Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning 

S t
System Design Course
D i C
3rd May 2010 to 14th May 2010

at 
at
National Institute of Design and Analysis (NIDA)
Technology Upgradation and Skill Development Company 
Technology Upgradation
Technology  and Skill Development Company
(TUSDEC)
State Cement Corporation Building Kot
State Cement Corporation Building, Kot
State Cement Corporation Building,  Kot‐‐Lakhpat
Lakhpat, Lahore
, Lahore
Lahore
 Instructor Profile
Instructor Profile
Muhammad Usman Habib
Muhammad Usman Habib
• Mechanical Engineer + Masters in Business 
Administration
– Air Tech Engineering (HVAC Equipment Supplies)
– Mech8 Engineering (HVAC System Design)
M h8 E i i (HVAC S D i )
– Life Member Pakistan HVACR Society
 Training Schedule Timings
Training Schedule Timings 
Dates: From 3rd May to 14th May 2010 (Monday to Fridays)
Everyday we will start at 04:00 pm 

Time (all times are in pm) Activity

0400 ~ 0530
0400 ~ Fi t S i
First Session of the day
f th d

0530~ 0600 Tea + Prayer Break

0600~ 0645 Second Session

0645 0705
0645 ~0705 M h ib Prayer Break
Maghrib P B k

0705 ~ 0800 Third Session
What Made you come here?? 
•Your Name
•Qualification
•Working for / Studying
•Work done in HVAC industry
 Session ‐1
Session  1 & 2 (Today)
& 2 (Today)
• Basics of HVAC such as Heat, 
– Why HVAC Systems are installed
Wh HVAC S i ll d
– Potentials and Challenges faced by HVAC systems
– Goal of HVAC System
– Indoor Air Quality, Sick Building Syndrome
– HVAC scope includes provision of Healthy and 
Comfortable Environment (Not Only Comfortable)
– Pscychrometry and Psychrometric Chart 
 What does an HVAC System do..?
What does an HVAC System do..?

1. Provide the cooling and heating energy 
2. Condition the supply air
3. Distribute the conditioned air
4 Control and maintain the indoor environmental
4. Control and maintain the indoor environmental 
parameters
 Purpose of Air Conditioning
Purpose of Air Conditioning
Comfort Air Conditioning
Comfort Air Conditioning Process Air Conditioning
Process Air Conditioning
• The Commercial Sector • In textile mills
• The Institutional Sector
The Institutional Sector • Production of Electronic 
Production of Electronic
• Residential and Lodging  Products
Sector • Precision Manufacturing
• Health Care encompasses • Pharmaceutical products
• Transportation Sector • Refrigerated warehouses
 Potentials and Challenges
Potentials and Challenges
• Providing
Providing a comfortable and healthy indoor 
a comfortable and healthy indoor
environment
• The Cleanest, Quietest, and Most Precise and 
The Cleanest Quietest and Most Precise and
Humid Processing Environment 
• Energy Use and Energy Efficiency
E U dE Effi i
• Environmental Problems—CFCs and Global 
Warming
Air 
Conditioning 
Conditioning
Project 
Development
 Types of Project Development
Types of Project Development
• Design Bid
Design Bid • Design Build
Design Build
 Major HVACR Problems
Major HVACR Problems
• Poor
Poor indoor air quality (IAQ)
indoor air quality (IAQ)—sick
sick building 
building
syndrome
• Updated technology.
Updated technology
• Insufficient communication between design 
professionals, construction groups, and 
f i l i d
operators
• Overlooked commissioning
y pp
• Reluctant to try innovative approaches
 Design Documents
Design Documents
• Drawings
– Floor plans
– Detail drawings
Detail drawings
– Sections and elevations
– Piping diagram
Pi i di
– Air duct diagram
– Control diagrams
C l di
– Equipment schedule
– Legends
 HVAC SYSTEMS ARE
MORE THAN
JUST
TEMPERATURE CONTROL
 Misconceptions about HVAC Systems
Misconceptions about HVAC Systems
• HVAC systems means not only temperature 
control
• Efficient and Effective Ventilation Systems are 
Important addressable issues
• HVAC scope also includes
• Intake of fresh air 
• Exhaust of contaminated air
• Control of Relative Humidity
Control of Relative Humidity
• Creating  healthy environment
• Creating comfortable environment
Indoor Air Quality and Human Life
Indoor Air Quality and Human Life
• How
How much time WE SPEND indoors and how 
much time WE SPEND indoors and how
much time we spend outdoors? Any idea…
• We spend 80‐90%
80 90% of time Indoors
• And yet we are not concerned about what we are 
b thi
breathing………
• Indoor Air Pollution is potentially more 
d
dangerous than Outdoor Air Pollution
th O td Ai P ll ti
• Appearance of Sick Building Syndrome
 Reasons for Poor IAQ
Reasons for Poor IAQ
Bioaerosol 5%

Inside
Contamination
Inadequate 15%
Ventilation ,
53%

Outside
Contamination
10%

Building
Products 4%

Unknown
Reasons 13%
 Results of Poor IAQ
Results of Poor IAQ

Increasing the supply of fresh conditioned air and exhausting 
contaminated air appears to be the only way out
 ASHRAE Standards
ASHRAE Standards
• American Society for Heating Refrigeration Air Conditioning and Engineers Standard 
62‐2001 “ Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality”

Application Ventilation Application Ventilation 

Rate/Person Rate/Person
Office Space 20 CFM Auditorium 15 CFM
Smoking 60 CFM Conference  20 CFM
Rooms
Lounge 20 CFM Classrooms 15 CFM
Restaurants 25 CFM Hospital Rooms 25 CFM

Beauty/Salon 30 CFM Laboratory 20 CFM

Supermarkets 20 CFM Operating Rooms 30 CFM
Effects of Poor IAQ on business
Effects of Poor IAQ on business
• An
An unhealthy working environment means the 
unhealthy working environment means the
probability of employees falling ill increases 
exponentially. 
exponentially
• Research shows that poor indoor air quality 
results in productivity loss of 10~25%
results in productivity loss of 10~25%.
GOALS OF AN HVAC SYSTEM
GOALS OF AN HVAC
 The Goal
An Environmentally Friendlier, Energy‐Efficient, and
Cost‐Effective HVAC&R System
• Effectively control indoor environmental parameters, 
y p ,
usually to keep temperature and humidity within 
required limits.
• Provide an adequate amount of outdoor ventilation air 
Provide an adequate amount of outdoor ventilation air
and an acceptable indoor air quality.
• Use energy
Use energy‐efficient
efficient equipment and HVAC&R systems.
equipment and HVAC&R systems.
• Minimize ozone depletion and the global warming 
effect.
• Select cost‐effective components and systems.
• Ensure proper maintenance, easy after‐hour access, 
and necessary fire protection and smoke control
and necessary fire protection and smoke control 
systems.
FUNDAMENTALS OF HVAC SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTALS OF HVAC
 Basics
Pressure
• Pressure = Force/ Area
/
– Atmospheric Pressure 
• The atmospheric air above the earth exerts a Pressure 
because of its weight
because of its weight
– Absolute 
• Pressure exerted by a liquid above zero pressure is called 
Absolute Pressure
Absolute Pressure
– Gauge P abs = P atm + P g
• Pressure above atmospheric pressure is called gage pressure
– Vacuum Pressure
V P
• If fluid exerts a pressure below atmospheric pressure, 
pressure reading below atmospheric pressure is called 
vacuum pressure
vacuum pressure
P abs = P atm ‐ P vac
 Basics
Heat
• Heat 
eat
– Form of energy that transfers from one body to 
another due to temperature difference
• Temperature
– Is a measure of thermal activity in a body (C, F , 
Kelvin)
• Energy
– Potential Energy
Potential Energy
– Kinetic Energy
– Chemical Energygy
 Enthalpy
• Combination
Combination energy due to temperature, 
energy due to temperature
pressure and volume
– Defined as
Defined as
• Enthalpy is a property of a body that measures its heat 
content 
• Specific Enthalpy
– Defined as
Defined as
• It is the enthalpy per unit mass of a substance
– BTU/lb
 The Energy Equation
The Energy Equation
• First Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
– Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
– There is no conservation of energy in nature
gy
• E ch = E in – E out
–E ch= change in stored energy
–EE in 
in = energy added to the system
energy added to the system
–E out= energy removed from the system
 Example
• A
A hot water heating convector in a room is 
hot water heating convector in a room is
supplying 3000 BTU/hr of heat. Heat is being 
transferred from indoors to outdoors at the
transferred from indoors to outdoors at the 
rate of 4500 BTU/hr through windows? What 
will happen inside the room?
will happen inside the room?
• E ch = E in – E out
–E ch= 3000 – 4500 = ‐1500 BTU/hr
 States of Existence
States of Existence
• Solid, Liquid or Vapor (Gas)
Solid Liquid or Vapor (Gas)
– Boiling or Vaporization point is directly related to 
the external pressure applied
the external pressure applied

“Higher the pressure on water, the 
“Higher the pressure on water the
higher the boiling temperature and 
lower the pressure, lower the 
temperature at which it will boil”
 Saturated, Sub Cooled and 
Superheated Conditions
h d d
• Saturated
Saturated Vapor is vapor at the boiling 
Vapor is vapor at the boiling
temperature and saturated liquid is liquid at 
the boiling temperature
the boiling temperature
• When the temperature of the vapor is above its 
saturation temperature (boiling point) it is
saturation temperature (boiling point), it is 
called a superheated vapor
• When the temperature of liquid is below its 
Wh h f li id i b l i
saturation temperature, it is called a sub‐
cooled liquid
l d li id
 Specific Volume
Specific Volume
• Specific
Specific volume is defined as the volume of 
volume is defined as the volume of
one pound of dry air at a specific temperature 
and pressure
and pressure.
– As one pound of air is heating it occupies more 
space –the
space  the specific volume increases
specific volume increases
Sensible heat
When an object is heated, its temperature rises as heat is added. The 
increase in heat is called sensible heat Similarly when heat is removed
increase in heat is called sensible heat. Similarly, when heat is removed 
from an object and its temperature falls, the heat removed is also called 
sensible heat. Heat that causes a change in temperature in an object is 
called sensible heat.

Latent heat
All pure substances in nature are able to change their state. Solids can 
p g
become liquids (ice to water) and liquids can become gases (water to 
vapor) but changes such as these require the addition or removal of 
heat. The heat that causes these changes is called latent heat.

Latent Heat of Fusion
To raise the temperature of 1 pound of ice from 0°F to 32°F, you 
must add 16 BTU To change the pound of ice at 32°FF to a pound of 
must add 16 BTU. To change the pound of ice at 32 to a pound of
water at 32°F, you add 144 BTU (latent heat of fusion). There is no 
change in temperature while the ice is melting.
• Specific heat:
Ratio of the amount of heat required
q to increase the
temperature of one pound of any substance by one
degree to the amount necessary to increase one pound
of water.
water

• Latent
Latent Heat of Vaporization
Heat of Vaporization
After the ice is melted, however, the
temperature of the water is raised when more heat
i applied.
is li d When
Wh 180 BTU are added, dd d the
th water
t boils.
b il
To change a pound of water at 212°F to a pound of
steam at
212°F, you must add 970 BTU (latent heat of
vaporization). After the water is converted to steam at
212°FF, the application of additional heat causes a rise in
212
the temperature of the steam
 Sensible Heat Vs Latent Heat
Sensible Heat Vs Latent Heat

A = Sensible heat of ice

B = Latent heat of fusion of
ice
C = Sensible heat of water
D = Latent heat of
vaporization
of water
E = Sensible heat of steam
PSYCHROMETRY
What is Psychrometry…?
What is Psychrometry
What is  Psychrometry…??
P h t is the 
•Psychrometry i th
science dealing with 
i d li ih
the physical laws of 
h h i ll f
air‐water mixtures
 Psychometric Chart
Psychometric Chart
• Graphical
Graphical representation of physical properties of air 
representation of physical properties of air
over a broad range of conditions 
– Temperature moisture analysis done with the help 
p y p
of psychrometric chart

– Helps in Analyzing  and Designing HVAC System
Properties of Air‐Psychrometric
p y Chart
• Dry Bulb Temperature
• Web bulb Temperature
Web bulb Temperature
• Dew‐point temperature
– Moisture leaves the air and condensates on the object just 
as dew forms on grass and plant leaves
as dew forms on grass and plant leaves
• Relative humidity
– Comparison of the amount of moisture a given amount of 
air is holding to the amount of moisture that the same air 
can hold at the same dry bulb temperature
– Expressed in %‐age
• Humidity ratio
– Actual weight of water in an air‐water vapor mixture
When any two of these five properties are known, the other three 
can be quickly determined from the psychrometirc chart
Properties of Air
Properties of Air

Five air conditions

•Vertical - dry bulb
temperature
•Horizontal - humidity
ratio
•Diagonally curved -
relative humidity
•Horizontal - dew
point temperature
•Diagonal – wet bulb
p
temperature

39
 Example
• What
What is the Relative Humidity, Dew Point on 
is the Relative Humidity Dew Point on
95 F DB (Dry Bulb) and 78 F WB (Wet Bulb)?

• Answer is 
Point of Intersection
•Air at these conditions is located
where the vertical 95OF dry-bulb (DB)
and diagonal 78OF wet-bulb (WB)
temperature lines intersect.
intersect
•Both the dew-point and humidity -
ratio lines are horizontal and the
values are shown on the right side of
the chart.
•Therefore, humidity ratio is about 118
grains of moisture per pound of dry air
and the dew point temperature is
approximately 72OF.
•Relative curves run from the top
p right
g
to the bottom left of the chart
•In the example, by interpolation, the
y is approximately
relative humidity pp y
47%.
P
Properties of Saturated Air
i fS d Ai
•The
The amount of moisture
contained in saturated air
depends on dry-bulb
temperature.
•The maximum amount of
water vapor that one
pound of dry air can hold
at a particular dry-bulb
temperature.
Therefore at 25OF,
•Therefore, F one
pound of dry air holds
19.14 grains of water a
saturation point
point.
Plotting Saturation Points

•These saturation
points can be
plotted on a chart
with dry-bulb
dry bulb
temperature along
the horizontal
axis and humidity
ratio along the
vertical axis.
Saturation Curve
Saturation Curve

•The plotted
curve forms the
100% relative-
relative
humidity curve
or saturation
curve.
Dry Bulb, Wet Bulb and Dew Point
lb lb d i
•Point D: Arbitrarily
chosen moist air
with conditions
shown in adjacent
table.
•Point C: Reducing
db
temperature :
reduces wb
temperature dew
point unchanged
increases relative
humidity.
•Point B: Further
reduction in db
temperature yields
same results as.
Adding Sensible Heat

•Merely
Merely heating air
does not change
its moisture
content,its
condition will
move horizontally
along a constant
humidity-ratio line.
Relative Humidity Curves
Relative Humidity Curves
•Additional curves
added to the chart are at
10% intervals and
represent humidity
conditions ranging
g g from
completely saturated air
to completely dry air.
•When air is completely
dry, its relative humidity
cannot change with
temperature
•Represented by the
horizontal axis of the
chart.
Properties of Air
Properties of Air

Three air
Th i conditions
diti
:
• Vertical - dry
y bulb
temperature
•Horizontal -
Humidity ratio
•Diagonally curved -
Relative humidity
Determining Wet Bulb Lines
Determining Wet‐Bulb Lines

•The wet-bulb
temperature lines start
at the saturation curve
point A and A’.
•Heating the air shifts
the condition to point B.
•Point B to point on
saturation curve B’
determines wet bulb
curve.
•Numerous wb readings
result in different wet
bulb temperature lines.
Specific Volume
Specific Volume

•Specific volume is
defined as the
volume of one
pound of dry air at
a specific
temperature and
pressure.
Effect of Adding Sensible Heat
Effect of Adding Sensible Heat

•Adding only sensible

heat shifts air
condition on the chart
to the right (since, no
change in moisture
content).
Effect of Removing Sensible Heat
ff f i ibl

•Removing only
sensible heat shifts
air condition on the
chart to the left
•No change in
moisture content.
Effect of Adding Moisture

•Adding
Adding only moisture
(i.e latent heat) shifts
air condition on the
chart upwards
p
•No change in db
temperature.
Effect of Removing Moisture
ff f i i

•Removing only
moisture (i.e. latent
heat) shifts air
condition on the chart
downwards
•No change in db
temperature.
temperature
R
Removing Sensible Heat and
i S ibl H t d MoistureM it

•Summary
Summary of
changes to air
condition on
adding and
removing
sensible heat or
moisture.
R
Removing Sensible Heat and
i S ibl H t d MoistureM it

•In actual practice both the

dry-bulb temperature and
moisture content of the air
generally change
simultaneously. The resulting
air conditions move at some
angle,
l depending
d di upon the
th
proportions of sensible and
latent heat added or removed.
•To
To provide summer comfort,
comfort
air is cooled and
dehumidified, moving the air
condition downward and to
the left.
Effect of Removing Sensible Heat

•Lower the dry

bulb
temperature
only.
•Therefore,
humidityy ratio
is constant.
Effect of Removing Latent Heat

•Lowers the
moisture
content only.
•Humidity
Humidity ratio is
lowered.
Removing Sensible and Latent Heat

•Lowers dry bulb

temperature and
moisture content
depending on
proportion of
sensible and latent
heat removed.
Heat and Moisture Transfer
Heat and Moisture Transfer

•The amount of heat and

moisture absorbed by the
supply air depends on the
temperature and humidity
of the supply air.
•Therefore, the excess
•Therefore
sensible and latent heat in
the room determine the
required dry-bulb and
wet-bulb temperatures of
that supply air.
Removing Sensible and Latent Heat

•Too much sensible

heat (left) and less
latent heat removed
(up) implies cooler
and damper room.
•Too much latent
heat (down) and
less sensible heat
removed (right)
implies warmer and
drier room.
H tG i
Heat Gain

•Analogy
Analogy of maintaining a constant
temperature within a room by supply
air with that of a container of water.
•For a given water temperature
(supply air) there is a certain flow rate
measured in gpm (cfm), that will
offset the heat gain and maintain the
desired temperature in the container
(room).
•If
If the water (supply air) is warm,
warm a
higher flow rate is required than if the
water (supply air) is very cold.
Determining Entering Air Conditions
g g

•The air entering

the cooling coil
may be 100%
recirculated (A),
100% outdoor
(B), or a mixture
of the two (C).
D
Determining Entering Air Conditions
i i E i Ai C di i

•If outdoor air B is

mixed with
recirculated air A, the
conditions of the
resulting mixture are
on a straight line
connecting the two
points.
•Mixture conditions
will lie closer on the
line to the higher
proportion air
mixture component.
Determining Entering Air Conditions

•In
In the example
25% of outdoor
air is in the
mixture.
 Determining Entering Air Conditions

•Dry
Dry bulb temperature of mixture is determined by multiplying
the dry-bulb temperature of each air condition by its
percentage and summing the results.
Determining Entering Air Conditions

•Because the
recirculated air
quantity constitutes a
larger percentage
(75%)
of the mixture, the
mixed-air condition (C)
is much nearer to the
indoor design
condition (A) than to
the outdoor design
condition (B).
Sensible Heat Ratio (SHR)
Sensible Heat Ratio Scale
•A scale around the
right and top edges of
th chart
the h t gives
i the
th
SHR values.
•There is an index
point in the middle of
the chart at the 78OF
DB and 65OF WB
condition.
•A sensible heat ratio
line can be drawn byy
aligning the
appropriate SHR value
on the scale with the
index point.
Drawing an SHR Line

•The SHR line is

found by aligning
the index point
with the sensible
heat ratio
marking g
(e.g. 0.8) on the
sensible-heat-
ratio
scale and
drawing a
line from the
index
inde
point to the
saturation curve.
SHR Dictates Supply Air Condition

•Any
Any supply
air condition
on the SHR
line will
maintain
desired room
conditions.
Drawing an SHR Line

•For room conditions

other
than that at index point :
SHR line drawn through
SHR value calculated and
index point.
p
•A parallel line drawn to
this line crossing the
desired room condition
(B) and saturation line.
• Supply air at C&D will
maintain conditions B.
B
 •Coil Curves represent the
changes in dry- bulb and wet-
bulb temperatures as air passes
Coil Curves through a “typical” cooling coil.
•They
They depict approximate coil
performance.
•These curves were established
from
hundreds of laboratory tests of
various
coil geometries at different air
and
coolant temperatures.
•Coil
Coil curves used to determine
leaving-coil conditions and
postpone coil selection until the
final design
design.
Determining Supply Airflow
Determining supply Airflow
Determining Supply Airflow
i i l i fl

•Point: A - Indoor
conditions
•Point: B - Outdoor
conditions
•Point: C - Mixture
conditions SHR
line
established
Determining Supply Airflow

•Using the curvature

of nearest coil line
as a guide, a curve
is
drawn from the
mixed-air condition
C until it intersects
the SHR line.
line
•Point of intersects
D represents supply
air condition.
Determining Supply Airflow

•1.085 is not a
constant! It is the
product of
density, the
specific heat of
air and the
conversion factor
of 60 minutes per
hour.
•1.085 should be
changed at other
conditions and
elevations.
Determining Supply Airflow
Determining Supply Airflow

•Point: A -
Recirculated air
•Point: B - Outside air
•Point:
Point: C - Mixture
•Point: D - Desired air
condition by the
cooling coil.
coil
 What is Enthalpy….?

The Total Heat energy in One Pound of Air 
gy
(BTU/lb) at its present condition

Enthalpy (h) = Sensible Heat + Latent Heat 
Determining Tons of Refrigeration

•There are two enthalpy scales

on either side of chart.
•Enthalpy at any point on chart
found by lining up this point
with two identical points on
both enthalpy scales. Entering
coil air / Mixed air (C) enthalpy
= 32.7 Btu/Lb.

Coil leaving air / Supply air (D)

enthalpy = 23.3 Btu/Lb.
Determining Tons of Refrigeration
Determining Tons of Refrigeration

•4.5 is not a constant!

It is the product of
density of air and the
conversion factor of
60 minutes per hour.
•4.5
•4 5 to be changed at
other air condition
and elevation.
Sensible and Latent Coil Loads

•Draw right
triangle through
coil entering (C)
and coil leaving (B)
temperatures.
p
•Vertical leg of
triangle = latent
load.
load
•Horizontal leg of
triangle = sensible
l d
load.
Sensible and Latent Coil Loads
Determining Tons of Refrigeration

•There are two enthalpy scales

on either side of chart.
•Enthalpy at any point on chart
found by lining up this point
with two identical points on
both enthalpy scales. Entering
coil air / Mixed air (C) enthalpy
= 32.7 Btu/Lb.

Coil leaving air / Supply air (D)

enthalpy = 23.3 Btu/Lb.
Determining Tons of Refrigeration
Determining Tons of Refrigeration

•4.5 is not a constant!

It is the product of
density of air and the
conversion factor of
60 minutes per hour.
•4.5
•4 5 to be changed at
other air condition
and elevation.
Sensible and Latent Coil Loads

•Draw right
triangle through
coil entering (C)
and coil leaving (B)
temperatures.
p
•Vertical leg of
triangle = latent
load.
load
•Horizontal leg of
triangle = sensible
l d
load.
Sensible and Latent Coil Loads
PSYCHROMETRIC ANALYSIS 
ANALYSIS
SHR at Full‐Load Conditions

•Sensible portion
of total heat gain
is
particularly
subject
bj t to
t change
h
throughout the
day, causing the
SHR radio of
sensible to total
heat gain to
change.
change
SHR Changes with Room Load

•Sensible
Sensible heat
gain varies by
(for
example) clouds
blocking the sun,
and room lights
being on or off.
•Latent heat
varies with room
occupancy.
p y
 SHR at Part_Load Conditions

•Design room conditions for part load SHR requires different

supply air condition.
SHR at Part‐Load Conditions

•Coil capacity throttled.

•SA
SA temperature raised
from D to D’
•New supply condition
cold
enough to absorb
sensible
heat gain but not dry
enough to absorb latent
load.
•Humidity
Humidity increases
increases.
Constant‐Volume System

•Constant quantity of
air.
i
•Responds to part
load conditions by
varying temperature.
•Good db
temperature control.
•Poor relative
humidity control.
Constant‐Volume with Reheat

•Reheat at
downstream of
AHU controlled
t ll d b
by
thermostat
sensing room db
temperature.
temperature
•Relative humidity
improved.
Effect of Adding Reheat
•Sensing the reduction in dry-bulb
temperature
p due to the lower sensible
heat
gain, the room thermostat assumes
control
of the reheat coil
coil.
•The cooling coil is controlled to provide
a
constant supply air temperature.
temperature
•The reheat coil is controlled to add just
enough heat to the supply air to offset
the
reduction in room sensible-heat gain.
•Supply air moves horizontally along a
constant humidity-radio
humidity radio line from D to E.
Effect of Adding Reheat
g
•Charging room
latent heat gain
latent heat gain
=> room
condition
diti on
appropriate SHR
line through E.
•Reheat Uses
more energy
than only
constant volume
system.
Mixed‐Air Bypass
yp

•Supply air passing

coil
varied by damper.
•Supply air
temperature
varied by
y air stream
mixture downstream of
AHU.
•Dampers
Dampers controlled by
db thermostat.
Effect of Mixed‐Air Bypass

•Coil “runs wild”

•Reduced airflow
cooled and
dehumidified more
at full load.
•Conditioned air
mixes with the
bypass air for
required supply air
condition.
condition
Effect of Mixed‐Air Bypass
yp
•Supply air suitable
to
absorb sensible heat
gain.
•Supply air unable to
absorb to latent heat
g
gain.
•Design port shifted
from A to A’
Variable‐Air‐Volume (VAV) System
•VAV system
responds to part-
part
load conditions by
supplying a
variable quantity
of constant-
temperature
p air.
•At full load
system
same as constant
volume system.
Calculating Part‐Load Airflow
g
•At part load, system responds
by reducing the quantity of
supply air supplied to the room
to match the reduced sensible
heat gain.
•In
I controlling
t lli room h humidity
idit
than the simple constant-
volume system, unable to
maintain the desired relative
humidity.
•Final room conditions
achieved
by it iteration.
End of Today s Session

THANK YOU
THANK YOU