LESSON 8: THE GLOBAL CITY

 Buzzing metropolises- forest of skyscrapers and train lines that zigzag on top of each other
 Globalization is SPATIAL
 Because it occurs in physical spaces
-Foreign investments and capital move through a city.
-More poor people are driven out of city centers to make way for the new developments.
 Because what makes it move is the fact that it is based in places.
LOS ANGELES- Home of Hollywood
TOKYO- Sony
 Cities act on globalization and globalization acts on cities.
 1950- 30% of the world lived in urban areas
 2014- 54%, expected by 2050 to reach 66%
 Saskia Sassen(Sociologist, 1990s)- popularized the term “global city”/ global economy has change
 New York, London, Tokyo- hubs of global finance and capitalism/ world’s top stock exchange
 New York- NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE (NYSE) $19, 300 BILLION [value of shares]
 London – FINANCIAL TIMES STOCK EXCHANGE (FTSE)
 Tokyo- NIKKEI
 PHILIPPINE STOCK EXCHANGE - $231.3 BILLION
 LOS ANGELES- rival the Big Apple’s cultural influence/ central of film industry
 SAN FRANCISCO- another global City/ home of the most powerful internet companies (Facebook, Twitter, Google)
 Growth of Chinese Economy- turned Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou into centers of trade and finance.
 Reopened- SHANGHAI STOCK EXCHANGE (1990)- 5th largest stock market in the world
 “Global”- they are great place to live in.
 Australia, Sydney- commands the greatest proportion of capital.
 Melbourne- Sydney’s rival “global city”/ as the world’s “most livable city”- a place w/ good public transportation…
 ECONOMIC POWER- foremost characteristic of global city
 New York- have the largest Stock Market
 Tokyo- most number of corporate headquarters(613 company headquarters/ 217 in New York)
 Shanghai- smaller stock market compared to New York and Tokyo, but plays a critical role in the global economy
- World’s busiest container port- 33million container units in 2013
 China- Manufacturing center of the world
 Top IT Programmers and Engineers from Asia- moved to San Francisco Bay Area to become key figures in Silicon
Valley’s tech.
 LONDON- preferred destination for many Filipinos with nursing degrees.
 ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT- measures the economic competitiveness of a city
 Market size, purchasing power of citizens, size of the middle class, potential for growth
 Singapore “tiny”- Asia’s most Competitive City/ strong market, efficient and incorruptible government and
livability.
-houses the regional offices of many major global corporations.
 Global cities are also centers of authority/ centers of higher learning and culture.
 Washington D.C.- not be as wealthy as New York, but it is the seat of American state power.
 Canberra- a sleepy town and thus is not attractive to tourists
-Australia’s political Capital- home to the country’s top politicians, bureaucrats, and policy advisors.
 Cities that house major international organizations are considered centers of political influence.
 New York – Headquarter of United Nations
 Brussels- Headquarter of European Union
 Jakarta- influential political city(capital of Indonesia)- headquarter of the ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN
NATIONS(ASEAN)
 European Central Bank- oversees the Euro (European Union’s currency) is based in Frankfurt.
 Books – New York, London, Paris.
 Boston – Harvard University (World’s Top University)
 Australia- leading English Language University
-education is Australia’s 3rd largest export
-2015- 19.2 billion Australian dollars (14 billion US dollars) for education
 Copenhagen- capital of Denmark/ NOT home of major stock market, population is rather homogenous
-one of the culinary capitals of the world/ birthplace of “New Nordic” cuisine
 Manchester, England (1980s)- dreary, industrial city
 Southeast Asia, Singapore- cultural hub for the region
 Region’s Top Television- MTV Southeast Asia, Channel News Asia)
 Philippine & Thailand- art galleries & cinemas
- It is easier to watch the movie of Filipino indie filmmaker in Singapore than in Manila
 “Empire State of Mind”- Jay Z & Alicia Key/ “New York, New York”- Frank Sinatra’s
-“a concrete jungle where dreams are made of” Alicia Keys
 Berlin & Tokyo- Best Turkish food
 Manila is not very global because of dearth of foreign residents/ Singapore is, 38% of foreign population
 Global cities great inequality and poverty, create winners and losers
 “PATHOLOGIES”- research of Chicago Council on Global Affairs
 Richard Florida- Cities can be sustainable because of their density’ “Ecologists have found that by
concentrating their popu…”
 Cities w/ extensive public transportation systems, people tend to drive less and thereby cut carbon emissions.
 Singapore & Tokyo- low per capita carbon footprints
 Los Angeles- Urban sprawls, massive freeways/ residents force to spend money on cars and gas.
 Manila, Bangkok, Mumbai- lack of public transportation, government’s inability to regulate car
industries
 Urban areas consume most of the world’s energy.
- 2% of landmass consumed 78% of global energy
 “Vertical Farms” (as a solution)- abandoned buildings
- If more food can be grown w/ less water in denser spaces, cities will begin to be greener.
 Terror Attacks- high population, attractive to workers and migrants.
- 9/11 attacks- down twin towers of the WORL TRADE CENTER of New York
- November 2015- attack Paris by zealot of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant(ISIL)
- Istanbul & Manila- carries Donald Trump name
 Scandinavia- mitigate inequality
 Mumbai, Jakarta, Manila- gleaming buildings alongside massive shantytowns
 New York & San Francisco- occupied by African-American
 Gentrification- driving out the poor in favor of newer, wealthier residents
- Australian cities- poor aboriginal Australians
- France- poor Muslims migrants, clustered around ethnic enclaves known as BANLIEUE
 New York- high-rolling American investment bankers- childrens are raised by Filipina maids
 The best of globalization; they are places that create exciting fusions of culture and ideas

LESSON 9: GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

 Child- symbol of a successful union

 Rural Communities- welcome an extra hand to help/ planting & harvesting
 Poorer districts of urban centers tend to have families w/ more children, for their “small family business”
 Urbanized, educated, & personal families desire just 1 or 2 progenies(sights on long term savings plans)
 Rural families- multiple children and large kinship networks as critical investments.
 -their home can be the “retirement home” for their parents
 Urban families- not have the same kinship anymore because couples live on their own.
 Countries in the “less developed regions in the world” that RELY ON AGRICULTURE tend to maintain
high population
 United Nations (1980) - urban & rural population growth, 85% - world population(1975)/90% by the
end of 20th cent.\
 (2011)- 37% total world population, compared to 1980 in which rural and urban population were more
less the same.
 “Nourishing the Planet” (blogsite)- “Even agricultural population shrunk…nagataas gihapon ang population”
 Urban populations have grown, but NOT necessarily because family are having more children, rather cause
of migrat..
 (Start of 20th century)- 44% urban, 52%-75% developed countries
 International migration also plays a significant part
 Development planners see Urbanization & Industrialization as indicators of s developing society,
but DISAGREE on the role of population growth.
 Thomas Malthus (British Scholar)- “An Essay on the Principle of Population”- population growth will
exhaust the food supply
 Paul R. Ehrlich & his wife Anne- “The Population Bomb” population growth will lead to food shortage and
mass starvation
 United States- lead in the promotion of global population control
 Recommendation ranged from the
 bizarre (chemical castration)
 to policy-oriented (taxing an additional child and luxury taxes )
 to monetary incentives (paying off men who would agree to be sterilized after 2 children)
 to institution-building (powerful Department of Population and Environment)
 By limiting the population, vital resources could be used for economic progress and not be “diverted” and
“wasted” to feeding more mouths.
-basis for government “population control” programs worldwide
 “Foreign Affairs”(1958) American policy journal- advocated “contraception and sterilization”
 “Nightmarish” explosion of people was “a potentially disastrous environmental, social and industrial threat”
 Core of the economist argument for the promotion of reproductive health- access to reproductive
technologies and giving women the right to choose whether to have children or not.
 Puerto Rico- reproductive health supporters task of transforming their “poor country” into a “modern nation”.
 “Irresponsible fecundity” of Egyptians
 “Natural” Iranian peasants
 Indian Government “marked lower castes, working poor, and Muslims as hypersexual and hyperfecund…”
 Vietnam & Mexico- conducted coercive mass sterilization
 Betsy Hartmann- disagree with the advocates of neo-Malthusian theory and accused governments of using
population control
 “megacities” – transportation, housing, air pollution, and waste management/ centers of economic growth
 29.7 years female / 30.9 males - young working population
 Baby Boom generation- Infant mortality fell from 181 to 34 per 1,000 births, fertility fell from 6 to 2 children per
woman
 “technological & institutional innovation” and increased “the supply of human ingenuity”
 “Green Revolution” – development of new methods of cultivation
 Scholars & policymakers agree w/ neo-Malthusian but government must include “More inclusive growth” &
“greener economic growth”
 Reproductive rights supporters- argue that if population control reach their goals, women must have control
 North America & Europe- 73% governments allow abortion
 Bolivia’s average fertility rate (TFR) 6.7 children- family planning program, legalization of abortion
(also occurred in Ghana)
 (1985) TFR went down to 5.13 to 3.46 in 2008
 United Nations (2014) allowing abortion to preserve the physical health of a woman- increased from
63% to 67%
 Mental health of a woman – increased from 52% to 64%
 Religious – anti-reproductive rights
 Muslim countries- do not condone abortion and limit wives to domestic chores and delivering babies.
 Reproductive Health Law – in Philippines
 Pro-choice advocates- abortion is necessary to protect mother’s health.
 Feminist- against any form of population control/ there is very little evidence to point to overpopulation
 UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE on POPULATION and DEVELOPMENT(1994)-
suggests recognition of this issue
 Global population reached 7.4 billion, increase to 9.5 billion in 2050, 11.2 billion by 2100.
- Median age 30.1
- 29.4 years male
- 30.9 female
 Japan & Singapore- most advanced countries/ populations remain steady
 Demographers prediction- 9 billion by 2050
 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)- by population control, food production must increased by 70%
- 2.1 billion to 3 billion tons- cereal production
- 200 million tons to 470 million- meat production
- Problem- 3.2% in 1960 to just 1.5% in 2000
 Good Governance- goal of many nations
 Demography- complex discipline that requires the integration of various social scientific data.
 No interdisciplinary account of globalization is complete w/out an accounting of people.