5 Symmetrical Components

5.1 Symmetrical components and its requirement

 Power system analysis for unbalanced conditions must be carried out on 3- basis.
 Also, most faults in power system are asymmetrical. To analyze an asymmetrical fault an
unbalanced 3- circuit needs to be solved. The direct solution of such a circuit is very
difficult.
 A more convenient method of analyzing unbalanced operations is through symmetrical
components.
 In symmetrical component method 3- unbalance voltages or currents are transformed
into 3 sets of balanced voltages or currents components.
Va1 Va1 Va0 Vb0 Vc0

Vc1 Vb1 Vb2 Vc2

 Positive sequence components
A positive sequence components are the set of three symmetrical voltages or currents i.e.
all numerically equal and displaced from each other by 120° having same phase sequence
to that of original set and denoted by Va1 , Vb1, and Vc1 .
 Negative sequence components
A negative sequence components are the set of three symmetrical voltages or currents
i.e. all numerically equal and displaced from each other by 120° having opposite phase
sequence to that of original set and denoted by Va2 , Vb2, and Vc2.
 Zero sequence components
A zero sequence components are the set of three symmetrical voltages or currents i.e. all
numerically equal and displaced from each other by 0° having same phase sequence to
that of original set and denoted by Va0 , Vb0, and Vc0 .
EXPRESSIONS OF PHASE QUANTITIES INTO SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS
 A set of balanced voltage or current is characterized by equal magnitude and in phase
difference of 120°.
Va1 Va2 Va0
Vb1   Va1
2
Vb2  Va2 Vb0  Va0
Vc 1  Va1 Vc 2   Va2
2
Vc 0  Va0
 Where, α is complex number operator. It can be defined as
  e j120  1120 .
 Some common identities of α operator

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  1120 1    1  1120  3  30
  1240  
2 
1    1  1120  160
 2   1120  

1   2  1  1240  3  30
 3  1360  1 1   2  1  1240  1  60
 4  1480  1120    2    1180
1     2  1  1120  1240  0  2    3270
 A set of three unbalanced voltages or current can be always expressed as the sum of
positive, negative and zero sequence components.
Va  Va1  Va2  Va0 Ia  Ia1  Ia 2  Ia 0
Vb  Vb1  Vb2  Vb0 I b  I b1  I b 2  I b 0
Vc  Vc 1  Vc 2  Vc 0 Ic  Ic 1  Ic 2  Ic 0
 A set of three unbalanced voltages or current can be always expressed in terms of V a1 , Va2
and Va0 .
Va  Va1  Va2  Va0 Ia  Ia1  Ia 2  I a 0
Vb   Va1  Va2  Va0
2
I b   2 I a1   I a 2  I a 0
Vc  Va1   2Va2  Va0 I c   I a1   2 I a 2  I a 0

Va   1 1 1 Va1   I a   1 1 1  I a 1 
V    2  1 V   I    2  1  I 
 b    a2   b    a2 
Vc     2 1 Va0   Ic     2 1  Ia0 

VP  AVS I P  AI S
 Also, a set of symmetrical components can be expresses in terms of unbalanced voltage
and current.
VS  A1VP I S  A1 I P

Va1  1   2  Va   I a1  1   2   Ia 
V   1 1  2   V   I   1 1  2    I 
 a2  3   b  a2  3   b
Va0  1 1 1  Vc   Ia0  1 1 1   Ic 

1 1
Va1 
3
 Va  Vb   2Vc  Ia1 
3
 Ia   I b   2 Ic 

1 1
Va2  Va   2Vb  Vc  Ia 2   Ia   2 I b   Ic 
3 3
1 1
Va0  Va  Vb  Vc  Ia 0   Ia  I b  Ic 
3 3
 Where,

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Va 
VP  Vb   Original phase voltage vector
Vc 

 Ia 
IP   Ib   Original phase current vector
 Ic 

Va1 
VS  Va2   Symmetrical component voltage vector
Va0 

 I a1 
IS   Ia2   Symmetrical component current vector
 Ia0 

 1 1 1 1   2 
1 
A   2  1  A1  1  2  
3
   2 1 1 1 1 
5.2 3- Power in terms of symmetrical components
 As complex power in 3- network can be represented by
S P  Va Ia  Vb Ib  Vc Ic

 Ia 
 
 Va Vb Vc   Ib 
 Ic 

 VP   I P 
T 

  AVS   AI S 
T 

 VS   AT A  I S 
T 

 Where,
1  2    1 1 1 1 0 0
 2
A A  1       1  3 0 1 0
T  2 
1 1 1   2  1 0 0 1

5.3 Sequence networks of star (Y) and delta () connected impedance load
 For a balanced star (Y) connected load, each phase impedance and neutral impedance is
denoted by ZY, and Zn respectively.
 Line to ground voltages are defined as mentioned below.

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5 Symmetrical Components

Va  ZY Ia  Z n  Ia  Ib  Ic   Va   ZY  Z n  Ia  Z n Ib  Z n Ic
Vb  ZY Ib  Z n  Ia  Ib  Ic   Vb  Z n Ia   ZY  Z n  Ib  Z nIc
Vc  ZY Ic  Z n  Ia  Ib  Ic   Vc  Z n Ia  Z n Ib   ZY  Z n  Ic

Va   ZY  Z n Zn Z n   Ia 
V    Z ZY  Z n Z n   Ib 
 b  n

Vc   Z n Zn ZY  Z n   Ic 
VP  Z P IP
AVS  Z P  AIS 
VS   A1 Z P A  IS
VS  Z S IS
 The impedance matrix ZS is called the sequence impedance matrix.
Z S  A1 Z P A

1   2   ZY  Z n Zn Z n   1 1 1
1 
 1  2    Z n ZY  Z n Z n   2  1
3
1 1 1   Z n Zn ZY  Z n     2 1

 ZY 0 0 
  0 ZY 0 
 0 0 ZY  3Z n 
 Sequence impedance matrix ZS for the balanced star (Y) connected load is a diagonal
matrix.
VS  Z S IS
V1   ZY 0 0   I1 
V    0 ZY 0   I2 
 2 
V0   0 0 ZY  3Z n   I0 
V1  ZY I1  Z1 I1
V2  ZY I2  Z2I2
V0   ZY  3Z n  I0  Z 0 I0
Where,
Z1  Positive sequence impedance
Z2  Negative sequence impedance
Z0  Zero sequence impedance
Note
o Neutral impedance does not appear in positive and negative sequence networks
i.e. positive and negative sequence currents do not flow in neutral.

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5 Symmetrical Components

o When the neutral of the star (Y) connected load has no return path i.e. neutral
impedance Zn is infinite and the term 3Zn in zero sequence network becomes open
circuit. Under the condition of an open neutral, no zero sequence current flows.
o When the neutral of the star (Y) connected load is solidly grounded with a zero
ohm conductor i.e. neutral impedance Zn is zero and the term 3Zn in zero sequence
network becomes short circuit. Under the condition of a solidly grounded neutral,
Ia0 zero sequence current flows.
Ia Reference Bus
A
V1
I1
Z1
ZY

Reference Bus
IN ZN
V2
I2
Z2

ZY
ZY
Reference Bus
Ib
B
Ic V0
C I0
Z0

Ia Reference Bus
A
V1
I1
Z1
ZY

Reference Bus
IN ZN=0
V2
I2
Z2

ZY
ZY
Reference Bus
Ib
B
Ic V0
C I0
Z0

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Ia Reference Bus
A
V1
I1
Z1
ZY

Reference Bus
ZN=
V2
I2
Z2

ZY
ZY
Reference Bus
Ib
B
Ic V0
C I0
Z0

 The sequence networks of the equivalent star (Y) connected load corresponding to delta
() connected load can be drawn by replacing equivalent star (Y) connected impedance,
ZY=Z/3 and Zn=∞ i.e. no neutral connection is available in delta () connected load,
VS  Z S IS

 Z 
 0 0 
V1   3   I1 
V    0 Z
 2  0   I2 
3 
V0     I0 
0 Z
0  3 
 3 

Z
V1  I1  Z1 I1
3

Z
V2  I2  Z 2 I2
3

Z 
V0     3  I0  Z0 I0
 3 
Where ,
Z1  Positive sequence impedance
Z2  Negative sequence impedance
Z0  Zero sequence impedance

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5 Symmetrical Components

Ia Reference Bus
A
V1
I1
Z1
Z/3

Reference Bus

V2
I2
Z2

Z/3 Z/3
Reference Bus
Ib
B
Ic V0
C I0
Z0

 The sequence networks of delta () connected load are as viewed from its terminals. The
currents Ia1 , and Ia2 and Ia0 are the sequence components of the line currents feeding the
delta () connected load.
5.4 Sequence networks of transmission line
 For a transmission line, each phase self-impedance and mutual impedance is denoted by
Xs and Xm respectively i.e. resistance of transmission line neglected.
 The voltage drops across the line can be defined as mentioned below.
Va  Va'  jX s Ia  jX m Ib  jX m Ic
Vb  Vb'  jX m Ia  jX s Ib  jX m Ic
Vc  Vc'  jX m Ia  jX m Ib  jX s Ic
Va  Va'   Xs Xm X m   Ia 
 ' 
Vb  Vb   j  X m Xs X m   Ib 
Vc  Vc'   X m Xm X s   Ic 
VP  VP'  Z P I P
A VS  VS'   Z P  AI S 
VS  VS'   A1 Z P A  I S
VS  VS'  Z S I S
 The impedance matrix ZS is called the sequence impedance matrix.

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5 Symmetrical Components

Z S  A1 Z P A

1   2   X s Xm X m   1 1 1
j 
 1  2    X m Xs X m   2  1
3
1 1 1   X m Xm X s     2 1

 X s  Xm 0 0 
 j  0 X s  Xm 0 

 0 0 X s  2X m 
 Sequence impedance matrix ZS for transmission line is a diagonal matrix.
VS  VS'  Z S IS
V1  V1'   X s  Xm 0 0   I1 
 '
V2  V2   j  0 X s  Xm 0  I 
 2
V0  V0'   0 0 X s  2X m   I0 
V1  j  X s  X m  I1  Z1I1
V2  j  X s  X m  I2  Z 2I2
V0  j  X s  2X m  I0  Z 0 I0
Where ,
Z1  Positive sequence impedance
Z2  Negative sequence impedance
Z0  Zero sequence impedance

Reference Bus

V1
Ia jXs Z1
I1

jXs jXm
Ib Reference Bus

Va jXm Va V2
jXs jXm Z2
Ic I2
Vb Vb

Vc Vc Reference Bus
In
V0
I0
Z0

Note
o For fully transposed line positive and negative sequence impedance are equal

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5 Symmetrical Components

o Zero sequence impedance is much larger than the positive or negative sequence
impedance i.e. approximately 2.5 times
o Sequence network equations are in decoupled from i.e. no mutual sequence
inductances
5.5 Sequence networks of transformer
 Positive sequence impedance and negative sequence impedance of transformer is equals
to the leakage impedance i.e. leakage impedance of transformer does not change with the
alteration of phase sequence.
 Zero sequence impedance depends upon the connection of transformer on both side i.e.
star and delta.
V1  Z leakage I1  Z1I1
V2  Z leakage I2  Z2I2
V0   Z leakage  3Z n  I0  Z 0 I0
Where,
Z1  Positive sequence impedance
Z2  Negative sequence impedance
Z 0  Zero sequence impedance
Note
o Magnetizing current is neglected i.e. primary winding carries only current
corresponding to secondary winding.
o Zero sequence current only flows in start connected phase if the star point is
grounded.
o No zero sequence current flows in the line of delta connected phase i.e. no return
path is available.

Reference Bus

HV Z1 LV

Reference Bus

HV Z2 LV
HV LV

Reference Bus

HV Z0 LV

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5 Symmetrical Components

Reference Bus

HV Z1 LV

Reference Bus

HV Z2 LV

HV LV
Reference Bus

HV Z0 LV

Reference Bus

HV Z1 LV

Reference Bus

HV Z2 LV

HV LV
Reference Bus

HV Z0 LV

Reference Bus

HV Z1 LV

Reference Bus

HV Z2 LV

HV LV
Reference Bus

HV Z0 LV

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5 Symmetrical Components

Reference Bus

HV Z1 LV

Reference Bus

HV Z2 LV

HV LV
Reference Bus

HV Z0 LV

Reference Bus

HV Z1 LV

Reference Bus

HV Z2 LV

HV LV
Reference Bus

HV Z0 LV

5.6 Phase shift in transformers

 Positive and negative sequence components of voltages and currents experience a phase
shift in star-delta transformer depending upon the polarity of both winding.
 For example, a star – delta transformer with given terminal marking is excited with
positive sequence voltage and a positive sequence current is flowing.
 In this case, there is a phase shift of ±30° between voltage of HV side and LV side
depending on phase sequence.
VAB1  xVab130
Where, x  Phase transformation ratio
 A positive sequence line voltage on star side leads the positive sequence voltage of delta
side by 30° and positive sequence line voltage on delta side leads the positive sequence
voltage of star side by 30° for phase shift reverse at delta side.
 Similarly for example, a star – delta transformer with given terminal marking is excited
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5 Symmetrical Components

with negative sequence voltage and a negative sequence current is flowing. The phase
shift is reverse compared to positive sequence case.
5.7 Sequence networks of synchronous machine
 Synchronous machine is designed with symmetrical winding, hence it induces only
positive sequence emf.
 When synchronous machine is supplied with positive sequence current, armature field
produced by this current rotates at synchronous speed in the direction of rotor i.e. no
relative speed been rotor and armature flux.
 In this case synchronous machine offers only direct axis reactance whose value varies
from sub transient reactance to transient reactance to steady state reactance based on
short circuit transient progress in time.
 As Synchronous machine is designed with symmetrical winding, hence it does not induce
any negative sequence emf.
 When synchronous machine is supplied with negative sequence current, armature field
produced by this current rotates at synchronous speed in opposite direction of rotor i.e.
rotates at double synchronous speed relative to rotor.
 In this case synchronous machine offers direct axis and quadrature axis reactance.
 As Synchronous machine is designed with symmetrical winding, hence it does not induce
any zero sequence emf.
 When synchronous machine is supplied with zero sequence current, armature field
produced by this current produces three mmf that are in time phase but distributed 120°
in space.
 In this case synchronous machine offers only leakage reactance i.e. resultant air gap field
caused by zero sequence current is zero.
V1  Z1 I1
V2  Z2I2
V0   Z0 I0
Where,
Z1  Positive sequence impedance
 jX d" I1  if 1cycle transient 
 jX d' I1  if 3 - 4 cycle transient 
 jX d I1  if 3 - 4 cycle transient 
Z2  Negative sequence impedance
X d"  X q"
=j
2
Z0  Zero sequence impedance
=Z0 g  3Z n

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Ia Reference Bus
A
V1
Eg
I1
Z1
E1

Zg Reference Bus

V2
IN ZN I2
Z2

Reference Bus
Zg
Zg
V0
I0
Z0
Eg Eg
Ib
B

Ic
C

Note
o Impedance Zn does not appear in positive sequence and negative network
components of current hence I n = 0.
o Reference bus for positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence
network is at neutral potential.
o No current flows from ground to neutral, as neutral is at ground potential.

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