crack width as given in Clause 12.3.4 and 12.3.2 respectively of RC:112-2011 may be followed subject to alscretion of engineers For contro of cracking without direct calculation, reference shall be made to the directions provided in Clause 12.3.6 of IRC:112-2011, 604.5 Temperature Effect For Temperature effect, Section 215 of IRC'6-2014 may be raferred to, 24IRC:22-2015 4 605 DESIGN FOR FATIGUE LIMIT 2 | 854 General Fatigue i tobe checked under fatigue vehicular tive load with Impact and wth the application cof appropriate load factor. Stresses ae tobe assessed by elastic theory and elastic properties ofthe section with no adjusiment for suppor! moments, Fr the purpose of design agains fatigue, different details (of members and connections) are classified under diferent fatigue ciass. The design stress range corresponding o various number of cycles, are given for each fatigue dlass. The requirements ofthis section shall be satisfied with, at each critical location subjocted to cyclic loading, considering relevant © | umber of cycles and magnitudes of stress range expected to be experienced during the life © 7 ofthe structure Definitions: ° Slress Range - Algebraic diference betwoon two extremes of stresses in a cycle of loading at a location, a Detail Category ~ Designation given to a particular detal fo indicate the S-N i ‘curves to be used in fatigue assessment. a Fatigue ~ Damage caused by repeated fluctuations of stress, leading to progressive cracking of a steel structural element. xt Fatigue Strength Stress range capacity fora category of detal, depending w "upon the numberof cycles itis required to withstand during a its dosign ite. S-NCuve - Curve, defining the relalonship betwoen the numbers of 7] sires cycies to fale (N,.) at a constant stress range a (8). during fatigue lnading 6n a specific detail catagery of| a a structure, 605.2 Fatigue Design The standard S-N Curves for each detail category are given forthe following conditions: a] '2) The details located in a redundant load path, wherein local failure at that e etal alone vil not lead to overall collanse of the structure, y b) The nominal stress history at the local point in the detail is estimated! evaluated by a conventional method without taking into account the local stress concentration effects due to the deta s ©) The load cycles are not highly irregular 4) The details are accessible for and subject to regular inspection ) The structure is exposed to only mildly corrosive environment as in normal ‘lmospheric condition and sultaby protected against corrosion (pit depth < 1 rm) 25a ae wee IRe22-2018 The structure is not subjected to temperature exceeding 150°C 9) The transverse filet or butt weld connects plates of thickness not greater than 25 mm. h) Holes in members and connections subjected to fatigue shall not be made ‘© Using punching n plates having thickness greater than 12 mm unless the holes are subsequently reamed fo remove material strain hardened during punching ‘© Using gas cutting unless the holes are reamed to remove the material in the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) ‘The values obtained from the standard $-N Curve shall be modified by @ capacity reduction factor, when plates greater than 25 mm in thickness are joined together by transverse filet or butt-Welding, whichis given by 1,5 Q5HY2 $1.0 where, {, = actual thickness in mm ofthe thicker plato boing Joined No thickness correction Is necessary when full penetration butt weld reinforcements are machined flush and proved free of defect through nondestructive testing, Determination of stress: Elasticanalysis of structure shall be done to obtain stress resultants {and any conventional stress analysis may be dona to determine the stress at the location. ‘The normal and shear stresses on a member shallbe done considering the effet of all design actions on the members. Stress concentration due to geometry of detail may be excluded. ‘The stress concentration, however, not characteristic ofthe detall shall be accounted for in the stress calculation, Low Fatigue: Fatigue assessment is not required for a member, connection or detail, if normal and shcara design atzess ranges /; satisfy the following codons f<2higg or ifthe actual number of stress cycles, N,)., salsfes Ng Sete (27 ta! J ver, va y= rl satel actor for song and lod, especialy | 1777S etal tg dress rengo frie deta Partial Safety Factor for Actions and ther effects (4): The pata safely factor for loads in the evaluation of stress range in fatigue design shall be taken a 1.0 Partial Safety Factor for Fatigue Strength (,.): The partial safety factor for strength is, influenced by consequences of fatigue damage and level of inspection capabilties. 28et IRO:22-2015 Based on consequences of fatigue fallue as defined below, the paral safely factor for fatigue strenath shall be as given in the Table 3, Failsafe structural componentidetal is the one where local failure of one ‘component due to fatigue crack does not result in the failure of the total structure due to availabilty of alternato load path (redundant system). Non-fallsafe structural componentidetall is the one where local failure of ‘one component leads rapidly to fellure of the tolal structure due to its non- redundant nature, Table 3 Partial Safety Factor for Fatigue Strength (jn) I inspection andiAccess ‘Consequence of Falls | [Fainsate | Non-Fainsate Period insbecon and maintenance, aceessbilyt deta is god 1.00 128 [Ponesic inspection ne maintenance, poor acess for dai 115 136 605.3 Fatigue Strength The fatigue strength for any standard dotalls as desenbedin Table B for normal or shear fatigue stress range nol corrected fo the effects as described in Clause 608.2 is givan below: wher, Detail For Normal Stross range ‘When Ngo <5 x 108 fy =SuNSH10° I Wi 54 When 5x10"sNgp< 10° f, = fgQ{Sal0°7N yo 52 For Shear Stress range, 53 +,~ dovign normal and shear fatigue strona range of the deta, respectively, for Ife cycle of N,, ‘het, = design normal and shear fatique strength respectively of the dotall for 5 x10° cycles as given in Table 4, 5 & 6. Table 4 Detail Category Classification Group -t; Non-Welded Detalls onsiructional Beta Deseiption| ROLLED AND EXTRUDED PRODUCTS 1) Plates and fais 2) Rolled sections Sharp edges, cufaco and roling flaws t| be romovod by gfnding inthe action aWEEE RRR K IRoz2-2018 —Gonstrutional Dotate stration (See Note) Description BOLTED CONNECTIONS 19) & (6): Stross range called on the loss cotton and on he net ston [Unsupported one-sided cover plate lconections sha be aokied or te ee ot tho sccentety Laken ito aocoun cali seats 'MATERIALWITHGAS-CUTORSHEARED [EDGES WITH NO DRAGLINES. (6) Al hardened mata and ae sons of edge dlscontnuties to be removed by machining or ind in the recon of] appled tess, [maTERIAL WITH MACHINE Gas.cuT | EDGES WirH ORAGLINES OR MANUAL GAS-CUT MATERIAL. (© Comers sna visbie sane of edge \Ssoontnuls fe Be romoved by ang {th aeein of he applod see, Constructional Details a or \cacnaaned WELDED PLATE LSECTION AND| BOX GIRDERS WITH CONTINUOUS, LONGITUDINAL WELDS. | 7) & (8) Zones of continuous automate Ibrotsial Mt or bat wes cattioe out| Irom bot sles and al welds not having repaid topstart pasions | [Note:The arrow incicats the locaton and direction ofthe stresses acting in the basic materia for ‘hich the sess range i o be calculated on a plane normal to the arto 28‘abl § (continued) Detail ‘Constructional Details iRC-22-2016 category station [See Note) Deception a = Sa | Sots | ay OS “al aS |WELDeD i lwetveo ALTE 1secTION _ANo! [Box “GIRDERS wind CONTINUOUS [Lowortuomat wetos | (6) & G0) Zones of consmous automo but welt rae om one ae oly wih continous backing bar and al weds ot Imag nrepneed op tart poston Jct) Zones of contruoue natural fet but wes cara, et tom both soa Su cofanng stp sia postens Far connacas manda bg ste at vols cried ot tom base, vo Dea |eateson s2 BOX GIRDERS WITH CONTINUOUS |Conerrupwat weLos (12) Zones of coninuous eatudina welds| {carascuttromone side ony wither wat Stp-stat postions | INTERMITTENT LONGITUDINAL WELDS | (19) Zones ofintarmitns ongtuinal wes INTERMITTENT LONGITUDINAL WELDS ]{t4). Zones. coniaing cope holes in longitinaly wold Tjats Cope helen tbe fle ith wai. eave ‘The arrow indicaies the location and direction of the sWesses acting inthe basic material for hich the stress range sto be calculated on a plane notmel to the ero. 2IRC:22-2015 Table 5 (continued) Detail ‘Gonstructional Detalis =a Ceategory ia) Description Note: The arrow indicates the location ‘TRANSVERSE BUTT WELDS (COMPLETE, PENETRATION) Weld ruff abs to be used, subsequenty | removed and ends of welse grand us [tne drecton of sess. Welds to te made | om two sis, (5) Taneverso spices in patos, fats ee] fofedsectons navn towel reinoroment [gourd Much to plat suriace. 100 pores NDT inepeccn and wed euraco tobe fe lof expoed pore nthe wold met (10) Plat girders waldad 28 (15) before assorby. (17) Transverse spices as (16) with educea ‘oe tapord transit wth oper“ TRANSVERSE BUTT WELDS (COMPLETE! |PENETRATION) | welds runt tae tobe used, eubsesuenty ‘removed ander of wel ground sh the aecion of sess. Weide ta be mace rom tw sos (18) Transverse spies of plates [sections or plate ars te (19) Transverse spice of roted sectons| Jor welded plate giers, without cope hole ra cope hoi vee Del Catagory 62.2) ert. (20) Transverse sploes ia lates or fas |eoin tapered in with orn ticiness where the taper ie :4 made fom wo sides PENETRATION) Wald ronart absto bo used, subsequent removed and ends of woe gcund sh the afecion of stese, Weise ta be made from to eos (21) Transverse splices a per (20) win i taper in ith n> buts1.25 a and direction ofthe stresses acting inthe basic material for which the stress range i o be calculated ona plane normal othe arrow. 30 ‘TRANSVERSE BUTT WELDS (COMPLETE! | | | | |[peta | category ‘able 5 (continued) iRo22.2015 ‘Constructional Det station (See Note) Description 2 | ~ ay pe A tary "TRANSVERSE BUTT WELDS (COMPLETE PENETRATION) (22) Transverse butwelded epioes mace! lov bacang br. The endo he it wad ot Ine backing stp shal etop eho by rete han 10 mm from the edges ofthe sreaved Pat 23) Transverse but weds as for (22) Win taper on wid or thetness £128, [TRANSVERSE BUTT WELDS (COMPLETE |PENETRATION) 24) Transverco butt welds a (22) where fet wold ond car than 10 mn to pate age, CRUGIFORM JOINTS WITH LOAD. CARRYING WELDS. 2) Fapeneraon vate wn rst fae NOT aps rt eee sos | [Rett sponse non uss] Drm obese rs to Rates letceae (25) Paria penetration or filet wei with (27) Paral penataton or fet wos with stress range ealeulaied on vos! area of (26) & (27) ae Taper <2 (Ofrman plate [OVERLAPPED WELDED JOINTS 28) File! welded lap jon, with welds and Jovetapning elements having. design Japacty greater than the main lle. tess ln the main pte fo be casted on ws of res shown the stato, ‘Note: The arrow indicates the location and direction ofthe stresses acting in the basic material for Which the stress range is o be calculated on a plane normal to the aro. 31Re:22-2018 Table 5 (continued) _stttey [rsa | | Rx | greater than the overlapping elements. 20) Fitet welded Ian ot, with main plate land overaping elements both having a eesion capt greater than he we'd [WELDED ATTACHEMENTS (WONAOAD IcaryING” WELDS) LONGMTUOINAL lwetps Jot) Longtusral tet welds. Class of estat vanes accoing to te feng ofthe (22) Gusset wold toe edge ot plate lorbeam fang. Smocth rene eu) formed by machiing or fame euting pus lgnaing. Case of dots vanes seoaaing to [WELDED ATTACHMENTS. \G3) Shear connectors on bese mate Idoluwe im bose mater. ‘TRANSVERSE WELDS a) Transverse lt wikis wit the end othe weld 210 mn tom the edge of the ae. |@5) Vortcal efonore welded to a bear lor pote gor fanga or wab by contnucus ‘or intommtent woe. in the ease of ede fearyng.“comtined bonding ad sheet lgcign actors. the fatigue senath hall [be detormined using the sss range ofthe prncialavecees, === 0) Diaphragrs obo giders waided tothe [range or wa by continous or intron wie 2 |tere'mm 66) “Note: The arrow indicates the location and direction ofthe stresses acting in the bask material for ‘hich the stess range isto be calculated ona plane norma othe aro, 21RC-22-2015 Table 5 (continued) a Daan ~~ eionat eie | eogony Bescon 3 |coven pLaves Iv BEAMS ANO PLATE |emoens 27 Ens aso se oc mute wld ovr psa win cr oct owed ea a Joon Fra vane ps wer Bo e fone anend was oral 2 nat} as ee 2 |wetos LOADED W SHEAR | < Jan tet wis vant show. Sos al + Jn tbe esd on wo trol = fi t |00) St wee sear consecrate ht wet laced neared shes i 06 | mpotecataatecon snore 9 aes 3 mel ae * CF Sead Ss GREASE GTS OR Sa conevueeral Dee Takatin ea Not) Sesrpon ws joLTs Ww sveaR (eae BOLTIG ieaTecon ony < [ores sees ange cats on a] |» i ior went et) i Mowe shear n he pe hua 2 a [ine sie pete ser | i ; [BOLTS AND THREADED RODS Wi) = | Sy apeap eet forthe tei steso cree A) = = Ket; adsl res uso ing ees = saat ei tan nse or ro : Ae ee Hee H eowctan gory I] i Now cone: win once bts % Ino ungo m no taco ho ba Fs oto ethan th appod fs, bt eto soponit one pemety [re omreston ts nc ely eed sx anyalonnca rigs b6 mae ctsag tho quired ibe foo ae @ so eomoetore to | Note: The aow indicts telecon and dren ofthe soses acing nie base material fr which the sttes range i to be calculated on a plane normal to the arow. 3wewwewweeweew 3] eS SS SS SS IRo-22.2015 Gesntet, Corksppring to | eT FATIGUE STRENGTH] Me 8 5% 10" ejles (Detail category fae NUMBER OF STRESS CYCLES (5) Fig, 7a SN Curve for Normal Stress 605.4 Fatigue Assessment ‘The design fatigue strength for N,. He cycles (,<,) Is given as 54 55 where, Yu, = correction factor (discussed in 605.2) partial safety factor against fatigue failure, given in Table 3, ‘normal and shear fatigue strength ranges for the actual life ey: obtained from Section 605.3 forthe deta Stress limitations: ‘The (absolute) maximum value of tho normal and shear stresses shall never exceed the elastic mit ,+,) forthe material under cyclic loading 41R0.22-2015 ‘The maximum sress ange shal not exceed 1.5 frnomal stresses ane 1.5 /9/f fre ‘shear stresses under any circumstance. * 100 500 200 0-H HT Pm jo See f Py 40 0 20 [UNCORRECTED FATIGUE STRENGTIN/) MP ip ese costae re “The actual normal and shear stress range fand + ata point of the structure subjected to N. ‘eyes in ie sal Sats f5he A PSty 5 Variable Stress range: Fatigue assessment at any point in a structure, wherein variable stress ranges f, oF x, fr, number of cycles (i= to 7) re encountered, shall satisfy the following; 1 FarNarma Sree) : San? Sista RTH RT * a oscar) i Yar s5x10°(y, t/t) @IRo22-2016 Where lower casey, isthe summation upper imit of all the normal stress ranges (/) having magnitude lesser than (Hf!) for that detail and the lower limit of al the normal stress ranges (f) having magnitude gréater than (yf 7.) for the deta In the above summation all normal stress ranges, f, and having magnitide less than 0.55 y,f, and 0.55 yr, may be disregarded 605.5 Exemption from Fatigue Assessments No fatigue assessment is required i the following conditions are satitied: 1. The highest normal stress range f,, satisfies Sonar 27 Sign 58 2. The highest shear stross range «satisfies F gra = 87 Ufng 58 3. The total number of actual stress cycles W.. satisfies 5.10 where, Jia, equivalent constant amplitude stress range in MPa given by En fet Smt = pe ee eee nSn L Jee f= Stt088 ranges faling above and below the J, the stress range corresponding to the detail at 5 x 10° number o fe cycies, 000 SHEAR CONNECTOR 606.1 Design of Shear Connectors 41. Shearconnection and transverse reinforcement shal be provided to transrnit the longitudinal shear force between the concrete and the structural steel ‘element, ignoring the effect of natural bond between the two, 2. Shear connectors may be either of mild steel or high tense ste! irrespective of the grade of steel used in the parent girder. Flexible shear connectors are preferred because oftheir betler performance. Channel, Angle and Tee shear connectors may be of mild steel, whereas, the shear studs may be madtof high tensile steal 3. Shear connector shail be generally designed for ful transfer of longitudinal shear. Shear connector strength and spacing are to be checked separately for all the limit states using appropriate factored load combinations and factored 36oe IRo:22-2016 strength. Allshear connectors should be capable of resisting uplift of slab from steel section, Channel and stud shear connectors provide adequate safety against uplit, Headed stud shear connectors may be assumed to provide sufficient resistance to uplift, unless the shear connection 1s subjected to direct tension, in which case they should be supplemented by anchoring vices. 4. For verification for ultimate limit states, the shear connectors provided in terms of size and shape may be Kept constant over any length where the design longitudinal shear por unit length does not exceed the design shear resistance by more than 10 percent. Over every such length, the total design longitudinal shear force should not exceed the total design shear 606.2 Longitudinal Shear ¢Lonotuinal shear oad on connectors of compost wocton, haar simply supported or continuous isto be caloulated for service and fatigue limit states on the basis of elastic theory using appropriate sectional properties based on effective widths and modular ratios as per the load history and davelapment of composite action. 606.3 Design Strength of Shear Connectors ‘Shear connectors are to be chacked for ultimate limit ane fatigue limit states. 608.3.1 Uttimate strength of shear connectors Design static strengths and fatigue strengths of flexible shear connectors mainly stud connectors and channel connectors can be determined by the folowing equations: Rg oes cone Th design resist. of rt haar connectors shal bees oven belo net eased ae osf.adzia, oDad Yh fe where, {sign strength of stud in newton (N) = partial safety factor for stud connector = 1.25 qd diametor of the shank of the stud in milimeters (mm) f, = ultimate tensile strength ofthe stud material < 500 Nimmé fouyy = Chatacterstc cylindrical compressive strength of concrete = 0.8 fok fh, = nominal height of stud in milimeters (mm) E,, = Secant modulus of elasticty of concrete (Refer: Table-IILt of Annexure) 37wee eee ee eee eee eee eee ee = IRC22.2015 ia Channel Connectors Assuming thatthe web of the channelis vertical wih the shear applied nominally perpendicular to the web, the design resistance of a channel coanector shall be datarmined as given botow: sm fan 02 wer 0, = dessa of hans in newn 0° nga he canatn intr) > mater cnntin its vs sing channel shear connectors the folowing recommendation need to be followed. 4. The height h of the channel should not exceed 20 times web thickness or 10 mm whichever i less. 2. The width bof the channel should not exceed 300 mm, 3, The underside of the top flange of the channel should not be less than 20 mm clear above the bottom reinforcement. 4. The leg length ofthe weld connecting the channel to the plate should nat cexcead haf the plate thickness. ‘The design strongthis of some standard shear connectors have been given in Table 7 for easy reference, Table 7 Ultimate Stale Strongths of Shoar Connectors (@, for Different Conerete Strengths) Type of Connector Connector Mater te Static Strength in kN) | 0 | | 2 s alee eal ‘8 elale|e eee zon | 20 | ant | 250 Notes: 1, isthe specified characteris cube strength at 28 days, 2. ‘Strengths for concrete of intermediate grade may be obtained by linea interpolation, 38IRo:22-2016 For channels of lengths diferent ftom those quoted above, the capacitive are proportional to the lonaths for lots greater than 160 mm Forralad angle and tee shear connactors, the values given for channel connectors are applicable provided the hoight isa least equal to that of he channel, For stud connectors of overal height greater than 100 mm the design sttis strength should be taken as the valves gen inte tale for 100 mm high connects The above provisions of Siud.Connsstors_ate-nol applicable to composie slab using_ profiled deck. Static strength of shear connector In such cases can be stablshed by experimental push-out tests, The number of shear connectors given by the above table shal be cistbuted in the zone between the maximum and the zero moment sections. The number of connectors required from faigue considera wil usualy exceec the requirement from flexural strength. However, if tho flexural requirement exceeds the rumber equtred fom ftigue point of view asmentionedin Clause 6064.2 addtional connectors should be provided to ensure thatthe imate strength of tho composi eecton is achieved In order to avoid undesirable sip. the maximum inertace shear per unt lenath due 'o superimposed dead load and lve load under service condlions at any got ia ‘he beam should be as specie in Clause 606.4.4 Fatigue Strength of Shear Connectors The fatigue shear stress range (fatigue Strength) of shear connector shall be obtained from Fig. 7b corresponding to the design load ie cycle, N, The strength shail be determined as given below: ty = ty f5H10°/ Nec 63 4. = design normal and shear fatigue stress range respectively of the dtal foc 50° cydles 88 gvon in Table 6. 4 = 67 Nimm?for stud connector (fers Table 5, Osta Category-67) 5. = 59.Nimm® for channel cannactar (Ref. Table 6, Detail Calngan-F) [provided that the thickness of tho top flange of steel girder is greater than or equal to 12 mm and the edge distance from the end of weld to the edge of the top ange is 10 mm.] ‘The nominal fatigue strengths of some standard shear connectors have bean indicated in “Type of Connectors | Connector Material N=Nos. of Cycles Table 8 Nominal Fatigue Strengths @, (in kN) Tew | sete [ano [nae ete erin feniea if oor a | «| |e 4) 3 | | te als parevoa) amie ary oo] 70 [60 | asIRC:22.2015 For intermediate stress cycles the values may be interpolated from log scales (Le. the above equation). Other connectors, if used, should have their capacities established through tests 606.4 Spacing and Design of Shear Connectors. 606.41 Uitimato Limit State (Strength Criteria) Calculated shear V, at interface corresponding to vertical shear is as given below: ak 64 where, Longitudinal shear per unit length The vertical shear forces due to dead load and live load (including impact) separately at each stato of load history. ‘A.) The transformed compressive area of concrete above the neutral axis ofthe composite section with appropriate modular ratio depending on the nature of ‘oad (whether shor term ie. live load, or long term Le. dead load) YC. distance of ransfomed concrete area from neutral axis 1 Moment of inertia ofthe composite section using appropriate modular ratio. 4l 1! Different load history condition, i, sustained load or composite action dead load, transient load or composite action ive load. These loads are to be considered with appropriate load factor at this stage. i Q's the Utimate static strength of one shear connector (Clause 606.3.1 ‘and Table 7) and the summation is over the number of shear studs at one section, 6064.1.1 For full shear connection ‘The maximum longitudinal forea due to bending moment is to be calculated over the shear span from zero moment to maximum moment section and is given by HEA fp 10%,, 65 1.036 f,.A108 66 where, 1, H,= Longitudinal Force due to bending (kN) Ag = Area of Tensile Steel (mn?) in longitudinal direction Effective area of concrete +b, (for neutral axis within the slab) = bye d, (for neutral axis in steel section) 40IRo-22-2016 The ultimate flexural strength of any composite construction is governed by either of the aforesaid equation. Therefore, the maximum possible compressive force in the composite beam will be governed by H, which is the smaller of H, and H, and sufiiont connectors should be provided to resist the longitudinal force H. Guay aces cmenr pene Do:, a 606.42 Sorviceabily Lint State (Limit State of Fatigue) CCalculatod longitudinal shear per unit length, V, at interface due to live load and impacts as given below: i= PEE] A Yen asx bo V_ Vertical Shear diference due to maximum and minimum shear envelop duo fo lve load and impact 1 islive load with impact ze. ‘Spacing of Shear connectors from fatig oration Is given as 8, = 2+ e cons (0, hfe Nariel Gee cheng ons hae cermecr hh leo be from Table 8, For Full shear connection the greatest of S,,, S,, and S, is to be provided as the actual spacing ofthe shear connectors. 606.5 Partial shear Connection When all cross-sections are in Class 1 of Class 2, partial shear connection may be use for aitors. The number of connectors shal then be deterrined by @ partial connection theo teking ito account the cetormation capacty of sheer connector. The bending resistance of the section undor partial shoar connection shal bo dotarmined as por Clause 14.2 of Annexuire=| Head stuss wth an overalength ater welding notless than 4 tests ameter and with shank dameternot less than “6 mm and nether greater than 25 mm, may be considered 8 ductie with folowing lis forthe degree of shear connection, which may be generaly Setines as, S.= nn, [Where, 5, s the Doge of shear connacton isthe number of shear connectors required for ull hear connection determined for ho length ofa beam under coneldoration and, i ‘the number of shear connectors provided within that same length] 1 For stoe! sections with equal flanges: L725 8,210 68 1-[BJor-ony sae 7 a1 Y 4 ( t | { IRo22-2015 2 608.6 For steel sections having a bottom flange with an area of three times the area of top flange with equal flanges: 220 9.21-[}8] ox0-o0r) 5.204 60 L>20 9,210 6.10 ‘Where L, overall span for a simply supported gitder and is the distance between the point of zero bending moment within one span ofa continuous girder. For stool soctions having a botiom flange with an area exoeeding the area of the top flange but less than three:imes that area, the limit for S, may be determined from expressions in (1) and (2) above by lineer interpolation. Detailing of Shear Connector Details as shown in following sketch (Fig. 8) ae to be folowed. ae | Manes Fig. 8a Dotals of St Connector oF hoop ar Fig. 8b Detals of Angle/Channel Connector Eg] selmi ator oat ght Fig. Be Longitudinal Section Fig, 8 Details of Connector on Stoel Girders ‘The diameter ofthe stud connector welded tothe lange plate shallnot exceed twice the plate 2IRo22-2015 thickness. The height ofthe stud connectors shall not be less than four times their diameter or 100 mm. The diameter of the head of tho stud shall not be ess then one and a half times the diameter ofthe stud. The leg length ofthe weld joining other types of connectors to the flange plate shall not exceed haif the thickness ofthe flange plate. Channel and angle connectors shall have at least 6 mm filet welds placed along the heel and toe ofthe channelsiangles. ‘The clear distance between the edge ofthe flange and the edge ofthe shear connectors shal not be less than 25 mm, 606.6.1 Precautions for separation of steel girder trom conorete ‘Toresist separation with the steel girder top flange of stud and channel shear connectors shal extend into the deck slab at least 40 mm above bottom transverse reinforcements and also a ‘minimum of 40 mm into the compression zone of concrete flange. Where a conerete haunch | used, between the steel lange and the soffit ofthe slab, top flange of the stud or channel shear connectors shall extend upto at least 40 mm above the transverse reinforcements in the haunches, provided the reinforcements are sufficient to transfer longitudinal shear. Where shear connectors are placed adjacent tothe longitudinal edge ofthe slab, transverse reinforcement provided in accordance with Clause 606.11 shall be fully anchored in the. ‘concrete between the edge ofthe siab and the adjacent row of connectors, 606.6.2 Overall height of connector ‘The overall height ofa connector including any hoop, which i an integral part of the connactor, shall be at least 100 mm with a clear cover of 25 mm, 606.7 Details of Haunchos The dimensions for haunches ifprovides between top of steel girder and soft of slab shall be as indicated in Fig. 9, the sides of haunches being locatod outside a line drawn at 45 degrees {rom the outside edge ofthe base ofthe connector, al Fi. 9 Dimension of Haunches 606.8 Cover o Shear Connectors The clear depth of concrete cover over the top of the shear connectors shall not be less than. 25 mm, The horizontal clear concrete cover to any shear connector shell nol be less than, £50 mm as shown in Fig.10. 4“iRo22-2015 Fig, 19 Cover to Connectors 606.9 Limiting Criteria for Spacing of Shear Connectors 1. Where a stoo! compression flange that would otherwise be in a lower class Is assumed to be in Class 1 or Class 2 because of restraint provided by shear ‘connectors, the centresto-cenire spacing ofthe shear connectors in the direction ofthe compression should satisfy the folowing’ a) Where the slab is in contact over the full longth (e.9. slid slab) $,5214, 25077, om b) Where the slab is not in contact over the full length (e.g. slab with ribs transverse to the beam) $,5 144, 35077, 612 where, {, tthe thickness of the flange fs the nominal yield strength of the lange Nim. S,_ isthe maximum spacing of the shear connector In adtion, the clear distance from the edge of the compression flange to the nearest line ‘of shear connectors should not be greater than 91, /250/ f, oF 60 mm which whichever is i less, 2. _Inall cases, shear connector shall be provided throughout the length of the beam and may be uniformly spaced between critical cross sections. The ‘maximum spacing of shear connectors in tho longitudinal direction shall be limited to 600 mm or three times the thickness of the concrete slab or four times the height of the connector (including any hoop which an intagral Part ofthe connector) whichever is least 3. Minimum spacing should be such, as to allow proper concrete flow and ‘compaction around the connectors and for stud connectors It should not be less than 75 mm. 606.10 Transverse Shear Check Shear connectors transfer longitudinal shear ftom slee! girder to slab concrete abutting ‘them, where from the same is transforred to the rest of the slab through transverse shear 44IRe22.2015 strength of slab as well as ransverse reinforcements provided. The strength and amount of ‘einforcement isto be checked by the follawing relations, ‘The shear foree transferred per meter length V, shall satisfy both the folowing concitions: v,coss20 7, 613 VS 0.282L fT +04 Ag Syn 6x4 ‘The amount of transverse steel in the bottom of the slab shall not be less than where V, is in KNim, "eos Fb Longitudinal shear force per unit length calculated for ultimate limit state (Characteristic strength of concrete in MPa Yield stress of transverse reinforcement in MPa Length (in mm) of possible shear plans envelop as indicated in Fig. 11 ‘Number of times each lower transverse reinforcing bars intersected by fa shear surface (\e. the number of rows of shear connector at one section ofthe beam). Generally for T-beam n= 2 and for L-beamn = 1 Sectional areas (in em*) of transverse reinforcements per metre run of beam 2s¥, Fig. 1 Typical Shear Ptanes 45oe ae IRoz2-2018 606.11 Transverse Reinforcements Planes, which are critical for longitudinal shear falur, inthe process of transfer of longitudinal ‘shear from the girder tothe siab, are of four main types, as shown in Fig.11. Ifthe concrete by tse insufficient to take the longitudinal shear, sufficient transverse reinforcements shall be provided to transfer longitudinal shear force from the girder to the effective width of the ‘lab. The area of transverse reinforcement aor unt length of beam will be the sum toal ofall the reinforcement (A A, or A. as shown in Fig. 12 a, b and e), which ae intersected by the Shear plane and are fully anchored on both the sides ofthe shear plane considered Fig. 12a.Non-Haunched Beam Hownch Bar) t Fig, 12c. Small Heunched Baan | Fig. 12 Transverse Reinforcement Across Shear Planes | 606.12 Total Transverse Reinforcements The {otal transverse reinforcements A, per unit length of beam in case of shear Plane 1-1 which crosses tho whole thickness of the slab will be the sum of (A, * A.) (See Fig, 12a). Area of reinforcements 4, and A, include those provided for flexure, The {otal transverse reinforcements across plane 2-2 (Fig, 12a) is A, = 2A, and that across plane 3-3 (Fig. 12b)is A, = 24, as these planes do not cross the full thickness of tho sib, In ase of shear plane 4-4 (Fig 42), the total ransvorse reinforcements &,= 2 (A, +A). 46‘The transverse reinforcements shall be placed at locations as show IRo22-2015 Fig. 43. The haunch inat_| bars shall be extended beyond the junction of bottom bars by a length equal o the anchorage = fe 4 vte | length. hall the — al © the Fig. 1 Kegs} 82 Stud Connector in Ur-Haunched Beam Fig 13b Channel Connector n Un-Hounched Beam Fig, 13¢ Stud Cennectorin Haunched Beam Fig, 134 Channel Connector in Haunched sor Beam Fig, 13 Arrangoment of Transverse reinforcements 607 COMPOSITE COLUMNS General ‘This Clause applies to columns and compression members with steel grade conforming to 18 2062 and normal weight concrote of strongth M25 to M90. ‘This Clause applies to isolated columns and compression members named structures where the other structural members are either composite or stee! members. ‘The steel contribution ratio & should ful the criteria: 0.2 $5 <0.9 where is defined in section 607.6. ‘The influence of lacal buckling of the stael section on the resistance of the ‘composite section as a whole shall be considered for design, The offects of local bucking may be neglected for a steel section fully encased in accordance with Section 607.2, and for other types. of cross-section provided the maximum width to thickness ratio given in Section 607.4 are not exceeded. Composite Columns can be of to types: 2) Encased where concrete encases the steel section [Fig. 14a] aIRo22.2015 | 5) _Infiled where concrete fs th holo tubular oF hollow box Section | (Fig, 145) 607.2 Construction Particular 41. In composite columns consisting of fuly encased stee! sections, concrete shall be adequately held by stoe! wires and stirups and with all round cover of atleast 40 mm or one-sixth ofthe breadth b ofthe flange, over steel section that should be unpainted but cleaned at abutting surface to ensure protection ‘against corrosion and spalling of concrete. Shear transfer between steel ‘concrete inerfaces is ensured basically through bond for which calculated shear stress at interface shall be kept limited in accordance wit) Table 13, ‘beyond which mechanical shear connectors are to be provided, 2, The cover to reinforcement should be in accordance with IRC: 112-2011 607.3 Members under Axial Compression ‘Standard composite sections used as columns are as shown below: bh ® Fig, 140 Concrete Filed Hollow Sections 607.31 Generel Design Philosophy 1. Design for structural stability shall consider second-order effects including residual stresses, geometrical imperfections, local instabiliy, cracking of ‘concrete, creep and shrinkage of cancrate and yielding of structural sical and of reinforcement 2. Second-order effects shall be considered in any direction in which failure ‘might occur, they affect the structural stability significantly, 481Ro22-2015 f 3. _ Internal forces should be determined by elasto-plastic analysis, Full composite acon between steel and conorete shall be considered up to failue. 5. Effects of cep and shrinkage shall be considered if thay ara likely to reduce the structural stability signficantl. For simplification, creep and shrinkage : effects may be ignored ifthe increase in the first-order bending moments due a to creep deformations and longitudinal force resulting from permanent loads i is not greater than 10 percent. 4 | 6073.2 Design Guidelines 4 1. For a fully encased stool section, see Fig. 14a, limils to the maximum thickness of concrete cover that may be used in calculation are 2, The longitudinal reinforcement that may be used in calculation should not ‘exceed 6 percent ofthe concrete area, 3. The ratio ofthe cross-section's depth fh to wicth b, see Fig, 14a, should be Within the fini, 607.4 Local Buckling of Stee! Section The equations for determining the plastic resistance of an encased steel section or conorete filed rectangularisquare or circular tubular section Pas discussed subsequently in the next Causes is valid provided that local bucking in the steel sections does not oocur. To prevent premature local buckling, the width fo thickness ratio of the steel sections in compression ‘must satisty the folowing limit: «4 caster corte sale asco bh +42 -s306 for concrete filed rectangular tubular sections b 4 for partially encased | sections wher, Fase vid sbengh oft scton nPa For fully encased steel sections, the above local bucking check is not required. However, the Concrete cover tothe flange ofa fully encasad steel section should nat be loss than 40 mim, 4 nor less than one-sixth of the breadth, 6, ofthe flange Design of concrete filed rectangular tubular sections whare Mtratios exceed thelocal buckling + J limits for semi-compact sections, should be verified by test. 49Sw ewe ee ee a 2 1R0:22-2015 607.5 Short Compression Members ‘Acompression members is termedas.a'short compression member when its non-dimensional slendemess ratio = 0.2 Non-dimensional slenderness ratio Zs given as where, P., isthe plastic resistance of the cross-section to compression and is given PEAS + OA, [080L)+A fy 7A where, fy yield strongth of stoo! section J, characteristic compressive strength (cube strength) ofthe conerete J, Yald strength ofthe reinforcing steel 4G, strength coefciont for concrete 0 for confined concrete in tubular sections 85 for fully or partially concrete encased steel sections with lateral ies 89 for fully or pataly encased concrete columns with spiral ies, Note: While providing spiral ties it must be ensured that the ratio ofthe. volume of helical reinforcement io the volume of the core is not less than 0.38(4/4,1Y,, (A, = Gross area of section; A,, = Area of cae ofthe helically reinforced column measured to the outor diameter of the helix) P.,is the elastic bucking load ofthe column (ED) p ‘Where (Ei), i the effective elastic flexural stifiess of the composite column. lis the elective lenath ofthe column, which may be conservatively taken as system length L for an isolated rnon-sway composite column. 07.5.1 Encased Steel Sections and Concrete filed Rectangulen/Square Tubular Sections The plastic resistance of an encased steel section or concrete filed rectangular or square section (i.e. a, the so-called “squash load") is given by PLAS 11+ 0,80. (08067, +A gif, where, J, Uj), and ac are as discussed eater. 07.5.2 Concrete Filed Circular Tubular Sections There is an increased resistance and cuctlity of concrete due to the confining effect of the Circular tubular section. However, this effectis significant only in stacky columns. Incomposite 50 A 72IRC22:2015 columns with @ non-dimensional slendemess of 2 < 0.5 (see Section 607.6 & 607-7) or where the eccentricity of the applied load does not exceed the value 10, (where d is the ‘outer dimension ofthe circular tubular section} this effect has to be considered ‘The plastic compression resistance of concrete fled circular tubular sections is calculated by sing two coefficients 9, and n, as given below. where, t isthe thickness ofthe crcular.tubuler section, and n, and 1 two coefficients which account for confinement effect and are given by fem we nytay +n ge Tho rosstance of a concrete fled cra tubular secton to compression may inreese by 15 pereent under aa oad ony when the ofc of al confinement s considered, Linear interpolations permited for vatious load eccenictis of «c/10. The baste vaies 1, and ry depend onthe non-dimensional slendemess J wich can be reed of fom Table ine eocentaty exceeds the value a1, oF ifthe non-dimensional slendemess exceeds tho value 05 hen 9, 9 and, = 1.0 Table 9 Basic Value. and, t Allow forthe Efecto Tira Confinement Ah 607.6 Effective Elastic Flexural Stiffness. 41. Short TermLoading: The effective elastic Nexural stifiness, (EN)e, is obtained by adding up the flexural stfires of the individual components ofthe cross- section: (€), 51,406 E,,1+ Ely 14 where, E,andE, are the modulus of elasticty of the steel section and the reinforcement respectively, 98 the secant modulus ofthe concrete 2. Long Term Loading: For slender columns the effect of long-term loading should be considered A > 0.2. Ifthe eccentricity eof loading is more than twice the cross-section dimension ‘D'or > 2D, the effect on the bending moment distribution caused by increased deflections due to creep 51iRoz2-2015 {and shrinkage of concrete willbe very small nd may be neglected, Moreover, effect of ong. term loading need not be considered if the non-dimensional stendermess, 2 (Ref: Section 607.6) of the composite column is less than the limiting values given in Table 10. Table 10 Limiting Values of Z for Long Term Loading [Braced Non-Sway Systems |Un-Braced andlor Sway System (Concrete encased cross-section [Concrete fled cross-section [Note: fis Af, z Ft When 7 exceeds the limits prescribed above and e/D <2, the effect of creep and shrinkage of concrete should be allowed for by adopting modulus of elasticity of concrete, instead of E_, where E, i delined as follows: 052] Be 75 E,=0766,, 768 where, the applied factored load P,,_ the part of the applied factored load permanently acting on the column, The effect of long-term loading may be ignored for concrete filed tubular sections with 2. 20 provided that Is greater than 06 for braced (nan-sway) columns, and 0.75 for Untraced (sway) columns. 607.7 _ Resistance of Member Subjected to Axial Compression ‘The isolated non-sway composite columns need nat be checked for buckling, anyone ofthe following conditions is satisfied: ‘8) The axial force in the column is less than 0.1 P,, where P,, Is the elastic buckling load ofthe column 'b) The non-dimensional slendomess 2 is less than 0.2. ‘To check the safety of @ compression member, check for buckling about each principal axis ‘of the composite section need to be done as below, PS 4p, Now, Ps the plastic resistance to compression as discussed in Clause 607.3,IRe:22.2015 Where, 18 Non-imensional slondemess ratio as discussed in Clause 607.6 Imperfection factor as given in Table 14 which allows for ifferent levels. of imperfections and residual stresses in columns corresponding to curves 2, band c The buckling curve to be adopted for design shall be selected according to type of section {and tho axis of bonding as given blow: Curve a for concrete filed tubular sections with reinforcement percentage less than 3 percent of gross cross section area Curve b forfully orpartialy concrete encased -sections bucking about the strong axis ofthe stgel sections (x-axis) and for concrete filed tubular sections with reinforcement percentage more than 3 percent of gross cross section area, Curve ¢ for fully and partsly concrete encased I-sections buckling about the weak axis of the steel sections (yy axis) Table 11 Imperfection Factor « forthe Buckling Curves Buckling Curve a I cimaea| Imperfection Factor 021 049 607.8 Combined Compression and Bending 1. When the bending moment in the section is zero (\.e. M= 0), the permissible ‘compression is as glvon in Section 607.5 and Section 607-7. (Ref: Point A In interaction curve shown in Fig. 15.) Fig 1 Interaction Curve for Compression end Uni-xial Bending Using the Simpiifed Mathoc 2, For zero compressive for in the section the plastic moment of resistance. ofthe cross section is given as (Ret Point Bin curve shown in Fig. 15)it i IRo22-2015 M,= lp Luly ly Lal fal + 8-082, -L, JX, 19 where, %,Z,, and Z, plastic section moduli of the stel section, reinforcement and Concrete about ther own centroids respectively ZZ, 804 Z,, Plastic section moduli ofthe steel section, reinforcement and concrete about neutral axis of gross cross section respectively Wile dotomining the plastc resistance of a seaion the folowing criteria shall be considered: ‘1. The influence of transverse’ shear foroes onthe resistance to bending and {axial foree should be considered when determining the intoracton cure the shear force V on the steel section exceeds 50 percent of the design shear resistance V, of the slo! the infuence af the trensverse shear on the resistance in combined bending and compression shouldbe taken Ini Account by a reduced design sleel strength (1 - 8) fy, In the shear area 4, fs detormined as per Section 603.3.33. Unless @ more accurate analysis is used, V may be dlatibuted into V, acting ‘onthe structurlstel an V,, acting onthe reinforced concrete section by where, M,,_ isthe plastic moment of resistance of steel section alone 'M, {the plastic moment of resistance of the entire composite section 6078.1 Sooond Order CHects on Berniny Mrnet ‘The second order effects on bending moments for isolated non-sway columns shall be Considered if both ofthe folowing conditions are satisfied e or 9 p> Where P is the design applied load, and P, is the elastic critical oad of the composite column, li) Elastic stenderness conforms to: 02 ‘Where 2 isthe non-dimensional slenderness of the composite column, |n case the above two conditions are met, the second order effeots may be allowed for by ‘modiying the maximum fist order bending moment (moment obtained inal)... with 54IRC22-2018 correction factor k, which is defined as follows: ‘ were, P_appled detgn oad and is tne elastics! lad forthe levantaxi endconespending oa maifed effective Rexural sitfess given by (wih the effective length taken es tne compost column engin equivalent moment factor glen Tale 12 Table 12 Imperection Factor afor the Bucking Curves omen itibton — een Fasor =) | Caneent Fister bendng nome for] & Ke macrum boda freer inpteton or hae sane core es [End Moments Morr are the end noms ftom fstorder or second: “ ter global analy 200482044 “erst ‘A simplified approach in considering the value of C, is as indicated below: C. = 0.86 for members whose ends aro restrained against rotation = 1.0 formembers whose ends are un-restrained against rotation 2h ,= 0.9(6,1,+05E,1,+ EL) 607.82 Resistance of Members Subjected fo Combined Compression and Uniaxial Bending Moment 1, The section shallbe checked for resistance under axial compression for both sand y-axes. 2. The resistance of the section shall then be checked for comibined axial ‘compression and uniaxial bending moment as described below. “The design against combined bending and axial compression is adequate when the folowing condition is satisfied Ms0.9 uM, Where ifs the dasign bending moment, which may be factored to allow for second order effects, if necessary, as described in Section 607.8.1(2) 55IRO-22.2015 am, inoment resistance rato fora composite column under combined compression and Uniaxial bending shal be evaluated as follows: when, 710 Mts a ot Laas (one ae here, X= Rilalresisianco rato duet conc Wnee, = O8af.4.h 44% Design ail eta rato =” = redtion factor du to clu bucking 6078.3 Resistance of Members Subjcled 0 Combined Compression and bkons Bending Moment 1. The secon shale checked for esistance under axa compression tor both and y anos 2 Tho resisiance of the section shall then Le checked for combined axial compression and biaxial bending moment es descrbod below The tree necessary conditions tobe satistied are ue 5 <0 ng cag nM, “My Fe toracion of the moments must also be checked using the folowing intrsction formula: Me, M, Mey Me cig BM Hy ae Foo oment resistance retos y, and u, for both the axes shal bo evaluated as given below: when 2, 22. 743 when Z, <2, 714 when 2, 2 2, 118 when 2, <7, 7.16 56IRC:22-2015 where, 1%, and 7, are the reduction factors for bucking in the x andy directions respectively, When the effect af geometric imperfections is not considered the moment resistance rato is evaluated as given below (x) rit ee when 1,77, 10 whom <2 607.9 Mechanical Shear Connection and Load Introduction Proper sharing of loads between steel section and concrete should be ensured at points of load introduction due to load and moment reactions coming from members connected to the ends ofthe column and also for loads applied anywhere within the length of the column, Considering the shear resistance al the interface between steel and concrete, \Where composite columns and comprossion members are subjected to significant transverse shear, for example by loca transverse loads and by end moments, provision shall be made for the transfer of the corresponding longitudinal shear stress atthe interface between steel ‘and concrete, For axially loaded columns and compression member, longitudinal shear outside the areas cof load introduction need not be considored. 607.91 Load Introduction Shear connectors should be provided at areas of load introduction and at areas with change in cross-section ifthe design shear strength + (Table 13) is oxceeded a the interface between steel and concrete, The shear foroes should be determined from the change of sectional forces of the stzel ar rainforced concrata sactinn within the introduction length Ifthe loads are introduced into the concrete eross-section only the values resulting from an olastic analysis considering creep and shrinkage should be taken into account. Otherwise, the forces atthe Interface should be determined by elastic theory or plastic theory, to determine the more In absence of a more accurate method, the introduction length should not exceed 2 or 1/3, \where isthe minimum transverse dimension ofthe column and Lis the column length. Table 13 Design Shear Strength (: Type of Cross-Section (Nine) STE EE Spt ete, sections ete REHINEN ‘Completoly conte encased saa sectons 030 Conca led ereular allow sections 085 (Concrete fies rectangulr holo sectons 040 Flanges of patil ancased sections oz | ote of parily ncaeed column 0.00 sriRo:22-2015 where, 1 Due to the action of creep and shrinkage, no shear connection Is required for composite Columns or compression members if the load application is by endplates where the ful Interface between steel and concrete is pormanently under compression. Otherwise the load -pplcation/ntrocuction should be verified as elaborated below: If the cross section is partially loaded as shown in Fig. 46A, the loads may be distributed with a ratio of 1:2.5 over the thickness 1, of the end plate. ‘The concrete stresses should then be limited in the area of effective load invoduction For conerete filed circular hollow section or square hollow section, under Partial loading as shown in Fig. 16B, for example by gusset platos or by stiffeners, the local design strength of concrete o, under the gusset or stifener resuting from the sectional forces of the conerete section shall be 08 [- Lh |e, ve ™G08K NA is the wall thickness of the steel tube; diameter ofthe tube or width of the square section; 's the cross sectional area ofthe concrete section of the column; 's the loaded area under the gusset plate (See Fig. 16) = 489 or circular stee! tubes and 3.5 for square sections 2, determined as t a A AL % fe te d “aT aSh/m Alc" : ay aie). Fig. 16 Partially Losded Circular Concrete filed Hollow Section 58IRC:22.2015 3. For concrete filed circular hollow section longitudinal reinforcements may be taken in to account while determining the resistance of the composite column, even i the reinforcement isnot directly connected to the end plat, provided that the gap e.g. (Fig 16A) between the end of reinforcement and the surface ofthe end plate does not exceed 30 mm. 607.9.1.1. Shoar connection When mechanical connection is introduced in the form of stud connectors to the web of a fully or partially concrete encased steel I-secion, account may be taken ofthe frictional forces that develop from the prevention of lateral expansion of the concrete by the adjacent steel flanges. This resistance is assumed to"be equal to 4.0, / 2 on each flange and each horizontal row of studs as shown in Fig. 16 and may be edded to the calculated resistance ‘ofthe shear connectors. 1 i the relevant coeficient of friction and be taken as 0.5 G, is the resistance of a single siud as per Section 606.3. The clear distance between the flanges should not exceed the values given in Fig. 17 to ‘ensure the development of the frictional forces between concrete and steel flanges, at a Fig. 17 Additonal Fictonal Fores in Composite Columns by use of Headed Studs 6079.2 Longitudinal Shear Outside the Area of Load introduction 1. Outside the area of load introduction, longitudinal shear at the interface bbetuween concrete andsteal shouldbe verifedwhere kis causedby transverse loads andior end moments. Shear connectors should be provided besed on the distioution ofthe design value of longitudinal sheer, where this excoeds the design shear strength x, In absence of @ more accurate method. elastic ‘analysis, considering long-term effects and cracking of concrete, may be sed fo determine the longitudinal shear atthe interface. Provided that the ‘surface ofthe steel section in contact with the concrete is unpainted and free from ol, grease and loose scale or rust, the values given in Table 13 may be ‘assumed for s. The value of x given in Table 13 for fully concrete encased steel sections appli to sections with a minimum concrete cover of 0 rm, For greater concrete cover and adequate reinforcement, highor Velues of = may be used, Uniess verified by tests, for completely encased sections the increased value 8. « may be used, with 8, given by 59IRo:22-2015 7.18 +0026, 1am ieee where, isthe wall thickness ofthe ste! tube; diemeter ofthe tube or width ofthe square section Ais tho e058 sectional area ofthe conrete section ofthe column: 4A, 1s the loaded area under the gusset pate (See Fig. 16) 1, = 49{orcicular steel tubes and 35 fr squere sections 2, Unless otherwise verified, for partially encased |-sections with transverse shear due to bending about the weak axis caused by lateral loading or end ‘moments, shear connectors should always be provided, I the resistance of the structural steel section alone against transverse shear is not sufficient to take care ofthe total transverse shear on the composite section, then the required transverse reinforcement forthe shear force V,, according to 607.8 ‘should be welded to the web of the stool section or should pass through the eb of the steel section 607.10 Shear Check The factored shear force in the compression members should be less than the design shear strength of the member, which is, the sum total of the shear resistance given by the concrete section alongwith stool reinforcements as per IRC:112-2011 and the shear resistance given by the steel section as per Clause 6033.32. The shear force shall be distributed between the steel section and the concrete section in accordance with Section 607.9. 608 FILLER BEAM DECKS FOR BRIDGES Filler beam decks ehall bo ued with its own restrictions as far ws yeumnutical dimensions, spacing of steel gider, section classifications and detaling, 608.1 Specific Requirements The basic requirements for satisfactory application and adoption of filer beam decks ere as indicated below. 1. Spans may be both simply supported and continuous and shear connectors are not required 2. The structural steel sections may be both rolled and wekdad section and should be constant throughout the entre length ofthe section 3. Decks with longitudinal filer beams should comply the folowing conditions: 8) The stee! beams shal be straight in horizontal projection, 'b) The skew angle of tho supports shall not be greater than 300, ©) The nominal depth h (Ret: Fig. LS of Annexure-t) ofthe steel beams shall be minimum 250 mm and maximum 1100 mm, 604) 5) 6 7 1 IR¢:22.2015 4) _ The spacing of webs ofthe steel beam shall nt exceed the lesser of {3 + 600] mm or 750 mm, isthe nominal depth ofthe steel bean 2) Tho concrete cover ¢, above the steel beam shall satisly the folowing three condivons, 270mm 6<150mm oshf ) The soft ofthe lower fanye of the stee! beam shall not be encased. 9) A bottom layer of transverse reinforcements shall be provided which will pass though the webs ofthe stoe! and shall be anchored beyond the end steel beam upto the edge of concrete and shouldbe high bond bars. The minimum diameter of these reinforcement bars shall be 16 mm with a maximum spacing of 800 mm. hh) The concrete in the filer boam docks shall be normal-weight concrete, The clear cistance between the upper flangos of the steel beams should not be less than 150 mm to alow proper pouring of concrete, ‘The minimum concrete cover forthe Ranges ofthe stool beam at the side of the deck shall be 80 mm, ‘The surface of the slee! beam shall be de-scaled, The exposed surfaces of he lower lange ofthe steel beams shale protected against corrosion 6082 Global Analysis Clause 603.1 shallbe applicable for analysis of girders, both simply supported ‘and oontinunis. Under serviceabiity limit states, deflection shall be calculsted as per Clause 604.3 using equivalent eection under cracked condition, |n case of non-uniform application of loadin the transverse direction of the filer beam deck, after concrete hardening: the analysis shall take into account the diference between the deflections between acjacent filer beams. However, if it is venfied that sufficient accuracy is obtained by a simplified analysis considering one rig cross section, the same can be done based 1 the designer's discretion, # he influence of shrinkage in concrete may be ignored, {In fongitudinal bending, the effect of sip between steel beams and concrete ‘may be ignored. In transverse bending, the presonce of steel beams shall be ignored. The influence of shear lag may be ignored 6IRo22-2018 8 The contribution of formwork supported from the bottom flange of steel beams, which becomes a part of the permanent construction as shown in Fig. 15 of Annexuresl shal be ignored. 608.3 Section Classifications The steel outstand flange of a composite section should be classified as shown in Table 3 below Table 14 Classification of Stool Flange of Filler Beams Stress Dsinbuton (Compression Posie) time entsee 2 Rolled or Welded [erste 3 o/te 196 ‘Aweb in Class 3 which is encased in concrete may be represented by an effective web of the ‘same cross-section in Class 2. 608.4 Bending Moments ‘The permissible longitudinal bending moment or the bending strength ofa filer beam has been given in Clause 1.6 of Annexure-I, Check for construction stage bending moment must be verified. The calculations shall be done and checked as per IRC:24-2010. 608.5 Vertical Shear ‘The resistance to vertical shear ofa filer beam girder shall conservatively be taken as the resistance of the structural ste! saction alone and shall be as per procedure laid down in Clause 603.3.3.2. However, the contribution from the reinforced concrete part between ‘adjacent filer beams may be taken into account if is determined and veriied as per Section 10 of IRC:112-2011, 608.6 Minimum Reinforcement ‘The minimum roinforcements in the concrete section shall be as per guidaline given in IRO112.2011,| | iRo22.2018 609 PRECAST SLAB ON STEEL BEAMS ‘The use of precast slab, both fulldepth and partial depth is allowed for composite construction 2 one ofthe components af Compasite gitders 609.1 Full Depth Pro-cast Slab Fulldepth precast conerete deck panels may be used for new bridge construction as well 2 for replacement of deteriorated, concrete docks on existing bridges. This systor typically Consists of precast concrete panels, placed adjacent to one another on bridge girders. The 'ypical requirements for these types of girders are as given below: 1. Panels shal either span the fll width ofthe bridge deck or shall bein panels that span between the girders. Minimum thickness of slab shall be 200 mm, 2, The panels shall be connected to the girders using shear pocket connectors, \Which consist of mechanical connectors such as shear studs encapsulated in ‘grouted pockets. These connections cause the panels to develop composite action withthe girders, 609.2 Partial Depth Pre-cast Stab Partial-depth precast concrete deck panels are generally thin RCCiprestressed concrete Panels that span between girders and also serve as stay-in-place forme for the castin-place ‘concrete deck. The typical geometrical and parameters which governs the use of these ‘panels as composite unit forthe girder system aro as given below: 1. Minimum thickness ofthe precast panels shall be 75 mm, 2. Dimensions of the pre-cast panels shall be chosen from consideration of ‘easy handing, ease of liting by cranes and far catering to the construction 4oads including load of wet concrete, 3. Partial dopth pancle must be capable of developing suffciont composite «ction with the cast-in-situ concrete tobe an effective bridge deck system 4. Toensure full bond between the castin-situ concrete and precast panel, t is recommended that the top surface ofthe panel is intentionally roughaned before the placement of the castinsitu concrete, In addition, the surface must also be cleaned by removing the laitance or ether contaminates on the surface 5. As a composite deck system, the castin-situ concrete and the parla depth panels together create the total thickness of the slab, withthe panel's teinforcing stool_serving.as the positive moment reinforcement in the lransverse direction ofthe bridge. 5. After the pre-cast panels are in placa, the top layers of reinforcing steal shall be placed, and the castin-situ concrete shall be placed on top of the panels, 61RC:22.2015 603.3 Gonoral Design Principle 1. The pro-cast slab together with any insitu concrete (fr partial depth slab) should be designed as continuous in both the longitudinal and the transverse direction, The ints between slabs shouldbe designed to transmit membrane forces as wall as bending moment and shear forces. 2. Effective width of pre-cast slab shall be calculated as per clause 603.2 3. The design principles of composite gitders involving either full depth oF partial depth precast slabs are similar fo standard composite decks using ‘cast-in situ reinforced concrete. The stress diagram as shown in Figs. L412 ‘and 1.3 is applicable for positive bending moment and Fig. I¢ is applicable for hogging moment at support under ultimate limit states as indicated in Annexure 4. Vertical shear check shall be done as per Clause 603.3.3.2, For serviceabilty limit states, quidetines given in Section 604 and 606 shall be followed, 602.4 Joints Between Stee! Beam and Pre-cast Concrete Slab 1, Where pre-cast slabs are supported on steel boams without bedding the influence of the vertical tolerances of the bearing surfaces shall be considered. 2, The shear transfer between steel flange and precast concrete though ‘mechanical shear connector shall be designed as per Section 606 with the following precautions: 2) shear connectors Welded tothe stee! beam projact into the racassos Within the slabs or joints between siabs, which are filed with concrete i after erection, the detaling and the properties ofthe concrete shall be ‘such thet it ean bo eset property I 'b) The minimum infil around the shear connectors should be at least fl 25mm Wi JK} If shear connectors are arranged in groups, sufficient reinforcement should be provided near each group to prevent premature local falure i in ether the pre-cast or the in-situ concrete. 14) Special provision for protection against corrosion shall be adoptod, wherein, the stool flange undor pre-cast slabs without bedding should have the same corrosion protection as the rest ofthe steel work but i" far a top coating provided after erection. Bedding with the purpose of protesting against corrosion may be designed to be non ioad bearing 609.5 Joints Between pre-cast Members ‘The ctcal sections of members close to joints should be designed to resist the worst combination of shear, axial force and bending caused by the ultimate vertical and horizontal 649 2 IRo22-2016 forces. When the design ofthe precast members is based on the assumption that the joint ‘between them is not capable of transmiting bending moment (see Clause 609.4), suitable precautions should be taken to ensure that any crack dovolops, i will not excessively reduce the member's resistance to shear or axial force and will not lose any aesthetic value ‘Where a space is left between two or more pre-cast units, tobe filed later with in-situ concrete or sometimes mortar, the space should be large enough for easy placement and adequate ‘compaction ofthe filing material, which should fl the gap complotaly, 608.6 Structural Connection at Joints When designing and detain the connections across joints between pre-cast members the overall stabilly ofthe structure, including is stablity curing construction, shal be considered. ‘Atypical Joint connection is as shown in Fig. 18 below: ~ Caseinsit Concrete LL Precast sts L] \— eu Block Fig. 18 Typical Joint Connection for Patil Depth Precast Slab 609.61 Design Method Connections should, where possiba, be designed in accordance with the generally accepted ‘methods applicable to reinforced concrete, or structural ste 609.6.2 General Considerations in Design Detalis ‘n additional to ultimate strength requirements the folowing should be considered: 1. Protection:~ Connections should be designed so that the standard of protection against weather and corrosion required for the rest ofthe structure 's sufficiently maintained, Appearance: Where connections are to be exposed, they should be designed to achieve and maintain the quality of appearance required for the rest ofthe structure 3. Manufacture Assembly and Erection:- Methods of manufacture and \n should be considered during design, and the fllowing points should be given particular attention, a) Where projecting bars or sections are required, they should be kept to.a minimum and made as simple as possible. The lengths of such projections should be not more than necessary, 65iRo:22-2015 ) Fixing devices should be located in concrete sections of adequate strength ©) The practicabilly of both casting and assembly should be considered. 2) Most connections requite the intraduction of suitable jointing materia SSuticent space should be allowed in the design for such material to ensure thal the proper filing of th joint is applicable. 609.63 Factors Affecting Design Details ‘The strength and sifness of any connection can be signifcanty affected by workmanship on Site. The fllowing points should be considered where appropriat: 1. Sequence of forming the jaint. 2. Critical dimensions allowing for tolerances, e.g, minimum permissible bearing, 3. Critical details, e.g. accurate location required for a paricular reinforcing bar ‘Method of correcting possile lack offi inthe join, Details of temporary propping and time when it may be removed. Description of general stability of the structure with details of any necessary temporary bracing 7. How far the uncomplated structure may proceed in relation to the completed and matured section, 609.64 Reinforcement Continuity at Joint Where continuity of reinforcement is required through the connection, the jointing method Used should be such that the assumptions made in analyzing the structure andcritical sections are realized. The standard methods applicable for achieving continuity of reinforcements are lapping and but welding of bare 610 CONSTRUCTION & ERECTION 610.1 Fabrication and inspection Procedure for Steel Section Fabrication and inspection provisions of Section 513 of IRC:24-2010 should apply for steel section For propped construction care is to be taken to ensure that props do not yield otherwise ‘adequate provisions has tobe kept in design analysis. In the analysis prop slablity has to be ‘assures through adequate bracings and proper arrangements 610.2 Quality Control for Reinforced Concrete Construction Section 18 of IR:112-2011 should apply to material, quality contol and workmanship for reinforced concrete portion of composite girders. Clause 18.2 or IRC:112-2011 shall be 66IRO22-2016 ‘ferred to for specifications of reinforcements and Clause 18.4 shall be refered for material ingredients of concrete which include, cement, aggregates and water. Mixed proportions of concrete shall be done as por Clause 18.5 of IRC:112-2011 610.3 Transportation, Handling and Erection of Steel Section For transportation, handling and erection of steel svucture Section 514, of IRC:24-2010 shall be raferred to, 611 TESTING METHOD Testing of materials shall be done as per standard laid down norms. For testing of concrete reference shall be made to Clause 18.5.4 & 186 of IRC:112-2011, For testing of steel ‘sections and accessories lke bots, nuts, washers, welding consumables ote, Clause 513.6 of IRC:24.2010 shall be referred. For testing of strength, flexibility and other relevant properties Of shear connectors proper test procedures as indicated in Clause 611.1 shall be adopted. Gt1.1 Testing of Stud Shear Connectors The nominal static strength of @ shear connector may be determined by push-out tests ‘The conditions and procedures which shall be followed while performing the tests are as Indicated below: 41. The dimensions of the standard test piece are as shown in Fig. 19 2. While preparing the test-piace, the bond atthe steol-concrete interface should be prevented by greasing the flanges or by any other suitable method. 3, The thickness of stab and detaling of reinforcement should be elther as given in Fig, 18 or as in the actual beams for which the test is designed, 4, The rate of application of load should be uniform and such thatthe failure load is reached in not less than 10 minutes. 5. Thestrength ofthe concrote atte time of testing should not ifr from the. ‘specified cube strength f, of the conorete by more than + 20 percent 6, Not less than three tests shall be done and the nominal static strength P., shall be taken as the lowest value of f,.P for any of the tests, where P 's the failure loads of the connectors at concrete strength / and f, is the characteristic cube strength ofthe concrete. erIRo22.2018, Mie i I Fig, 19 Standard Push Test 612 FIRE RESISTANCE Bridges being opon structures are not generally vulnerable to failure under fro, since the temperature does not go upto the level which may cause damage to the matonale Ales being an open structure, the fire can be extinguished easily and quickly Fire ests on sini ‘pen structures lke parking lois where composite constuctn has been adopted hes stony thatthe structure does not undergo any material damage due to reasons ndoated above Homever, bridges shall be protected ftom possible accidental fie caused by hacarde Me lighting of stoves, lamps beneath 2 superstructure due to possiblo onoroachments by oa, i Sle food stals or familie ving under the bridges. These can be achieved by cordoning the entire area undemeath the bridges either by fencing or wth proper landacaping and hi gardening which wil further improve the aesthetes of the area iv Fire designs at specaized locations, such s proximity to olinsalatonso pipelines caying inflammable materials et. shall be done based on recommendations given in specaioed li loratures, Also adequate provisions may bemade as faras possible or fre ighing equinmment hy to access al parts of te bridge. In case of accidental occurrence of fire in bridges t ould bbe mandatory forthe authorities to have the bridge inspected by compotont expats in ender it to ascertain the health ofthe structure before I can be declare safe for ease yi In addition to the above, locations in a bridge system which may be prone to accidental ccurrence of fire as discussed earlier shal be adequately provided with basic fre protecion ‘methods as per specialist literature. 613 MAINTENANCE For periods inspection and maintenance ofa bridge, procedures and guidelines pximariy |nid down in IRC:35 may be followed along with various other stipulations mentioned in IRC:24-2010 and IRC:112-2011 681RO:22-2015 ANNEXURE-1 (Clause 603.3.1; Clause 608; Clause 609) MOMENT OF RESISTANCES 11 Moment of Resistance of Composite Section with Plastic or Compact Structural Stool Section (Positive Moments) 144 Bending Moment with Full Shear Interaction ‘The design plastic moment of resistance of a section willdopend on the postion of the neutral axis. Table I gives the various positive and negative bending moments of composite section depending upon the location of the neutral axis as shown in Figs. L4, 1.2 and 1.3, For hhybrid sections appropriate yield strength shall be considered for caloulaton af the plastic moments, = Al ae Fig. 11 Siress Disbutin in a Composte Beam wth Noutal Axis within Concrete Slab roe Fig. 2 Stross Distribution in a Composite Seam with Neutral Axi within Flange of Stee! Beam 69IRC:22-2016 034 [en r a a © | peu asso © » ” Fig. |.3 Stess Distribution in @ Composite Beam with Nouiral Ads win the Web ofthe Stee! Bear Table 11 Positive Moment Capacity of Composite Section with full Shear Interaction ‘Case | Position of Plastic Neutral Value of, Moment Capacity, ‘al 1 |ynnin ee (gt) Pre | o=4nea 054-152), Mf sh fF -) 2 |Ptacio nauval ave in sto ane Fig. 12) 204} 3 [Pat Neural acs io web a \rigL3) acd + 2ad,

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