Chapter 4

IP Addresses:
Classful Addressing

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 CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• CLASSFUL ADDRESSING
• OTHER ISSUES
• A SAMPLE INTERNET

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 4.1 Introduction
• An IP address is a 32-bit address that identifies a connection to
the Internet.
• The IP addresses are universally unique.
• The address space of IPv4 is 232 or 4,294,967,296.
• IP address is written as a Binary (hexadecimal) or a Dotted-
Decimal (w/out leading zeros) notation. See examples in the
textbook.

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 CLASSFUL
4.2 ADDRESSING

• The IP address space (all possible IP values) is

divided into five classes: A, B, C, D, and E.

1
2

1 1 1 1
4 8 16 16

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 Finding the class of an IP address
1st Byte
decimal
values

0 - 127

128-191

192-223

224-239

240-255

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 Example 5

How can we prove that we have

2,147,483,648 addresses in class A?
Solution

In class A, only 1 bit defines the class.

The remaining 31 bits are available
for the address. With 31 bits,
we can have 231 or 2,147,483,648 addresses.
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 Example 6 (Continued)

Find the class of the address:

11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111

Solution

The first 2 bits are 1; the third bit is 0.

This is a class C address.

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 Example 7

Find the class of the address:

227.12.14.87

Solution

The first byte is 227 (between 224 and 239);

the class is D.

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 Example 7 (Continued)

Find the class of the address:

193.14.56.22

Solution

The first byte is 193 (between 192 and 223);

the class is C.

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 Netid and hostid

• Only classes A, B, and C addresses are subdivided.

• Exercise: How many different “Netid”s and “Host”s in each of
the classes A, B, C?
Netid’s Hostid’s
• 2^(8-1) = 128 • 2^24 = 16,777,216
• 2^(16-2) = 16,384 • 2^16 = 65,536
• 2^(24-3) = 2,097,152 • 2^8 = 256
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 Blocks in class A

Millions of class A addresses One Block (Netid 10) is for Private

are wasted. Addresses.
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 Blocks in class B

Many class B addresses

are wasted. 16 Blocks are reserved for Private
Addresses.
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 Blocks in class C

The number of addresses in

a class C block is smaller than 256 Blocks are reserved for
the needs of most organizations. Private Addresses.
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 Class D addresses (ONE block)
are used for multicasting;
Each address define one group. Each group member
has a multicast and a unicast IP address

Class E addresses (ONE block) are reserved for special

purposes (limited broadcast) ; most of the block is
wasted.

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 Network Addresses

1. The network address is the first address in

the block.
2. The network address defines the network to
the rest of the Internet.
3. Given the network address, we can find the
class of the address, the block, and the range
of the addresses in the block

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 Example 9

Given the network address 17.0.0.0, find the

class, the block, and the range of the
addresses.

Solution

The class is A because the first byte is between

0 and 127. The block has a netid of 17.
The addresses range from 17.0.0.0 to
17.255.255.255.
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 Example 10

Given the network address 132.21.0.0, find

the class, the block, and the range of the
addresses.

Solution

The class is B because the first byte is between

128 and 191. The block has a netid of
132.21. The addresses range from
132.21.0.0 to 132.21.255.255.
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 Example 11

Given the network address 220.34.76.0, find

the class, the block, and the range of the
addresses.

Solution

The class is C because the first byte is between

192 and 223. The block has a netid of 220.34.76.
The addresses range from 220.34.76.0
to 220.34.76.255.

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 IP address → Network Address

1. Find the class, then the Netid, then set Hostid = 0

Example: IP=134.45.78.2 is a class B (128-191) with
Netid=134.45, so its network address is 134.45.0.0

2. Use a Mask which is a 32-bit binary number that gives the

first address in the block (the network address) when bitwise
ANDed with an address in the block.

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 Default Masks

Class Mask in dotted-decimal

A 255.0.0.0

B 255.255.0.0

C 255.255.255.0

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 The network address is the
beginning address of each block.
It can be found by applying
the default mask to
any of the addresses in the block
(including itself).
It retains the netid of the block
and sets the hostid to zero.

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 Example 12

Given the address 23.56.7.91 and the default

class A mask, find the beginning address
(network address).

Solution

The default mask is 255.0.0.0, which means

that only the first byte is preserved
and the other 3 bytes are set to 0s.
The network address is 23.0.0.0.
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 Example 13

Given the address 132.6.17.85 and the

default class B mask, find the beginning
address (network address).

Solution

The default mask is 255.255.0.0, which means

that the first 2 bytes are preserved
and the other 2 bytes are set to 0s.
The network address is 132.6.0.0.
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 We must not
apply the default mask
of one class to
an address belonging
to another class.

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 • IP addresses are almost depleted even though
the number of devices on the Internet is much
less than 2^32.
• Remedies to this problem are discussed in
Chapter 5

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 4.13
OTHER
ISSUES

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 Multihomed devices

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 Special Addresses

1. Network Address
2. Direct Broadcast Address
3. Limited Broadcast Address
4. This Host on This Network
5. Specific Host on This Network
6. Loopback Address

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 Network addresses

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 Example of direct broadcast address

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 Example of limited broadcast address

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 Example of this host on this address

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 Example of specific host on this network

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 Example of loopback address

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 Private Addresses

A number of blocks in each class are assigned

for private use. They are not recognized
globally.

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 Unicast, Multicast, and
Broadcast Addresses
Unicast communication is one-to-one.

Multicast communication is one-to-many.

(Class D address defining the Groupid)

Broadcast communication is one-to-all.

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 4.4 A SAMPLE
INTERNET
WITH
CLASSFUL
ADDRESSES

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 Sample internet

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