 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




٢٤٦
 ‫א‬   ٢٤٦ ‫א‬
 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

  ?  ?    ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬?

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬

١
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣

 K٪٧٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬٢H٢KW‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٢
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
EKKKKK‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( B١ to B٦)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ( A١ to A٩)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬

-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬

     W‫א‬‫א‬
    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
         K‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
      K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
      K‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
 
       K ♦


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       K‫א‬
 











-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫• א‬
W‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬LEF‫א‬ZEF‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬E 
 ‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ١
 K‫א‬

 ٨١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ 
 ١٥٨
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫ א‬.١
‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 ٢٠١٥
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K .١
‫א‬ .٢  ٥٠٢٠
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١  ‫א‬
 ١٠٠٥٠
 K‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٠١٠٠
  .١
 ‫א‬ .٢
 ٢٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٠٠’٠٠٠١٠٠’٠٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٠٠٤٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٠‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬ •
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •

 •

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 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬W١{١

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  











 K‫א‬?‫א‬W١{٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

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
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
K٣
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬E  ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ E ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{٤

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  B٣  B٢
 B٥  B٤  B١
 B٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

>‫א‬ 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ 




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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
KK‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ٢٤٦ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬ 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٢


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
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
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
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


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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
  .١
?

 K( A.V.O)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ .٢

‫א‬،Oscilloscope‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،Logic Analyzer‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬،Frequency Metter   .٣

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EKKKKKKKKKKKKKKLCR‫א‬‫א‬
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 ،A.C Power Supply 

 D.C Power Supply  ‫א‬ .٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬ .٥

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٦
EKKKKK،‫א‬
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،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،  ‫א‬ .٧
 KKKKKK

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  .٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ .٩
 ‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٠
 KK‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ .١١

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫ א‬.٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 ‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬ .٥
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
،‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W ‫א‬ .٧
‫א‬‫א‬
 EKKK ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٨
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

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 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W ‫א‬ .٩

 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ .١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

١. Petruzella , Industrial Electronics, Mc Graw-Hill
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬J









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 ‫א‬‫א‬   ٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .٢
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 .٣
F ‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .٤
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .٥
‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬
 .٦
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬




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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤


 K٪٧٥W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KH٢W‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 

        K‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

         K‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
     K‫א‬ ♦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬








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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
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 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬ W?
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ W
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W?
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬ J ٢
K J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥

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- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K  ‫א‬K ‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


K‫א‬W‫א‬ 
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 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬، J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 














- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬


‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ D
J  ‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKK‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬D
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬D
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ D
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ D
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬D
KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Short circuit          ‫א‬J ١
 Open circuit          ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
Grounding           ‫א‬J ٣
 Mechanical faults       ‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

K ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Blown fuse         ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
Increased heat        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 Low voltage          ‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
High amperage        ‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
Smoke          J ٥

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Shocks ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
Blow fuse       ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
Abnormal voltage reading      ‫א‬J ٢
 Abnormal resistance reading     ‫א‬J ٣

- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Shocks         ‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 Abnormal circuit performance     K‫א‬J ٥
 Tripped ground-faultinterrupters   ‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 Periodic blown fuses or interrupters    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧

KKK ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬chassis‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Noisy operation        ‫א‬J ١
Abnormal operation      J ٢
 Visual clues         J ٣
Circuit failure         ‫א‬‫א‬J ٤


Trouble Shooter ‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
Integrated Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬K١٥W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
Troubleshooting Methods
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 





 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
 Voltage measurement      ‫א‬ K١
 Amperage measurement      ‫א‬ K٢
 Resistance measurement       ‫א‬ K٣
Substitution      ‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 Bridging        K٥
 Heat      ‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
 Signal tracing       ‫א‬ K٧
Freezing      ‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
 Components test     ‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
Resold ring and adjusting      ‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
Bypassing        EF‫ א‬K١١

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

KOscilloscope‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
Short ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kcircuit

 W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Parallel‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ 
 E٢{١‫א‬F








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




 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{١






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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

E‫א‬FAmmeter‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ♦

 ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، Clamp-on
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W
 E٢{٢F‫א‬‫א‬Series‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
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 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٢
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Continuity‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 E٢{٣F‫א‬‫א‬




 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٣

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 F
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬Bridging
 E٢{٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



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


 KBridging‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٤
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬

  Freezing‫א‬ ‫א‬ ♦
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Triggering،‫א‬‫א‬
 K

Radio ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ♦
E٢{٥F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ receivers













 K?‫א‬W٢{٥

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

،Speaker ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬
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K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫♦ א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 Data‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
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
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Testing electrical and electronic components
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K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
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Multimeter       ‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
Megaohmmeters     ‫♦ א‬
 Capacitor checkers     ‫א‬ ♦
Lamps tester        ♦
Transistor and diode tester     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 Integrated circuittes       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 KKKKKK ♦
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‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
KJ J W١٠ %١٠٠٠ Ω‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K ١١٠٠ ‫ و‬٩٠٠ Ω‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

E٢{٦F‫א‬






 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢{٧F‫א‬‫א‬









 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٧

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫♦ א‬
‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٣١‫א‬
  ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢{٨F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 ٢‫א‬‫א‬      
    ٣‫א‬‫א‬ ١‫א‬‫א‬    
 ‫א‬      
            
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٨

- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

‫א‬K ١{٦ V‫א‬١{٥V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K ‫א‬
 K١٫٥ V‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Speaker‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬K 
 KµF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
Resistance measurement (ohmmeter) EF‫א‬ ƒ
 Capacitor checkers        ‫א‬ ƒ
 Spark test          ‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 Bridging ‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
Substitution    ‫א‬‫ƒ א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٠{٢٥µF‫א‬‫א‬
 Short‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٠٫٢٥ µ F‫א‬
 ‫א‬
،K
 ‫א‬١٠،٠٠٠ Ω 
 ‫א‬
،K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬K
 KE‫א‬
 Shorted‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢{٩F




 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٩

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ Spark Test‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬
E F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
E٢{١٠F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{١٠


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
EFEFE٢{١١FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DigitalOhmmeter Voltmete (DVM)
 



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF٢{١١



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF٢{١١

K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EΩF‫א‬‫א‬
 K١L٥٠

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

NPN‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
E٢{١٢FKPNP
 K(Collector) C‫א‬(EmitterFE‫א‬،(BaseFB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


N P N P N P

ECE C  
B    B


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{١٢
 
 KE،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢{١٣‫א‬F





 ‫א‬‫א‬     





        

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{١٣

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬NPN‫א‬
 E ٢{١٤F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬








 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{١٤
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  .(٢{١٥‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K







 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{١٥
‫א‬ FET( field effect transistor )‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K   E PNP ‫ و‬NPN F

‫א‬J  ‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ drain - gate-source 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢{١٦FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






 K‫א‬‫א‬N and P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{١٦


‫א‬‫א‬Diode junction  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Forward-biased‫א‬‫א‬Reverse-biased
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K ‫א‬
KJunction-gate‫א‬‫א‬
JFET( junction-field-effect transistor)‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢{١٧F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬









 KJEFT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{١٧
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٢{١٩٢{١٨F MOSFET‫א‬ ♦






 KMOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{١٨ 




KMOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{١٩

E٢{١٩F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬E٢{٢٠‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥KΩ ‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬W٢{٢٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KE٢{٢١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،RX ١٠٠٠٠ Ω‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ 
‫א‬،١ M Ω ‫ﻣ ﻦ‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ،SCR ٠Ω
 .O Ω‫א‬











 KSCR‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٢١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 



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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Integrated Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Dual-In-line‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KFlat Type‫א‬‫א‬،Round Type






.
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KKKKK
 ‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Use of senses     ‫א‬‫א‬‫™ א‬
Heating and freezing  ™
Voltage check ‫א‬‫™ א‬
 Capacitor bypass ‫א‬‫™ א‬
Substitution  ‫א‬‫™ א‬
Logic pulse probe ‫א‬‫™ א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫؟‬‫؟‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 K(٢{٢٢F



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٢٢

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 Pulses and levels‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(LED'S )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 E٢{٢٣F










 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٢٣




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬
 Electronic Test Instruments

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.international standardization ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬traceability‫א‬،reliability
‫א‬‫א‬،durability‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،calibration‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،.accuracy and performance ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،readout and display
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬E،،‫א‬F
 Ohm -Amper –Volt -Multimeter
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢{٢٤F

Digital MultimeterE(DDM) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢{٢٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬









 K‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٢٤




 KDDM‫א‬W٢{٢٥





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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Oscilloscope‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Kpeak- to-peak voltage ‫א‬
 KE٢{٢٦FKKKKKK،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬




 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٢٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬intensityW‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬focus W‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬vertical center controlW‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬horizontal center controlW

  ‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
K‫א‬
K‫א‬ vertical gainW‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
K‫א‬. horizontal gain : ‫א‬‫ א‬J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬sweep controlW‫א‬‫ א‬J ٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬sync. Selector W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٨
K‫א‬‫א‬z-axiszW J ٩
 K‫א‬ calibration scaleW‫א‬J ١٠


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kintensity, focus and sync ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬scopeEF J ٣

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ٤
Ksharp trace
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
K‫א‬ ٦{٣ V J ٦
  ‫א‬١{٨‫א‬،١٨٩ V٦{٣ J ٧
KE٢{٤FK‫א‬division
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٨
Kset up ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٩

‫א‬vertical attenuator‫א‬‫א‬K ١٠‫א‬

 Wdivisions‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬KKKKK(١٠W١)(١W١٠)
 
E ‫א‬F‫א‬internal calibrator‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 K١scope
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kself setup and adjusting

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
demodulation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،low-capacitance probe‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
rise ‫א‬bandwidth‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ktriggering‫א‬،time
 K١٠٠ MHz١٠MHz ‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Specialized Test Instruments‫א‬‫א‬


K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 Transistor tester      ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
Capacitor tester      ‫א‬ K٢
Frequency tester       ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
Signal generator      ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 Mega ohmmeter     ‫א‬ K٥
 Volt tester      ‫א‬ K٦
 Clamp-on ammeter     ‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 Neon voltage tester   ‫א‬ K٨
 Lamp tester      ‫א‬ K٩
Digital logic pulsar    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
Digital logic probe ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ K١١
Logic troubleshooter kit  ‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢{٢٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬leakage‫א‬






 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٢٧

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٢{٢٨FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







 K‫א‬W٢{٢٨
 E ٢{٢٩F٦٠٠١١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬W٢{٢٩
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{٣٠‫א‬F
 K‫א‬ ٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬






 K‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٣٠

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

KE ٢{٣١FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬






 K‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٣١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K(٢{٣٢FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






 K‫א‬ :٢{٣٢

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢{٣٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 Khigh or low‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  






 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٣٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢{٣٤‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KLCD
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
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 K‫א‬: ٢{٣٤
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٢{٣٥‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

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 K‫א‬W٢{٣٥
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K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢{٣٦‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ MHZsampling‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ Kreal time‫א‬

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 KW٢{٣٦
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- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
   ١٠ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
   ١٠ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
   ١٠ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣ ‫א‬
   ١٠  K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤ ‫א‬‫א‬
   ١٠ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K K٥
   ١٠ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
   ١٠  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧ 
   ١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
  ١٠ ‫א‬
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  ‫א‬ ١٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
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- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬KKKKKK،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
EKKKK، ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬

١. Daniel R.Tomal, Neal S. Widmer, Electronic Trouble Shooting, SECOND
EDITION
٢. Floyd, Principles of Electric Circuits, SIXTH EDITION






- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K١
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٦





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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 K٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٤W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( E١ to E٧)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 ( G١ to G١٣)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
EKKK،K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W
‫א‬‫א‬?  ‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 ‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 














- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ .٣
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٩
K‫א‬
KE،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١٣
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬





 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٠١
K‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K .٤
K‫א‬ .٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

K‫א‬ .٧
K‫א‬ .٨
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٩
KEF .١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬ .١١
K‫א‬‫א‬ .١٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .١٣
 K‫א‬ .١٤





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣{٠٢


- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  


 EF ‫א‬
       
 ‫א‬

         ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 
 ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬
         
 ‫א‬  
     
     
 

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
          

 ‫א‬
 

      


 

     
 ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    

 K‫א‬‫א‬W٣{٠٣

- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  


W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

K‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
 ‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٦
E>‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
K‫א‬ .٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٩
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١٠
KE‫א‬KKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٩٩‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٣
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ .١٤
E‫א‬KKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬


W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬


- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
  

 
  

 
  

 
  

 
  

W
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ٨  .٢
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ٨  .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ٦  .٤
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ٨  .٥
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ٦  .٦

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ١٠
K  .٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ٨ ‫א‬‫א‬  .٩
 K
   ١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٠

- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ١٠  .١١
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ٨ .١٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٠ .١٣
 K

  ‫א‬ ١٠٠  ‫א‬‫א‬ 















- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  


 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ .٢
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
KKKK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKK
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ .٦
K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
KEKKKKK،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
Kweller‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬ .٢



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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.١
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.٥
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.٦




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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
K‫א‬‫ א‬.٥
 K‫א‬ .٦


 ‫א‬٪٨٠‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF١٢W‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(A١ to A٩) (B١toB٦) (C١ toC٩) (G١ toG٥) 
(G٩,G١٣,H١,H٢,H٤,H٥,H٦,H٧,D١,D٢) (D٤ toD٨) (F١ toF٧)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K
‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٥
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬ .١
KNPN – PNPE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
KUJTE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
KOP-AMP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤
 


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٧






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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬>‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KG‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





 K‫א‬
 



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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٤١{٣١‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 ‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫؟‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
٤{٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬–‫א‬ 
EF ٤١{٣٧‫א‬  EF ٤١{٣٤ EF ٤١{١٦٠
EF٤١{٣٣



‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
EF٤١{٣١  EF ٤١{٣٢ ‫א‬
EF٤١{٣٥ 


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤{١








 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤{٢

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
E٤١{٣١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٣‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،tiT‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬١٢KHZ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬     
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬       


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤{٣

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
 R٢, R١,D١،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{١
‫א‬F١٥V ٣{٣V MP١
 ‫א‬ ١٥V‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬C١‫א‬(T١,R٦,R٥,R٤,D٢,R٣)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬٣{٢
 ‫א‬( It = C.V)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E-B١‫א‬T٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C١٢{٥V ‫א‬R٨ ‫א‬C١

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

FKR٥ ‫א‬‫א‬(٥٠ ٩٠٠ HZ)‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫؟‬R٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IC١‫א‬‫א‬٣{٣
F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬٤{٤‫א‬E‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 (Vset max ,Vset minF‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
 KTion,Toff,Ttotal‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 V
 
 ‫א‬



T‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W٤{٤

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 R١٢,T٤,C٢,R١١,R١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٤
،R١١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F١٢KHZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R١٢
 K‫א‬T٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬٣{٥
R٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E-B١‫א‬T٤‫א‬B٢T٣ ‫א‬
‫א‬C٢‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬C١,C٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬















 KE٤١{٣١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF٤{٢


- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF ٤١{٣١‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ K٢

  

   K١
‫א‬      
‫؟‬

. A١ KA٦ KA٩
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬KA٢

KA٧ KA١٠
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬KA٣ 
KA٨
‫א‬
  ‫א‬ KA١١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KA٤  KA٨
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬


‫א‬
KA٥
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF٤١{٣١‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٣٠٠Ω R١٠   ٥KΩ R١
 ٤{٧KΩ R١١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١KΩ  R٢

 ١٠٠Ω R١٢  ١KΩ  R٣

‫א‬
 ١٠٠Ω R١٣  ١٠KΩ  R٤
 ٠{٣ W ‫א‬
 ±٥٪  ٤{٧KΩ R١٤  ٢٥KΩ  R٥
 ٠{٣ W
 ١٠KΩ R١٥  ±٥٪ ١{٥KΩ  R٦
 ١٠KΩ R١٦  ٣٣٠Ω  R٧
 ٦٨KΩ R١٧  ٢٢Ω  R٨
 ٢{٢KΩ R١٨  ١٠٠Ω  R٩
 ٣{٣ V‫א‬ D١  ٠{١µF C١
 ‫א‬
 D٢  ١٠nF‫א‬ C٢
IN ٤١٤٨
‫א‬
 T١   ٤٧µF C٣
BC٣٠٨B, PNP
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 T٢  C٤
٢N٢٦٤٧‫א‬  ١٠٠nF
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 T٣  T٥
BC٢٣٨B, NPN  BC٢٣٨B, NPN
‫א‬  ‫א‬
 T٤  T٦
 ٢N٢٦٤٧‫א‬  BC٢٣٨B, NPN
 ‫א‬    IC١
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

IC‫א‬ LM٣٢٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬KA١
‫א‬ .١
‫א‬ .٢
‫א‬ .٣
‫א‬ .٤
‫א‬ .٥
‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٧


 W‫א‬
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‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
a 

 c 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١mm
 K‫א‬‫א‬١{٣mm

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EmmF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 .٤

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

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 

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 K١mm .١
ER٢ ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ .٢
‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦K٥ .٤
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 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

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‫א‬‫ א‬.١
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F .٢
‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F .٤
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F .٥
EF .٦
EWF .٧
EF .٨
EWF .٩
‫א‬ .١٠
EF .١١
EF .١٢


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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ W?
٥A  W‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥

 W‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫؟‬‫א‬ .١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢





- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W?
٦A  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،D.C Power Supply ‫א‬،Oscilloscope‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F 
 ECircuit Diagram‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،A.V.O ،Weirs

WEEF.٤١{٣١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٥V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬

H         
DC
POWER  
SUPPLAY
 ٢a/c‫א‬‫א‬


١٦a/c‫א‬‫א‬       





A٧

R١,R٢‫א‬MP١‫א‬W ‫א‬ ♦
W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
Vmax = V 
Vmin = V 

- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

،R٥‫א‬W‫א‬ ♦
A٨ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MP٢‫א‬

V‫א‬Y     



T‫א‬X



W‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R٥‫א‬٤mS ‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MP٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
R١‫א‬‫א‬ R٢‫א‬‫א‬MP٦‫א‬
‫א‬٣{٥mS‫א‬‫א‬Ti on max

 E‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK? Ti on min=٠.٣mS‫א‬

  






Ti ON‫א‬     
Ti ON MAX‫א‬    
 T‫א‬‫א‬    


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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
A٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬MP٢,MP٤?‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬








 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
F MP٢ = HZ

F MP٦ = HZ

E‫א‬FT٣‫א‬‫א‬٠V‫א‬  ♦
 E‫א‬‫א‬MP٣,MP٤‫א‬‫א‬F‫؟‬‫א‬









- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A١٠ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 MP‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 KMP٢,MP٦‫א‬








  







- ٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 V


T




V


T





V



T




- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١A١  ‫؟‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬ .١
‫؟‬‫א‬ .٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
‫؟‬ ١٥V٠ V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
‫؟‬C٣ ‫א‬ .٥
‫؟‬E ‫א‬‫א‬FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK .٦
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK .٧
‫؟‬ShortR١٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK .٩

 ‫؟‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
‫؟‬(NPN , UJT )?‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OpenShort‫א‬ .٥
‫؟‬‫א‬R٢R١ ‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Short‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬T٢‫א‬‫א‬ .٩
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١٠
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١١
‫؟‬OpenC٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K .١٢
‫؟‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK .١٣

- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK .١٤
 
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



















 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  ƒ
   

  ƒ
   

  ƒ
   

  ƒ
   

  ƒ
   



W‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  .١٤
‫א‬  ٨
A٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫ א‬ .١٥
‫א‬  ٦ A٥ ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  .١٦
  ٤
A٦‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  .١٧
  ٦   A٧ ‫א‬
A.V.O
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ٤ A٧‫ א‬‫א‬ .١٨
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬.١٩
  ٤
A٨‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬.٢٠
  ٤
A٨E‫א‬F‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬.٢١
  ٦ A٨ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
   ١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ .٢٢

- ١٠٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬T٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬?  .٢٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
  ٨

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬.٢٤
  ١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  .٢٥
  ١٢
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  .٢٦
  ١٠
 ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  .٢٧
  ٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ١٠٠  ‫א‬
  ?‫א‬

  ‫א‬   



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 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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 
- ١٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LAYOUT‫א‬ .٣
‫א‬‫א‬ 16 × 10 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F .٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،IC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،IC
KEKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK،

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.١
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.٥
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.٦


- ١٠٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K٪٨٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٢W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
KE‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
(A١ to A٩) (B١toB٦) (C١ toC٩) (G١ toG٥)
 (G٩,G١٣,H١,H٢,H٤,H٥,H٦,H٧,D١,D٢) (D٤ toD٨) (F١ toF٧)
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K
‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬?
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ .٣
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬





 







- ١١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬CPU
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TH ١‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WTH ٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬TH ١‫א‬‫א‬
 KTH ١‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?






- ١١١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K(Oscilloscope)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 W
KAND- NAND-OR-NOR K١
KJK K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KOP-AMP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤




 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K(Block Diagramme )‫א‬،
IC٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  


EF ٤١{٣٢‫א‬
 EEF٤١{٣٢ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 KE٥{١F‫א‬


 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬–‫א‬ 
EF ٤١{٣٧‫א‬  EF ٤١{٣٢ EF ٤١{١٦٠
EF٤١{٣٣



‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
EF٤١{٣١  EF ٤١{٣٢ ‫א‬
EF٤١{٣٥ 


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥{١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥{٢‫א‬‫א‬F
١٢KHZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KT / ti‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬ ١٢KHZ‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

?
  ‫א‬(SE , SA٢)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬SA١‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬٧ mS‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬(SE , SA٢)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(SE , SA٢)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬


‫א‬
  L 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

IL > ILMAX 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
SA١ SA٢ SE

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥{٢

 K(T – ti on)‫א‬‫א‬(VR) ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

(T – ti on)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬TH ٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ tv
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
،‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬I L MAX‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬TH ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬IC٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬TH ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥{٣F،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬١٢KHZ‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
‫א‬‫א‬?٧ mS‫א‬?‫א‬H .٣
K
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H .٤
K(Automatic control)‫א‬‫א‬ (manual contro)‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬H .٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IL‫א‬E‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 KEEF ٤١{٣٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥{٣

W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫ א‬.٦

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬
 ‫א‬S١‫א‬ ‫א‬L ٣{١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
NAND‫א‬IC ٢{١‫א‬‫א‬٣{٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٥{٤ ‫א‬






 Vi (MP ٤) t

V (IC ٢{١) PIN ٦ t



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥{٤‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 E‫؟‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IC ١{٢ , IC ١{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ℮-(t = R١.C١)‫א‬‫א‬IC١{٢C١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L٠{٥ * VC١C١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥{٥‫א‬‫א‬
KH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،LH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ mS ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬D١


V ON

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V C١
 cmos‫א‬
V MP٢
 


٧ mS

 K‫א‬‫א‬W٥{٥

 E‫؟‬CMOSTTL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬ S١‫א‬‫א‬٣{٤
D٣?
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IC ١{٣E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨‫א‬??‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FH‫א‬‫א‬L 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬G =( R٢/R١)H١‫א‬E‫א‬FIC ٧{٢
‫א‬‫א‬IC ٧{١‫א‬R٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬JK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L H‫א‬‫א‬
KIC ٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

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 KE٤١{٣٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥{٦ 
 ‫א‬
IC ٣{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ H،E‫א؟‬F
R١٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬(R١٢H٢١*C٣)R*C
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C٤‫א‬
H٨‫א‬‫א‬IC ٢{٣‫א‬‫א‬١m S‫א‬
 K‫א‬(٥{٧)
E F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T٢‫א‬‫א‬
 KMP٨K T٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥{٧
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF ٤١{٣٢
 W‫א‬
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
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ K٢

  

   K١
‫א‬  
‫؟‬

. A١ ‫א‬ KA١٠
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  

KA٢ 
‫א‬KA٦ KA١١
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬KA٣  KA٧
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ KA١٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
KA٤
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KA٨
‫א‬

 ‫א‬
KA٥
KA٩
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬





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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF ٤١{٣٢‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ١٠KΩ  R١١   ١٠KΩ R١
‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥٠KΩ  R١٢  ١٠٠KΩ  R٢
 ‫א‬
 ٣٣٠ KΩ  R١٣  ١٠٠KΩ  R٣
 ،R٤
 ٢٢٠KΩ  R١٤  ٤{٧KΩ
٠{٣ ‫א‬  R٦،R٥

 W  ٤{٧KΩ  R١٥  ١٠KΩ  R٧
 ±٥٪ ‫א‬
 ٢{٢KΩ R١٧،R١٦ ١٠٠KΩ  R٨
 ٠{٣ W
 ٤٧Ω R١٩،R١٨  ١٠KΩ  R٩
 ±٥٪
٣٣٠Ω/١W  R٢٠  ١KΩ  R١٠
‫א‬
 ٣٣KΩ  R٢١  C١
 ١µF‫א‬
‫א‬ D٥،D١ ‫א‬
   C٢
IN٤٠٠١ D٦ ١٠µF‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 BC١٤٠, NPN  T٢،T١  C٣
 ١٠nF
KKKKK
‫א‬
،  IC١ ‫א‬
 NAND  C٤
IC٦  ٦٨٠PF
SLC ٤٠١١B

- ١٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬
‫א‬
 NAND IC٢  C٦،C٥
 ١٠٠nF
 SLC ٤٠٢٣


 ‫א‬‫א‬  IC٣  C٧
 ٤٧µF‫א‬
SLC ٤٥٢٨ B
٨ NAND
JK
 IC٤  ‫א‬ IC٥
SLC ٤٠٢٧ B
 SLC ٤٠٦٨ B
‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  IC٧
IC‫א‬ LM ٣٢٤ N
F‫א‬
      ‫א‬‫א‬ D٢,D٣,D٤
 E
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬KA١
K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧




- ١٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬














 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬















- ١٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
  K٤


 





 




 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢ mm‫א‬ .٥
 ‫א‬K٢{٣{٤
 ‫א‬K٥
 ٦{٧{٨{٩{١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 


 

- ١٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 


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
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









- ١٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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

‫א‬‫ א‬K١
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F K٢
‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F K٤
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F K٥
EF K٦
EWF K٧
EF K٨
EWF K٩
‫א‬ K١٠
EF K١١
EF K١٢

- ١٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ W?
٥A  W‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

 W‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢





- ١٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W?
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦A 
D.C  ‫א‬،Oscilloscope‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F 
Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،A.V.O ،Wears،Power Supply
 EDiagram

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬‫א‬ ♦

١٥V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 + ١٥ V ٠V











 




- ١٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

W‫א‬ ♦
E‫א‬‫א‬F
K١٥٠HZ‫א‬ .١
K٥{٢ mS‫א‬T ON max‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣

W‫א‬ ♦
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
W‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬٥‫א‬ IC ٧{٢‫א‬
 ‫א‬ .١
E‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬F٧‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

‫א‬‫א‬٣،٢‫א‬‫א‬IC ٧{١‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
KE‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬F١
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬JK‫א‬‫א‬ .٣

 E‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬FKIC ٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

W‫א‬IC ٥‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ⊕
 KIC ٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ⊕
 KIC ٦{٣‫א‬‫א‬ ⊕
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
IC ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
WIC ٦{٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KIC ٣{١‫א‬‫א‬ ⊕
C٤‫א‬‫⊕ א‬
KIC ٢{٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ⊕
KIC ٦{٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ⊕
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
W(T١ , T٢ )‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
F، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 E‫؟‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬E١F

























- ١٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 E‫א‬


KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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

- ١٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

 W‫א‬‫א‬E٢F

























- ١٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬T٢‫א‬ K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬C٤ ‫א‬ K٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫؟‬E?‫א‬‫א‬F K٦
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK K٧
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK K٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
‫؟‬D١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬C٥,C٦‫א‬ K٢
‫؟‬IC ١{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬T,ti‫א‬ K٤
‫؟‬IC ٣‫א‬R٥‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫؟‬Short‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
MP٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫؟‬IC٥١١‫א‬
‫؟‬IC ٧{٢‫א‬ K٨
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
‫؟‬IC ٣‫א‬‫ א‬K١٠
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK K١١
‫؟‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK K١٢
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK K١٣

- ١٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  ƒ
   

  ƒ
   

  ƒ
   

  ƒ
   

  ƒ
   


W‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

- ١٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬ .٢٨
 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  .٢٩
 ٦ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 .٣٠
  ٤ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ .٣١
  ٦ K E‫א‬F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣٢
  ٤
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬.٣٣
  ٤
E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬.٣٤
  ٦
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ .٣٥
  ٨
 ‫א‬
- ١٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ .٣٦
  ١٤
‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣٨‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ .٣٧
  IC ١{٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 IC١{٤  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬.٣٨
  ١٠ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ١٢  ‫א‬ .٣٩
   .٤٠
  ١٠
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ١٠٠  ‫א‬
  ?‫א‬

  ‫א‬   










- ١٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

- ١٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬ K١
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K٣
 K
‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 KEKKKKK،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
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 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
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 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.١
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.٥
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.٦

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 
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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF?‫א‬‫א‬?
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 ،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF .٣
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ .٤
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‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W?
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬ ♦
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W?
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

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 W‫א‬‫א‬
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 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C١‫א‬،‫א‬
Lu‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ C١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫?א‬TH١‫א‬‫א‬TH٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W
‫א‬EHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KCL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

KKKKK‫א‬?‫א‬

- ١٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤


 ٪٧٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٢KW‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
(A١ to A٩) (B١toB٦) (C١ toC٩) (G١ toG٥) 
(G٩,G١٣,H١,H٢,H٤,H٥,H٦,H٧,D١,D٢) (D٤ toD٨) (F١ toF٧)


 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬KKK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ א‬  ‫א‬   ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬   
‫ א‬   ‫ א‬  ‫ א‬   ‫א‬
.‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬ 
 K‫ א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬J ١
 : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
.‫א‬

 MADE IN TAIWAN  ‫א‬‫א‬ .٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

: ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،   ‫א‬
 : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

E‫א‬‫א‬FJ ٢

 : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ :CPU Socket‫א‬ .١

 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :Chips ‫א‬ .٢
 DC. ‫א‬ :Power Socket ‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 . W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :(RAM slots) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(FORM FACTOR) 
 ‫א‬ .٦
،‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 AT'X : AT ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤٨٦٣٨٦‫א‬‫א‬ AT  ‫א‬
 ATX , ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ATX ‫א‬
 ATX ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ , ATX  AT ‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬ AT ,  ATX ‫א‬


 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 IDE‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.١

 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PS٢‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ SCSI 
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
 . ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
 . ‫א‬W‫ א‬.٤
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 . ‫א‬ .٦
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ IDE,  ‫א‬:IDE  ‫א‬ .٩
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{١

E‫א‬FJ ٣

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K١G HZ٣W٦{٢

‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٣

- ١٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٤

 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  
 

.‫א‬١٠٠٠ K١
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥٦ K٢
 .‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣٣ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬١{٧٥ V K٤

- ١٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W٦{٥
.‫א‬‫א‬‫(א‬Socket)

.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٦

‫א‬‫א‬ PGA٣٧٠‫א‬‫א‬W 
 . ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬AMD‫א‬
 Socket ٤٦٢K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K




- ١٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬W٦{٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٨

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K




 K‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٩

K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬W٦{١٠

- ١٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FJ ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
: ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ Pentium II ٢٣٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
 . ‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  .٢
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣

 ‫א‬٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ .٤

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬٦٣٣
 ‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 : ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 . ‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫ א‬Case‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CPU

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 . ٣

- ١٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 . ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{١١


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KAlcohol Swaps‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 K‫א‬W٦{١٢

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{١٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬




 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{١٤

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬.‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{١٥

‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{١٦

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

E‫א‬‫א‬FJ ٥

 :‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 : ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ROM W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

non- ‫א‬‫א‬
 K EEPROM  EPROM ‫א‬‫א‬،volatile

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ROM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 (OS) ‫א‬‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ RAM W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (RAM) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 . ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬Bit٨‫א‬Bayt ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

W‫א‬‫א‬







 K‫א‬‫א‬RAM‫א‬‫א‬W٦{١٧

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W٦{١٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 K‫א‬‫א‬W٦{١٩

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٢٠

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FJ ٦
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  




 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٢١

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٢٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬




 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٢٣

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٢٤

- ١٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

E‫א‬‫א‬FJ ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٢٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬




 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٢٦


- ١٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  




 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٢٧

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FJ ٨

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٥-Inch‫א‬W٦{٢٨

- ١٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٢٩

:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Hard Disk ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬
. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EMasterF ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KESlaveF


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  




 K‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٣٠

‫ א‬Flat Cables ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٠
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬٣٤٤٠١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬١ Pin ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ User Manual ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Floppy) ‫א‬ (Primary IDE) ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  









 K‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٣١

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FJ ٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥{٢٥‫א‬W٦{٣٢

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  




 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٣٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬W٦{٣٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬W٦{٣٥
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٣٦

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٣٧
- ١٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KATA١٠٠ATA٦٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEPrimaryF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KESecondaryF

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٣٨

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ATA١٠٠  ATA٦٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ATA٦٦L١٠٠.
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬

 ATA٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ATA٣٣  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ATA٦٦L١٠٠  ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،٨٠٤٠،‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١،١ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  







 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٣٩


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٤٠

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K، ‫א‬‫א‬
 KEMasterFEPrimaryF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

E‫א‬‫א‬FJ ١٠

:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٤١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٤٢

- ١٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٤٣
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬FJ ١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ AGP ‫א‬W٦{٤٤

- ١٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٤٥


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (BIOS) 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  




 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PCI‫א‬W٦{٤٦

 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٤٧

K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 COMPUTOR

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬WHardware‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .i
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬WSoftware‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .ii
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  











 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٤٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Short ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٦{٤٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٤٩

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WVacuum Cleaner‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬ (R١٢) Duster‫א‬ •
‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DusterK‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬،،W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬ •
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 Stabilant ٢٢a Stabilant ٢٢ W‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

،‫א‬‫א‬ Kontakt ٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Kontakt ٦٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W  •

KDuster
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KDuster 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬L •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬Vacuum ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
  o
 K o
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬E،F‫א‬ •



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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(System Unit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 KE‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Mouse Pad ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •


 (Vacuum)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Vacuum ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬
 K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ١٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 (MONITOR)‫א‬
 E٦{٥٠F







K‫א‬W٦{٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 (MOUSE) ‫א‬
 E٦{٥١F





K‫א‬W٦{٥١
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 Mouse Pad
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

(KEYBORD) ‫א‬
 E٦{٥٢F




K‫א‬W٦{٥٢
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 (DRIVE) ‫א‬‫א‬
 E٦{٥٣F







K‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Duster‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  (CDsDRIVE)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٦{٥٤F







K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٥٤

- ١٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ( PRINTER )‫א‬
 E٦٥٥F







K‫א‬W٦{٥٥
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Inkjet‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Inkjet
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 
 . ( Power supply)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬ ♦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
 ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١٥
 K‫א‬
‫א‬Euninterruptible power supplyFUPS‫א‬‫♦ א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(COMPUTOR)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،EKKKK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( ROBOT )‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ .١
 ‫ א‬  ‫ א‬،‫ א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
 ،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬    ‫ א‬‫א‬    W‫א‬
 ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬     
         ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬ 
 ‫א‬     
 ‫ א‬    ‫ א‬ ‫א‬  ‫ א‬‫ א‬ 
 K   
 K   Fuse  ‫ א‬  
       ‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫ א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬   ‫ א‬  ‫ א‬    
    ‫ א‬   ‫ א‬  
K‫ א‬ (short) 
 ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬،‫ א‬   
  ‫ א‬  ‫ א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬  
 ‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬  ‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬  ‫ א‬  
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
W‫א‬KKK‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
K‫א‬KK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
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





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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

WCD'S‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ـ‬ W‫א‬
 ،‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ٣{٥
.‫ א‬   ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ـ‬
K   ‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫ א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬   ‫ـ‬
K‫א‬
 ‫ א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫ א‬   ‫ـ‬
K   Case‫ א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬
W .٤
  ‫א‬‫ א‬   ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
K‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
  
    ‫( أو‬VGA)
  
    W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
W‫א‬ .٥
‫ א‬.     ‫ א‬  W‫א‬
K  ‫ א‬  ‫ א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫ א‬   ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬   ‫ א‬  W‫א‬
       ‫א‬ (Keyboard BIOS)‫א‬‫א‬
      
        ٨\٣    ٢
  KB 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫ א‬        .   W‫א‬
.‫ א‬  ‫ א‬ 

W .٦
K W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
- ١٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
K‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
K‫א‬E‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

١. http://docs.online.bg/PC....dex.htm
http://docs.online.bg/PC/Upgrading_PCs_Ill...rated/index.htm
٢. http://arabelect.com/microcontroller/٠٧٩.htm

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ .٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K١
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


- ١٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  


 K‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

- ٢٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK


- ٢٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  


 K‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬        ‫א‬



 ١      K‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 ٣     K‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
    ٥   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 ٦       K‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 ٧     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٦
 ١٠      K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٧
 ١٣       K‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٩
 ١٤         K‫א‬
١٥  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٠
١٧        K‫א‬ .١١
١٨        K .١٢
١٩         K‫א‬‫ א‬.١٣
 ٢٠  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٤
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬        ‫א‬



 ٢١      K‫א‬ K١
  ٢٣      K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ٢٤       K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
٢٧      K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 ٣٠    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
٣٦       K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 ٤٧        K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
٥٠         K‫א‬ K٨
٦٠      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 ٦١        K‫א‬ K١٠
٦٢        K K١١
٦٣          K‫א‬‫ א‬K١٢
٦٤   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣


 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬        ‫א‬



٦٥       K‫א‬ K١
٦٧          K .٢
٦٨        K‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
٧١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
٧٢         K‫א‬ K٥
٧٣       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
٧٥         K‫א‬ K٧
٧٦         K K٨
٧٧         K‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
 ٧٨  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
 
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬        ‫א‬


٧٩      K‫א‬ .١
٨٢      K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
   ٨٣      K‫א‬ .٣
   KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 ٨٥    K‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٦      K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٥
٨٦      K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٦
 ٨٩   ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٧
  ٩٠    K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫ א‬.٨
  ٩١     K‫א‬‫א‬ .٩
  ٩٢      K‫א‬‫א‬ .١٠
  ٩٢       K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١١
  ٩٣     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٢
 ٩٥      K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٣
 ٩٦     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١٤
  ٩٩     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٥
  ١٠١        K .١٦
 ١٠٢        K .١٧
١٠٣       K‫א‬ .١٨
١٠٤      K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١٩
   ١٠٦       K .٢٠
 ١٠٧        K .٢١
  ١٠٨         K‫א‬‫ א‬.٢٢
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬        ‫א‬


  
١٠٩      K‫א‬ .١
١١١     K‫א‬ .٢
 ١١٢   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 ١١٣     KE٤١{٣٢ ‫א‬F 
١١٣     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 ١١٥    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
١١٦   K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
١٢٠     K‫א‬ .٨
١٢٢         K‫א‬ .٩
١٢٣    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫ א‬.١٠
١٢٥     K‫א‬‫א‬ .١١
 ١٢٦      K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٢
 ١٢٩      K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٣
 ١٣٠     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١٤
 ١٣٧      K‫א‬‫א‬ .١٥
 ١٣٨      K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١٦
١٤٠     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٧
١٤١        K .١٨
١٤٢         K‫א‬‫ א‬.١٩
١٤٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢٠
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬        ‫א‬

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   ١٤٩      K‫א‬ .١
  ١٥١    ‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 ١٥١       ‫א‬ ♦
١٥٢       E‫א‬‫א‬F ♦
١٥٤       E‫א‬F ♦
 ١٦٠      E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ♦
١٦٤       E‫א‬‫א‬F ♦
١٦٦   E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ♦
١٦٩      E‫א‬‫א‬F ♦
١٧٠     E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ♦
١٧٣     E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ♦
١٧٨     E‫א‬‫א‬F ♦
١٧٩      E‫א‬F ♦

   ١٨٢     KK‫א‬‫א‬ .٣

١٨٣    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 ١٨٣       ‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 ١٨٤   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.a
   ١٨٦       ‫א‬‫ א‬.b
١٨٦    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .c
 ١٨٧      (Vacuum)‫א‬
 ١٨٧       ‫א‬ .d
١٨٧      (MOUSE)‫א‬ .e
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬٢٤٦ ‫א‬
 

١٨٨       ‫א‬ .f
١٨٩      ‫א‬‫א‬ .g
 ١٨٩     CDs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .h
 ١٩٠       ‫א‬ .i
 ١٩١         ‫א‬‫א‬K٤
  ١٩١     ‫א‬‫א‬‫♦ א‬
١٩١   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ♦
 ١٩٤     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥
١٩٦       K‫א‬K٦
١٩٧         KK٧
١٩٨          K‫א‬‫א‬K٨
 ١٩٩   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٩
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS