BIOCHEMISTRY GLYCOLYSIS AND KREBS

AY 2018-2019 Dr. Leon Caculitan

1st Sem MIDTERM November 5, 2018

Lecture Outline:
Cellular Respiration GLYCOLYSIS (FLOW)
I. Glycolysis
A. Enzymes in Glycolysis Reaction Enzyme
B. Gibbs Free Energy 1. glucose to glucose-6- Hexokinase
C. Glycolysis (Flow) phosphate
2. glucose-6-phosphate to Phosphohexose isomerase
D. Fate of Pyruvate
fructose-6-phosphate
E. Galactose Entry into Glycolysis 3. fructose-6-phosphate to Phosphofructokinase
F. Fructose Entry into Glycolysis fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
II. Citric Acid Cycle 4. fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to Aldolase
A. Enzymes in Citric Acid Cycle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
B. Citric Acid Cycle (Flow)
III. References *2 molecules are produced
IV. Appendix (Glycolysis and Citric acid Cycle) 5. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to Glyceraldehydes-3- phosphate
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate dehydrogenase
6. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3- Phosphoglycerate kinase
CELLULAR RESPIRATION phosphoglycerate
7. 3- phosphoglycerate to 2- Phosphoglycerate mutase
 Process by which mitochondria breaks down phosphoglycerate
glucose to produce ATP 8. 2- phosphoglycerate to Enolase
3 STAGES: phosphoenol pyruvate
a. Glycolysis 9. phosphoenol pyruvate to Pyruvate kinase
b. Citric Acid Cycle pyruvate
c. Electron Transport Chain
* In anaerobic glycolysis, 4 molecules of ATP are
Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport produced however 2 molecules of ATP are used in
Chain phosphorylation reaction, leaving a net gain of 2
Cytosol/cytoplasm Mitochondrial matrix Inner membrane of molecules of ATP.
mitochondria
FATE OF PYRUVATE
Anaerobic Aerobic Aerobic
End product: End product: NADH End product: ATP
pyruvate (most important (where most ATPs 1. Aerobic respiration: Acetyl CoA (Mitochondrial
product released) are produced) Matrix) via decarboxylation or removal of CO2
Substrate level Substrate level Oxidative 2. Anaerobic respiration: Lactate; lactate can be
phosphorylation phosphorylation phosphorylation
converted back to glucose via Cori Cycle
3. Fermentation: Formation of Alcohol (Does not occur
ENZYMES IN GLYCOLYSIS
in humans, only in microorganisms)
1. Kinase- transfer of functional groups GALACTOSE ENTRY INTO GLYCOLYSIS
Ex: Hexokinase
2. Isomerase- interconversion
Ex: Galactose  Glucose or
Fructose  Glucose
3. Aldolase- breakdown of bonds between carbons
Ex: 6 Carbons  3 Carbons
4. Dehydrogenase- removal of Hydrogen
Ex: NADH  NAD

*Hexokinase- mostly in muscles/ most tissues

*Glucokinase- Mostly in liver and B cells of the
pancreas
GIBBS FREE ENERGY

 (-) ΔG  Spontaneous reaction. Reaction will move

forward. Irreversible reaction.
 (+) ΔG  Non Spontaneous reaction. Reaction will
not proceed. Reaction is reversible.

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FRUCTOSE ENTRY INTO GLYCOLYSIS CITRIC ACID CYCLE (FLOW)

PYRUVATE (3-C)

CoASH CO2 NAD+ NADH Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Acetyl- CoA (2-C)

Water CoASH Citrate Synthase

Citrate (6-C)

Aconitase

Isocitrate (6-C)
 Not all glucose 6-phosphate will go into
glycolysis, some will go to the Pentose CO2 NAD+ NADH Isocitrate dehydrogenase
phosphate pathway
 Generates NADPH and pentoses also ribose α- ketoglutarate (5-
5-phosphate, a precursor for the synthesis of C)
nucleotides. (RNA and DNA) CoASH CO2 NAD+ NADH
α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Succinyl- CoA (4-C)

CITRIC ACID CYCLE
CoASH GDP GTP Succinate Thiokinase
 Uses pyruvate from Glycolysis
 Produces a total of 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP Succinate (4-C)

FAD+ FADH2 Succinate dehydrogenase

Fumarate (4-C)

Water Fumarase
 A total of 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 4 ATP’s are
produced on a single glucose sugar that Malate (4-C)
undergone Glycolysis and Citric acid alone.
NAD+ NADH Malate dehydrogenase

REFERENCES Oxaloacetate (4-C)

1. Discussion by Dr. Leon Caculitan
2. Powerpoint: Cellular Respiration
- Input
3. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry: 30th Edition
- Output/ By Product

- Enzymes Responsible
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GLYCOLYSIS

(-) ΔG: Glucokinase

Irreversible  In the Liver: remove glucose from blood
Reaction following a meal
 In B Islet Cells: detect high concentration of
glucose

Involves Aldohexose Isomerization

(-) ΔG: Irreversible Reaction

Dephos-
Irreversible  Inducible and subject to allosteric regulation
phorylation
Reaction  Major role in regulating the rate of
Glycolysis

 NAD+ dependent
 Hydrogens removed in this oxidation are
transferred to NAD+

 Phosphate is transferred onto ADP,

forming ATP
 Substrate level phosphorylation

 Isomerized
 2,3-biphosphoglycerate (Diphosphoglycerate/
DPG) is an intermediate in this reaction

 Enolase is inhibited by Fluoride

 Dependent on the presence of either
Mg2+ or Mn2+
 Dehydration

 Phosphate is transferred to ADP to form 2

molecules of ATP.
IRREVERSIBLE
 Large free energy change involved.
(-) ΔG:  Immediate product, Enol Pyruvate,
Irreversible undergoes spontaneous isomerization to
Reaction Pyruvate so the product of the reaction is
not available to undergo reverse reaction.
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CITRIC ACID CYCLE

N.B.:
Succinyl- CoA synthetase is
termed as Succinate
Thiokinase due to the removal
of the Sulfide group