Welcome to your 11th Anatomy part in the Final!

In this part, we will talk about the Digestive System.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM I
Life is better when your Sinuses are clean, When your Arteries
are Clean, and when your Digestive tract is Clean.

WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF Digestive System is composed of:

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM? 1. Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT): a tube that extends from Mouth
to Anal canal. It is located in Face, Neck, Thorax, Abdomen, and
Pelvis. It is 5 - 7 meters in length.
2. Accessory Digestive Organs: Teeth, Tongue, Liver, Salivary
Glands, Gallbladder, and Pancreas.
• Functions of Digestive System include:
a. Ingestion (‫)اﻟﺒﻠﻊ‬.
b. Secretion (‫)اﻻﻓﺮاز‬.
c. Mixing + Propulsion (‫)دﻓﻊ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم وﺧﻠﻄﻪ ﻣﻊ اﻻﻧﺰ ﻳﻤﺎت اﻟﻬﺎﺿﻤﺔ‬.
d. Digestion: Mechanical and Chemical (‫)ﻫﻀﻢ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬.
e. Absorption (‫)اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﳌﻮاد اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ‬.
f. Defecation (‫)اﻹﺧﺮاج‬.

WHAT ARE THE LAYERS OF

1. Mucosa, which includes the following parts:
GIT?
a. Epithelium: can be Absorptive or Non-absorptive. It contains 1
cell glands called Goblet cells.
b. Lamina propria.
c. Muscularis mucosa, which are muscles within Mucosa.
2. Submucosa: loose areolar connective tissue that contains
arteries, veins, lymphatics, and nerves.
3. Muscularis: layer of muscles for movement. It differs on level:
a. Upper GIT: Skeletal muscles.
b. Lower GIT: Smooth muscles. These include Inner Circular and
Outer Longitudinal muscles (Regional variation).
4. Serosa: outermost layer. This layer might be Peritoneum in
some areas (Regional variation).
WHAT ARE THE GLANDS OF
THE GIT? 1. Endocrine Glands (G cell): scattered between epithelial cells.
2. Exocrine Glands, which include:
a. Salivary Glands: Parotids, Submandibular, and Sublingual.
b. Liver (Largest): this can be Endocrine and Exocrine.
c. Pancreas: which can be Exocrine (Acini) or Endocrine (Islet of
Langerhans).
WHAT IS THE ORAL
CAVITY?
Mouth  is the first portion of  GIT  that receives food and produce
Saliva. Oral mucosa  is the  mucous membrane  epithelium  lining
the inside of the mouth.
WHAT ARE THE BOUNDARIES
a. Anteriorly: Lips.
OF ORAL CAVITY?
b. Laterally: Cheeks.
c. Posteriorly: Oropharyngeal isthmus (btw Mouth and Pharynx).
WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF THE
ORAL CAVITY?
Oral Cavity Proper
Oral cavity proper has a:
1. Roof: formed by Palate. This palate can be:
a. Hard Palate: which is composed of Palatine process of Maxilla
and Horizontal plate of Palatine bone.
b. Soft Palate: which is a muscular mobile flap.
2. Lateral Wall: formed by Teeth and Gums.
3. Floor: Tongue. Fold of mucous membrane that extends between
inferior aspect of the Tongue and Floor of the Mouth = Frenulum.

Vestibule
Vestibule is bounded by:
1. Laterally: Cheeks.
2. Medially: Teeth and Gums.
3. Superior and Inferior: Gum reflections.
4. Posteriorly: communicates with Oral cavity proper.
- It contains Upper and Lower labial frenulum.
WHAT IS THE NERVE SUPPLY
TO ORAL CAVITY? • Roof: Anteriorly by Nasopalatine nerve and Posteriorly by
Greater Palatine nerve. These are branches of Maxillary nerve V2
• Laterally: by Buccal nerve of V2 and Mental nerve of V3.
• Floor: by Lingual nerve of V3 (Mandibular nerve).
• Taste: Chordae tympani of Facial nerve (VII).
WHAT ABOUT THE PHARYNX?
Pharynx is a funnel-shaped tube inferior to base of skull, posterior
to nasal and oral cavities, and larynx, and anterior to C1 - C6.
- It is surrounded by a potential space (Parapharyngeal space).
• It is a Fibromuscular tube, with a wall that is attached to the
base of skull and is thick superiorly. Its wall consists of:
1. Outer (Fibrous tissue).
2. Middle (Muscular), which is composed of Skeletal muscles with
oblique fibers. These muscles include:
a. Superior Constrictor: attach anteriorly to Pterygoid process.
b. Middle Constrictor: attach anteriorly to Hyoid bone.
c. Inferior Constrictor: attach anteriorly to Hyoid and Cricoid.
- These muscles overlap each other.
3. Inner (Mucosa), composed superiorly of Respiratory epitheliu
and inferiorly of Stratified non-keratinized squamous epithelium.
WHAT ARE PARTS OF
Nasopharynx
PHARYNX?
It is the superior part of Pharynx. It opens into:
a. 2 Posterior nasal opennings (Choanae).
b. 2 Eustachian tubes.
c. Oropharynx inferiorly.
- It contains the Pharyngeal tonsils (Adenoids).

Oropharynx
It is the middle part of Pharynx. It extends from Soft palate to the
Hyoid bone. It opens into the Mouth and contains Palatine tonsils.

Laryngopharynx
It extends from Hyoid bone to Cricoid cartilage and contains the
Piriform fossa on each side of laryngeal inlet.
WHAT IS NERVE SUPPLY TO
THE PHARYNX?
Nerve supply is by Pharyngeal Plexus, which have branches from
Glossopharyngeal nerve, Vagus nerve, Accessory nerve, and Sym.
Cervical ganglion.
WHAT IS THE BLOOD SUPPLY
TO THE PHARYNX? Via branches of the External carotid artery:
1. Ascending pharyngeal artery.
2. Branches of the facial artery (Branch of External carotid).
3. Branches of lingual and maxillary arteries.

WHAT ABOUT THE ESOPHAGUS?

Esophagus is a collapsible tube (It is normally closed and can be
open when push a bolus via Peristalsis). It is 25 cm in length.
• It is located in the:
1. Neck: it starts at the level of C6 as a continuation of Pharynx.
At the boundary between these two is the 1st constriction.
2. Thorax: runs in posterior mediastinum (Posterior to the heart
and anterior to vertebral column). It slopes to the Left and is the
longest part of the esophagus.
3. Diaphragm: Esophagus passes through Esophageal hiatus of
Diaphragm at level of T10.
4. Abdomen: it is the shortest part (2cm). It joins the Cardia of
Stomach at Gasto-esophegeal junction and has a valve-like action.

WHAT ABOUT THE WALL OF

1. Mucosa, which is composed of:
THE ESOPHAGUS?
a. Epithelium: Stratified non-keratinized squamous epithelium.
b. Lamina propria: which is thick.
c. Muscularis mucosa.
2. Submucosa: connective tissue. It contains esophageal glands
that open into the lumen via ducts.
WHAT ARE THE OTHER PARTS?
3. Muscularis, which are inner circular and outer longitudinal:
a. Upper 1/3 = Skeletal muscles.
b. Middle 1/3 = Skeletal + Smooth muscles.
c. Lower 1/3 = Smooth muscles.
4. Serosa, which is different depending on the level:
a. In the Neck: None.
b. In the Thorax: part of Pleura.
c. In the Abdomen: part of Peritoneum.

WHAT IS THE BLOOD SUPPLY • Arteries: multiple, segmental, and arise from different sources.
TO THE ESOPHAGUS?
• Veins: Systemic + Portal. Lower part of Esophagus is an area of
Proto-systemic anastomosis.

WHAT IS THE NERVE SUPPLY

• Skeletal muscles: supplied by Vagus nerve.
OF ESOPHAGUS?
• Smooth muscles: supplied by Esophageal plexus(Vagus nerve).

WHAT ABOUT THE STOMACH?

Stomach is a J-shaped organ that is located in Epigastric region. It
extends from Esophagus to Duodenum. It is inferior to Diaphragm
and Left lobe of Liver and anterior to Pancreas.
• It consists of 5 parts:
1. Cardia: which joins the Esophagus.
2. Fundus: Dome-shaped and located under the Diaphragm.
3. Body: Central part and large with Ant. and Post. surfaces.
4. Curvatures: Greater (Left) and Lesser (Right). Lesser has the
Incisura angularis (Beginning of Pylorus ↓).
5. Pylorus, which is composed of Pyloric Antrum + Pyloric Canal.
- At the end of Pylorus is the Pyloric sphincter (circular muscle).

1. Mucosa: surface has longitudinal folds called Rugae. Its Epi. is

Columnar, with pits between cells (openings of glands).
WHAT ABOUT THE WALL OF - Mucosa has Tubular Exocrine and Endocrine glands.
THE STOMACH? 2. Submucosa.
3. Muscularis, which consists of 3 layers: Inner Oblique, Middle
Circular, and Outer Longitudinal.
4. Serosa: which covers anterior and posterior surfaces of it.

• Arteries: Right and Left Gastric arteries, Short gastric arteries

WHAT IS THE BLOOD SUPPLY
and Left and Right Gastri-epiploic arteries.
OF THE STOMACH?
• Veins: same names as arteries.
WHAT IS THE NERVE SUPPLY
TO THE STOMACH? • Sympathetic: Celiac Plexus.
• Parasympathetic: Right and Left vagus nerves (CN X).
WHAT ABOUT SMALL
INTESTINE? Small Intestine has 3 parts: Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum.
WHAT ABOUT SMALL Duodenum
INTESTINE?
It is located to the right of Pancreas, Inferior to Liver and Anterior
to Hilum of the right kidney. It is composed of:
a. 1st Part: first 1 or 2 inches of Duodenum.
b. 2nd Part: Descending part. It has the opening of Common Bile
Duct at the Major duodenal papillae.
c. 3rd Part: Horizontal.
d. 4th Part: goes up to join the Jejunum.
WHAT ABOUT THE WALL OF
THE DUODENUM? 1. Mucosa: composed of columnar epithelium with and contains:
a. Villi.
b. Goblet cells.
c. Circular folds called Plica circularis.
d. Glands that form Crypts and contain Paneth cells.
e. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).
2. Submucosa: contain glands called Brunner glands and contain
lymphatics (lymph vessels) called Lacteals.
3. Serosa.

WHAT ABOUT THE JEJUNUM? Jejunum

It is located in the upper left part of abdominal cavity.
• Wall of jejunum is similar to wall of Duodenum, but differs in:
a. Higher Plica circularis.
b. Longer villi.
c. More Microvilli.
d. Deeper crypts.
e. More Lacteals (Lymphatic vessels).
f. More Red in color.

WHAT ABOUT THE ILEUM? Ileum

Ilium is located in the right iliac fossa. It ends by opening into the
Cecum through a valve called Ileo-cecal valve.
• Wall of Ileum is similar to the wall of Duodenum, but differs in:
a. Shorter Villi and Microvilli.
b. Much more MALT called Peyer’s patches.

WHAT IS THE BLOOD SUPPLY

Arteries that supply Small Intestine comes from Aorta, which give
OF THE SMALL INTESTINE?
Celiac artery and Superior mesenteric artery.

WHAT IS THE NERVE SUPPLY

Meissner's and Aurbach’s plexuses of nerves. It receives
TO THE SMALL INTESTINE?
Sympathetic innervation from T2 - L1 and Parasympathetic
innervation from the Vagus nerve.