Ele144 PDF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


١٤٤
‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
  
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

?    ?  ?   ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

 K٤٨W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
-١-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 
EKKKKK ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬
-٢-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 W‫א‬ ١-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ ٢-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٣-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫ א‬E١
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-٤-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W ‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
 K‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫ א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٥٠FE٢٥ ٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٤-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٥-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Ampere, A)K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK(Volt, V)
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١J ٢F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١J ٢F
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Direct Current ( D.C.) )‫א‬‫א‬ ١-٢-٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،( ƒ = ٠ Hz)‫א‬
 KE٢J ٢F‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬KE٢J ٢F
-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٣J ٢F‫א‬KEJ F‫א‬EHF‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬KE٣J ٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٢F‫א‬
K(Battery)‫♦ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W(Electrical Generator)‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KW(D.C power supply)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬KE٤J ٢F
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 W(Alternating Current)‫א‬‫ א‬٢-٢-٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KK  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ٢٢٠١١٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
(Sine wave)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،E٥J ٢F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٢F

‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٦J ٢F
‫א‬(Frequency, ƒ)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬KK(Hertz, Hz)‫א‬(Cycle/second)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.(Periodic time, T)

 K‫א‬‫א‬،E٧J ٢F
 T‫א‬‫א‬ƒ‫א‬
 
 KE٨J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   

 K‫א‬‫א‬،E٨J ٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
WEMaximum or Peak value, ( Vp , Ip)F‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 KE٩J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٢F
‫א‬(Peak-to-peak voltage (Vp-p))‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Vp-p = ٢ Vp
W( instantaneous value, ( ν(t), ί(t) ))‫א‬‫ א‬J 


 KE١٠J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬KE١٠J ٢F‫א‬
-١١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ί(t) = Ip sinθ , ν(t) = Vp sinθ
 K(radians)‫א‬‫א‬θ

W(Average value, ( Vav , Iav ))‫א‬‫ א‬J 


 E١١J ٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،E١١J ٢F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Iave = ٠٫٦٣٧ Ip , Vave = ٠٫٦٣٧Vp
W(Effective value (Vrms, Irms))‫א‬‫ א‬J 


 E١٢J ٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،E١٢J ٢F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   

‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
 ٢٢٠١١٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W ٣-٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٣J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K،E١٣J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٢
Vp =
T=
ƒ=
Vp =
T=
ƒ=
Vp =
T=
ƒ=
Vp =
T=
ƒ=
-١٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
Vp =
T=
ƒ=
Vp =
T=
ƒ=
Vp =
T=
ƒ=
Vp =
T=
ƒ=
-١٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٢

-١٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
E١٣F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
KE١٣F‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
 W‫א‬‫ א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

- ١٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K١
،١١٠٢٢٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،١١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٢٠

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E٢٣F‫א‬K٦٠‫א‬١١٠ J 

 
 KE٢٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬٣٣‫א‬K٦٠٢٢٠‫א‬ J 

 
 KE٣٣F‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K٢
E٤٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

 KE٤٣F‫א‬
- ١٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
E٥٣F‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
KE٥٣F‫א‬
WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬E٦٣F‫א‬K  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،E٦٣F‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫ א‬K٥
E٧٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

 ٧٣‫א‬
- ١٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   

 W‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
KE٨٣F‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٨٣F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 K‫א‬E١٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
EF
 EF
 EF
EF


EF
- ٢٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
EF
EF
 

‫ﻣﺤﻮل ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KE١٣F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  
 KE٩J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KE٩٣F‫א‬
- ٢١ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٠٣F‫א‬‫א‬

 E١٠٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١١٣F

KE١١٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٢٣F

 KE١٢٣F‫א‬

- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
K‫א‬ J ٦
- ٢٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 WH‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٤
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
EF

 E١J ٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E١٤F‫א‬
- ٢٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٤F‫א‬‫א‬

KE٢٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٣٤F‫א‬

E٣٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،N‫א‬
 KE٥٤F‫א‬‫א‬N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   

E٥٤F‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٤F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
١ ‫א‬
١ ‫א‬
٢ ‫א‬
١ E F
١٣{٥ ‫א‬
١٣{٥ 
٢٠ 
٢٢{٥ 
 ٣٠ x٤ ‫א‬
 ٢١{٥ 
 ٢١{٥ 
H ٢١{٥ 

 E٢٤F‫א‬
- ٢٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 W‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٤
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬

KE٦٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،٤٢ ١‫א‬EF،‫א‬
 KE٦٤F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٤F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
EF
 KE٣٤F‫א‬

- ٢٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KE٧٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨٤F

E٨٤F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤ ٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬L١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ ٢‫א‬
 KE٩٤F‫א‬‫א‬N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
- ٢٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   

KE٩٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬٢‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE١٠٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KE١٠٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬٤‫א‬،١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ٤‫א‬
 KE١١٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

E١١J ٤F‫א‬
- ٢٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬٤‫א‬،١‫א‬
‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٤‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٢٤F‫א‬‫א‬

KE١٢٤F‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤٤F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
٢ ‫א‬
٢ ‫א‬
١ E F
١٣{٥ ‫א‬
١٣{٥ 
٢٠ 
٢٢{٥ 
 ٣٠ x٤ ‫א‬
 ٢١{٥ 
 ٢١{٥ 
H ٢١{٥ 
- ٣٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 W‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬
 EKKKKK‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 KE١٣٤F‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE١٣٤F

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥٤F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
EF
 KE٥٤F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٤٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣١ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   

 KE١٤٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٥٤F‫א‬‫א‬

 KE١٥٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤ ٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ١‫א‬‫א‬L١‫א‬‫א‬
٤٢‫א‬‫א‬٤٢‫א‬‫א‬١٣‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٦٤F‫א‬‫א‬N‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   

KE١٦٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
}‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K{E٢٠٤F،E١٩٤F،E١٨٤F،E١٧٤F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٧٤F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٨٤F

 K‫א‬‫א‬،E١٩٤F
- ٣٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٠٤F

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٤‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢ ‫א‬
 ١  
٢ ‫א‬
١ EF
١٣{٥ ‫א‬
١٣{٥ 
٢٠ 
٢٢{٥ 
 ٣٠x٤  ‫א‬
 ٢١{٥ 
 ٢١{٥ 
H ٢١{٥ 
 E٦٤F‫א‬
- ٣٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 WEC.BF‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
      ، ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ،
 KE٢١٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KE٢١٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٢٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢٢٤F‫א‬
- ٣٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣٤F‫א‬

KE٢٣٤F‫א‬
- ٣٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢٤٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬


KE٢٤٤F‫א‬
- ٣٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 W٨‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٥J ٤F‫א‬
KE٢٥٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٦٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

KE٢٦٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬
 KE٢٧٤F‫א‬‫א‬

KE٢٧٤F‫א‬
- ٣٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 W J ٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٨

KE٢٨٤F‫א‬
 KE٢٩٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢٩٤F
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ F       ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K١٢٣

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٠٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KE٣٠٤F
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧٤F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

 
 
 KE٧٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣١٤F

KE٣١٤F‫א‬
- ٤٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٢٤F‫א‬‫א‬
KE٣٢٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٣٤F‫א‬
KE٣٣٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
KE٣٤٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤١ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   

KE٣٤٤F
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨٤F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢ ‫א‬
١  ٢٢٠ ٨ V
٢ ‫א‬
١  ٨V
 ١  ٨V
١٣{٥ ‫א‬
١٣{٥ 
٢٠ 
٢٢{٥ 
 ٣٠x٤  ‫א‬
 ٢١{٥ 
 ٢١{٥ 
H ٢١{٥ 
 KE٨٤F
- ٤٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ٦J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬،L‫א‬  ‫א‬K ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ K١
 KE٣٥٤F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K

KE٣٥٤F‫א‬
KE٣٦٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K


KE٣٦٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬K
- ٤٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 W‫א‬ K٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
٢ A٠{٥ A‫א‬١٢٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٧٤F‫א‬‫א‬

KE٣٧٤F‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٩٤F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬

 KE٩٤F‫א‬

- ٤٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٨٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KE٣٨٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٩٤F‫א‬‫א‬

KE٣٩٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤٠٤F‫א‬
KE٢٩٤F‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٤‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥ ‫א‬
١  ٢٢٠ ٨ V
٢ ‫א‬
 ١  ٨V
١٣{٥ ‫א‬
١٣{٥ 
٢٠ 
٢٢{٥ 
 ٣٠x٤  ‫א‬
 ٢١{٥ 
 ٢١{٥ 
H ٢١{٥ 
 KE١٠٤F‫א‬

- ٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٥
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬W(Ammeter)‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬W(Voltmeter)‫א‬
K‫א‬W(Ohmmeter)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K(Multimeter)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K(Oscilloscope)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
K‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
-٤٧-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   

 W(Multimeter)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٥
،‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K(Digital Multimeter (DMM))
 ‫א‬‫א‬(Analog Multimeter)
 ‫א‬
J ٥F‫א‬،(Analog Multimeter)‫א‬‫א‬EF،E١J ٥F‫א‬
 K(Digital Multimeter (DMM))‫א‬‫א‬EF،E١

 K‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬EFKE١J ٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬EFKE٢J ٥F
-٤٨-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   

 W(Multimeter)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ١J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
(mA) ‫א‬(A)‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٣J ٥F
‫א‬، ‫א‬  ‫א‬EF‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٤٩-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   

W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(V)، ‫א‬ 
 KK‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬KE٤J ٥F
W‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(OHMS) ، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥J ٥F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬KE٥J ٥F
-٥٠-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ١J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(Digital Multimeter (DMM))
 ‫א‬‫א‬(Analog Multimeter)
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WEAnalog MultimeterF‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J ٢J ١ J ٥
E٦J ٥F‫א‬K  ‫א‬
 K(Galvanometer)١٩١٠

 ،E٦J ٥F

W‫א‬‫א‬
،(dc)‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،(ac) ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
-٥١-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   

K‫א‬‫א‬KE٧J ٥F
–H
 ‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬،(D.C volt) J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬،(A.C volt) J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬،(D.C mA) J ٣
K‫א‬،(OHMS) J ٤
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(D.C volt)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 (٠٫٣V, ٣V, ١٢V, ٦٠V, ٣٠٠V, ٦٠٠V)‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-٥٢-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   

‫א‬٦٠V‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
٦٠V٠V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٠V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦٠V‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 ‫א‬‫א‬،E٨J ٥F
‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٥F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
W‫א‬
-٥٣-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   

 E١J ٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢J ٥F ‫א‬x‫א‬ =‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١J ٥F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬،E٩J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬EFK‫א‬EF،E٩J ٥F
 W‫א‬
(DC volts)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٦٠٠V   ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬.٥٥  ٦٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١
٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬

 WE١J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٧٥‫א‬‫א‬
-٥٤-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢J ٥F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬،E١٠J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬EFK‫א‬EF،E١٠J ٥F
 W‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،٥٠‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٢J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬x‫א‬ =‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠ Ωx٥٠=‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠٠ Ω=‫א‬‫א‬
-٥٥-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   

 WEDigital MultimeterF‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ١J ٥
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٥F‫א‬
K‫א‬،E١١J ٥F

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،E،F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٥٦-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   

 :(Oscilloscope)‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٥F‫א‬
 K ‫א‬

 EOscilloscopeF‫א‬‫א‬،E١٢J ٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٥F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٣J ٥F
-٥٧-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٢J ٥
W(SCREEN)‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Divisions (Div.))E١٤J ٥F
٠{٢، ‫א‬
 ١‫א‬
W،K‫א‬
(Divisions ‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K(Div.))
K(Divisions (Div.))‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 K‫א‬‫א‬،E١٤J ٥F

W(POWER)‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬KE١٥J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬،E١٥J ٥F
-٥٨-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   

W(FOCUS)‫א‬(INTENS)‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(INTENS)‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(FOCUS)‫א‬
KE١٦J ٥F‫א‬

 K(Focus)‫א‬(Intense)‫א‬،E١٦J ٥F
:(TIME/DIV.)
KE١٧J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K(TIME / DIV.)‫א‬،E١٧J ٥F

 W(X-POS)
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٨J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٥٩-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   


 KX-POS،E١٨J ٥F
W(Y-POS)
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٩J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KY-POS،E١٩J ٥F
W(VOLTS/DIV.)
KE٢٠J ٥F‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 .VOLTS / DIV‫א‬،E٢٠J ٥F
:(DC/AC/GND)
‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢١J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 .(DC/AC/GND)‫א‬،E٢١J ٥F
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‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   

W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(CH I)‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
KE٢٢J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬K(CH II)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٢J ٥F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬(CH I/II)‫א‬
‫א‬(ADD)‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬(DUAL)
 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٣J ٥F
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤J ٥F‫א‬(INVERT)
 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٤J ٥F
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‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٢J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬(Probes)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BNC-BNC
 KE٢٥J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KBNC-BNC‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٥J ٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BNC
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢٦J ٥F‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   


 K‫א‬BNC،E٢٧J ٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
KE٢٨J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٨J ٥F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٢J ٥
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‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   

، (SETUP)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K١
J ٥F‫א‬K(OUT) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
KE٢٩
KE٢٩J ٥F‫א‬K(UP)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
KE٢٩J ٥F‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢٩J ٥F‫א‬K(CAL.)‫א‬

 K(SETUP)‫א‬،E٢٩J ٥F
W‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
KE٢٣J ٥F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K(GND)‫א‬E٢١J ٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٦٤-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   

(X-POS, Y-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬POS)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
(X-POS, Y-‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬POS)
(AC)‫א‬(DC)‫א‬(GND)‫א‬ ♦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫؟‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٢J ٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٣٠J ٥F‫א‬
 W
K(VP)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬(T)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٣٠J ٥F
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‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(TIME/Div.)‫א‬
 K(VOLT/Div.)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ET‫א‬‫א‬F  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣J ٥F  ‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=(T)‫א‬
 KE٤J ٥F‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=(VP)‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٤J ٥F
‫א‬(VP) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣١J ٥F ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫(؟‬T)‫א‬

 KE٣١J ٥F
-٦٦-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   

 W‫א‬
K(٤ div.)٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(٠{١ S / div)‫א‬(TIME/Div.) ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=(T)‫א‬
  ٠{١ S / div x٤ div=(T)‫א‬
 ٠٫٤ S=(T)‫א‬
K(٢ div.)٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(١V / div.)‫א‬(VOLT/Div.)‫א‬
 ‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=(VP)‫א‬‫א‬
 ١V / divX٢ div=(VP)‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢ V=(VP)‫א‬‫א‬
-٦٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEDirect Current ( D.C.)F‫א‬‫♦ א‬
K(Alternating Current (A.C.))‫א‬‫♦ א‬
K(Power supplies)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K(Battery)‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬W(Electrical Generator)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
KE‫א‬
‫א‬KW(D.C power supply)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(D.C. power supply)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٦F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٠١١٠‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬٣٠V٠V 
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬ ♦
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
٠V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣٠V
-٦٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   

 ،١J ٦
W‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(Functions generators)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬E٢J ٦F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬W١ ♦
K‫א‬W٣٢ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬W٤ ♦
K(Amplitude)‫א‬W٥ ♦
 KBNC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦ ♦
-٦٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   

 K‫א‬،E٢J ٦F

-٧٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   
 W
٥V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠ Hz‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٦
W‫א‬،١٠V
KE٣J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

  KE٣J ٦F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J 


  
‫א‬‫א‬١ kHz‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٦
W‫א‬،٥V
KE٤J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
-٧١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬   

  KE٤J ٦F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J 


  
W‫א‬، ٢V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٦
K٥J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 

 KE٥J ٦F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J 

-٧٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(Soldering) ‫א‬
 (Soldering)‫א‬
٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
(Soldering)‫א‬   


،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

-٧٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
(Soldering)‫א‬   

W‫א‬ ١J ٧
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
W K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬٢٥،‫א‬١٥‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٥‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-٧٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
(Soldering)‫א‬   


 W‫א‬ K٣
٪٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ١٩٠١٨٣‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬٪٦٠‫א‬
Solder F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬ KEFlax
 K٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

-٧٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
(Soldering)‫א‬   

 ‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
-٧٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
(Soldering)‫א‬   


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
-٧٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
(Soldering)‫א‬   


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬K٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





-٧٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
(Soldering)‫א‬   

‫א‬‫ א‬K١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬K١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K١٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K





-٧٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
(Soldering)‫א‬   

 W‫א‬ ٢J ٧
 W‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
-٨٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
(Soldering)‫א‬   


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
-٨١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
(Soldering)‫א‬   

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬
WETag SolderF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
-٨٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
(Soldering)‫א‬   

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  K٦

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٥‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
K‫א‬
-٨٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
(Soldering)‫א‬   


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
-٨٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
(Soldering)‫א‬   

 W‫א‬ ٥J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
-٨٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
(Soldering)‫א‬   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ K٤
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

-٨٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
(Soldering)‫א‬   

‫א‬K٥٢‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ ٦J ٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
 K٢‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
-٨٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
(Soldering)‫א‬   


 K١‫א‬١٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 WDesoldering‫א‬ ٧J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

-٨٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
(Soldering)‫א‬   

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٧

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٧



-٨٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٨
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
-٩٠-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
W(Resisters)‫ א‬١J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ١J ٨
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١J ٨F

‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٩١-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢J ٨F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
Color‫א‬
Forth band Multiplier Second digit First digit
١٠٠ x ٠ ٠ Black ‫א‬
١٠١ x ١ ١ Brown
١٠٢ x ٢ ٢ Red
١٠٣ x ٣ ٣ Orange
١٠٤ x ٤ ٤  Yellow
١٠٥ x ٥ ٥ Green
١٠٦ x ٦ ٦ Blue
١٠٧ x ٧ ٧ Violet
١٠٨ x ٨ ٨ Gray
J ٩ ٩ White
 ±٥٪ ٠٫١ x Gold
 ±١٠٪ ٠٫٠١ x Silver
 ±٢٠٪ No band
-٩٢-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 W
W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF

 
٩٦٠Ω (± ٥٪)Z‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ٩٦٠Ω x (±٠٫٠٥)Z‫א‬  
±٤٨ΩZ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
١،٠٠٨Ω > R > ٩١٢Ω
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K٩١٢Ω١٠٠٨Ω‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
F

-٩٣-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 
٥٦٠،٠٠٠Ω (± ٥٪)Z‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ٥٦٠،٠٠٠Ω x (±٠٫٠٥)Z‫א‬  
±٢٨،٠٠٠ΩZ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
٥٨٨،٠٠٠Ω > R > ٥٣٢،٠٠٠Ω
٥٨٨kΩ > R > ٥٣٢kΩ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .٥٣٢kΩ ٥٨٨kΩ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ١J ٨
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
E٤J ٨F‫א‬KE٣J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،E٣J ٨F
-٩٤-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   

 K‫א‬‫א‬،E٤J ٨F
‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٥J ٨F
-٩٥-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
W(Capacitors)‫ א‬٢J ٨
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(F)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٦J ٨F‫א‬K‫א‬KKKK
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،E٦J ٨F
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٩٦-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 W(Inductors)‫ א‬٣J ٨
K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(µH)‫א‬(mH)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(H)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٨F‫א‬K(pH)‫א‬

 K‫א‬،E٧J ٨F
 KE٨J ٨F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬،E٨٧J ٨F
-٩٧-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٤J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٩J ٨F‫א‬،

 K‫א‬،E٩J ٨F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٨F‫א‬

 K‫א‬،E١٠J ٨F
-٩٨-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
W(Fuses)‫א‬‫ א‬٥J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(a)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٨FK(Short circuit)
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(b)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(c)‫א‬K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١١J ٨F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬

١. Practical Electronic Workshop Equipment
~A. Flind
Bernard Babani (Publishing) Ltd
Paperback – June ١٩٩٧
٢. Design and Verification of Electrical Installations
~Brian Scaddan
Butterworth-Heinemann
Paperback – ٨ November, ٢٠٠١
٣. Principles of Electric Circuits
~Thomas L. Floyd. – ٦th ed.
ISBN ٠-١٣-٠٩٥٩٩٧-٩ (h.c.)
Prentice Hall
- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
  

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬
 ٣      ‫א‬ ١J ١
٣     ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ١
٤      K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ١
٥     ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٤J ١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬
 ٧      ‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٢
 ٧      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٢
 ٧       ‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٢J ٢
 ٩       ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٢J ٢
 ١٣     ٣J ٢
 ١٤          
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬
 ١٨      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٣
 ٢٠      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٣
 ٢١     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ٢٤    H‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٤
 ٢٧   ‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٤
 ٣١   ‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٤
 ٣٥       ‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٤
 ٣٨   ٨‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ٤
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
  

 ٤٣       ‫א‬‫א‬ ٦J ٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬
 ٤٨     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٥
 ٤٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ١J ٥
 ٥١    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ١J ٥
 ٥٧       ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٥
 ٥٨    ‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٢J ٥
 ٦٢   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٢J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٢J ٥
 ٦٣       ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٥    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٢J ٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬
 ٦٨       ‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ٦
 ٦٩       ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٦
 ٧١          
Soldering‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬
 ٧٤      ‫א‬ ١J ٧
 ٨٠       ‫א‬ ٢J ٧
 ٨٢        ‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٧
 ٨٢       ‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٧
 ٨٥        ‫א‬ ٥J ٧
 ٨٧       ‫א‬ ٦J ٧
 ٨٨        ‫א‬ ٧J ٧
 ٨٩          
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٤ ‫א‬
  

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬
 ٩١        ‫א‬ ١J ٨
 ٩١      ‫א‬‫א‬ ١J ١J ٨
 ٩٤      ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ١J ٨
 ٩٦        ‫א‬ ٢J ٨
 ٩٧        ‫א‬ ٣J ٨
 ٩٨     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٨
 ٩٩        ‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ٨
١٠٠            ‫א‬‫ א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W(Alternating Current)‫א‬‫ א‬٢-٢-٢

W( instantaneous value, ( ν(t), ί(t) ))‫א‬‫ א‬J 

W(Average value, ( Vav , Iav ))‫א‬‫ א‬J 

W(Effective value (Vrms, Irms))‫א‬‫ א‬J 

 ‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

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