PLC Programming: Topic 3 - 1

Topic 3_1
PLC Programming
Dr. Mahesh S. Narkhede

Electrical Engineering Department
Government Polytechnic, Mumbai
msnarkhede@ymail.com
https://drmaheshsnarkhede.wordpress.com/
Course Outcome
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After studying this topic you will be able to
• List PLC programming languages
• Develop PLC ladder diagrams
• Explain basic concept of ladder
• Apply rules of ladder
PLC Programming Languages
 IEC 61131-3 standard 3
 IEC 61131-3 is the international standard for
programmable controller programming
languages.
 The following is a list of programming
languages specified by this standard:
 Ladder diagram (LD)
 Sequential Function Charts (SFC)
 Function Block Diagram (FBD)
 Structured Text (ST)
 Instruction List (IL)
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 One of the primary benefits of the standard
is that it allows multiple languages to be
used within the same programmable
controller.
 This allows the program developer to select
the language best suited to each particular
task.
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 Ladder Logic
 Ladder logic is the main programming
method used for PLC’s. Ladder logic is
developed to mimic relay logic.
Advantages :
 The rungs allow it to be organized and easy
to follow.
 It also lets you document comments that
are readily visible.
 It supports online editing very successfully.
Disadvantages 6
 The main disadvantage is that there are
some instructions that are not available,
which might make it more difficult for
programming such as motion or batching.
Ladder Program
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Sequential Function Charts (SFC)
 SFC have been developed to
accommodate the programming of more
advanced systems. These are similar to
flowcharts, but much more powerful.
 Here steps and transitions are used to
achieve end results.
 Steps act as a major function in program.
These steps house the actions that occur
when we program them to happen. This
decision can be based on timing, a certain
phase of the process, or a physical state of
an equipment.
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 Transitions are the instructions that you use
to move from one step to another step by
setting conditions of true or false.
 Unlike traditional flowcharts, the Sequential
Function Charts can have multiple paths.
 We can use branches to initiate multiple
steps at one time.
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Advantages
 Processes can be broken into major steps
that can make troubleshooting faster and
easier.
 We have direct access in the logic to see
where a piece of equipment faulted.
 It can be faster to design and write the logic
due to the ability to use repeated
executions of individual pieces of logic.
Disadvantages
 It does not always fit every application.
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Sequential Function Chart

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 Function Block Diagram (FBD)
 FBD is another graphical programming
language. The main concept is the data
flow that start from inputs and passes in
block(s) and generate the output.
 Function Blocks are developed to create a
system that could set up many of the
common, repeatable tasks, such as
counters, timers, PID Loops, etc.
 Then blocks are programmed onto sheets
and then the PLC constantly scans the
sheets in numerical order or is determined
by connections programmed between the
blocks.
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Different Function Blocks

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Function Block Diagram

Advantages 14
 The FBD does work well with motion controls.
 The visual method is easier for some users.
 The biggest advantage of FBD that you can
take many lines of programming and put it
into one or several function blocks.
Disadvantages
 The code can get disorganized using this
PLC Programming Language because you
can place the function blocks anywhere on
the sheet. This can also make it more difficult
to troubleshoot.
 Structured Text (ST) 15
 Structured Text (ST) is a high level textual
language that is similar to Pascal , Basic and
C
 It is very flexible and intuitive for writing control
algorithms. It can execute complex tasks
utilizing algorithms and mathematical
functions along with repetitive tasks.
 The code uses statements that are separated
by semicolons and then either inputs, outputs,
or variables are changed by these
statements.
 It uses functions such as FOR, WHILE, IF, ELSE,
ELSEIF AND CASE.
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Advantages
 It is very organized and good at computing
large mathematical calculations.
 It will enable you to cover some instructions
that are not available in some other
languages like the Ladder Diagram.
Disadvantages
 The syntax can be difficult.
 It is hard to debug.
 It is difficult to edit online.
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Structured Text
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 Instruction List
 The Instruction List language resembles
Assembly Language. We use mnemonic
codes such as LD (Load), AND, OR, etc.
Advantages
 The Instruction List language is valuable for
applications that need code that is
compact and time critical.
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Disadvantages
 There are few structuring possibilities with the
“Goto” command being one of them.
 There can also be many errors that are more
difficult to deal with in comparison to many
of the other languages.
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Instruction List
Development of PLC Ladder Diagram
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 Ladder diagrams are specialized schematics
commonly used to document industrial
control logic systems.
 They are called "ladder" diagrams because
they resemble a ladder
 The two vertical rails are called as power
rails
 Horizontal lines are called as Rungs
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 A rung of ladder diagram code can contain
both input and output instructions
 Input instructions perform a comparison or
test and set the rung state based on the
outcome
 Input Instructions are normally left justified on
the rung
 Output instructions examine the rung state
and execute some operation or function
 Output Instructions are normally right justified
on the rung Input Instruction Output Instruction
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B F
AND
C D
E
A
Branches
OR
IF ((A OR B) AND (NOT C) AND D) THEN E=1; F=1 END_IF
 Ladder Diagram input instructions perform

logical AND and OR operations in and
easy to understand format as shown.
Rules of Ladder Diagram
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Ladder Logic Execution
 Rungs of Ladder diagram are solved from
Left to right and top to bottom
 Branches within rungs are solved top left to
bottom right
Ladder Rung
A D E
Left Power Rail Right Power Rail
B G
Branch
F H
J
S
K
R
I P
References
 https://realpars.com/plc-programming-
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languages/
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HAPPY LEARNING!
Dr.Mahesh S. Narkhede
Electrical Engineering Department
Government Polytechnic, Mumbai
msnarkhede@ymail.com
https://drmaheshsnarkhede.wordpress.com/

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Topic 3_1

Dr. Mahesh S. Narkhede

Sequential Function Chart

Different Function Blocks

Function Block Diagram

IF ((A OR B) AND (NOT C) AND D) THEN E=1; F=1 END_IF

 Ladder Diagram input instructions perform

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