Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences

Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
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Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences

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Original article
Experimental investigation of bond and tube thickness effect on the

flexural behavior of concrete-filled FPR tube under lateral cyclic loading
Ahmed M. Ali a, Daniel Robillard a, Radhouane Masmoudi a,⇑, Iqbal M. Khan b
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
b
Department of Civil Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: The effect of bond and tube thickness on the flexural behavior of concrete-filled fiber reinforced polymer
Received 4 May 2017 tube (CFFT) are investigated experimentally in this research. Two different kinds of tubes were used in
Accepted 26 September 2017 this research, pultruded tubes and filament winding tubes. Two full scale CFFT column specimens are
Available online xxxx
tested under lateral cyclic load only to study the effect of bond between the concrete core and the tube
internal surface under lateral cyclic load only. One of them was prepared with sand-coating on the inter-
Keywords: nal surface of the tube and the other specimen was kept without sand-coating. The CFFT columns were
Bond
embedded 500 mm into a rigid square reinforced concrete footing with 1200 mm side dimension and
Sand-coating
Flexural behavior
800 mm depth. The two specimens are pultruded FRP tubes having the same mechanical properties
Fiber-reinforced polymer and 305 mm exterior diameter. Another two full-scale CFFT columns were reinforced with steel rein-
Concrete-filled FRP tubes forcement and were fabricated with tube thicknesses of 4 mm and 8 mm. These two column were tested
Lateral cyclic to study the tube thickness effect. The columns were embedded 400 mm into rigid reinforced concrete
footings, which were anchored to the laboratory floor. The columns were loaded under a constant axial
load and lateral cyclic load. These two columns are filament winding FRP tubes were manufactured in the
Composite Material Reinforcement Laboratory of the Sherbrooke University with the same interior diam-
eter 324 mm and with two different thicknesses 4 mm and 8 mm. The results indicate a significant
improvement in the full composite action of CFFT in terms of flexural capacity and stiffness due to the
sand-coating. The increasing of the tube thickness delays the yielding of steel and increases the ultimate
flexural capacity of the CFFT.
Ó 2017 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1. Introduction provides more ductility for the CFFT structural members. CFFTs
have many structure field applications like marine piles, bridges
In the last two decades, researchers reported that concrete- girders and columns, poles, and overhead sign structures.
filled FRP tube (CFFT) members have a better performance than Extensive studies are conducted to investigate and evaluate the
reinforced concrete members in terms of strength, ductility, and flexural performance of CFFT structural members under different
durability in corrosive environments. The FRP tube provides a lon- types of loading, monotonic or cyclic loads with or without axial
gitudinal and transverse reinforcement, serve as a permanent loads. The full composite action between reinforcement and con-
lightweight formwork, and confine the concrete core which crete is one of the main assumptions of the flexural design of any
increases the compressive strength of the concrete core and reinforced concrete members. In case of CFFT the FRP tube is sur-
rounding the concrete core not embedded in the concrete as steel
⇑ Corresponding author. in reinforced concrete members and the smooth surface of the
E-mail addresses: Ahmed.Ali3@usherbrooke.ca (A.M. Ali), Daniel.Robillard2@ tubes makes the bond between the tube and concrete weaker. All
usherbrooke.ca (D. Robillard), Radhouane.Masmoudi@usherbrooke.ca flexural design equations for CFFT member presented by
(R. Masmoudi). ‘‘Abouzied and Masmoudi (2014, 2015, 2017)” for rectangular CFFT
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University. and ‘‘Mohamed and Masmoudi (2010)” and ‘‘Fam and Son (2008)”
for circular CFFT assume full composite action between the FRP
tube and the concrete core. The full composite action means linear
strain distribution over the cross section of the CFFT member. Fam
Production and hosting by Elsevier and Rizkalla (2002) concluded that the slip may adversely effect on
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2017.09.005
1018-3639/Ó 2017 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: Ali, A.M., et al. Experimental investigation of bond and tube thickness effect on the flexural behavior of concrete-filled
FPR tube under lateral cyclic loading. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2017.09.005
2 A.M. Ali et al. / Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
the composite action of the system unless special measures are Table 2
taken, such as roughening the inner surface of the tube. Belzer Phase II, GFRP tube properties.
et al. (2013) investigated the degree of composite action between Compression Long. Tension Trans. Tension
rectangular pultruded GFRP tube and concrete. Belzer reported fFRP EFRP fFRP EFRP fFRP EFRP
that, use of the epoxy for bonding the FRP tube and the concrete (MPa) (GPa) (MPa) (GPa) (MPa) (GPa)
together increases the flexural capacity and stiffness by significant GFRP Tube 65 13.5 15.5 6.56 505 16.00
percentages. Based on the results of strength, stiffness, slippage
between the FRP tube and concrete and the neutral axis location,
the authors reported that the fully bonded and partially bonded
achieve acceptable composite action performance more than the
sizes 10 M and 22 M were used for the reinforced concrete footings
other beam configurations.
with a modulus of elasticity 200 GPa and yielding tensile strength
Ozbakkaloglu et Saatcioglu (2004, 2006, 2007), Shao et
430 MPa. Ready-mixed normal strength concrete with target com-
Mirmiran (2005), Idris et Ozbakkaloglu (2013) and Ozbakkaloglu
pressive strength of 32 MPa was used.
et Idris (2014) investigated the cyclic behavior of CFFT columns
and investigated also the affected parameters on the cyclic behav-
ior of CFFT columns. According to the previous research, CFFT col- 4. Test specimens
umns have a significant high resistance to seismic loads which
leads to use CFFT as a seismic force resistance system (SFRS) and In Phase I, Two full-scale circular pultruded tube have 305 mm
to be considered in the seismic design codes. external diameter and 12.7 mm wall thickness filled with normal
This paper presents an experimental investigation to evaluate weight concrete. The tubes have 2700 mm total length (2200 mm
the effect of the bond between concrete core and the fiber- clear height above the footing top face and 500 mm embedded into
reinforced polymer (FRP) tubes on the flexural behavior of circular the footing. The shear span from the face of the footing to the load
pultruded CFFT. Sand-coating was used as a bond enhancer point is 1930 mm. The footing was designed with 1.2 m 1.2 m
between the interior surface of the tubes and the concrete core. and 0.8 m depth to give a sufficient depth under the tube embed-
In addition to the bond effect, this paper presents the effect of ded into the footing. One of them was fabricated with sand-coating
the tube wall thickness on the flexural behavior of circular filament (C12S) and the other one was kept without sand-coating (C12). The
winding CFFT. embedded part of the two columns have sand-coating on the exte-
rior tube surface to improve the bond between the CFFT column
and the footing. The sand coating was fabricated by using paint
2. Experimental program
rollers to apply the epoxy resin to the interior surface of the tube.
The epoxy layer was covered with coarse sand particles. The bot-
The experimental program consisted of two phases. In phase I,
tom end of the tubes was closed by a wooden plate to give the
two full scale circular pultruded CFFTs columns were tested under
specimens the advantage of precast elements. Embedded strain
lateral cyclic load only, one column was prepared with sand-
gauges were attached to the steel holder, which was fixed in the
coating and the other one was kept without sand-coating. In phase
wood end-plate. Fig. 1 shows the preparation process of the col-
II, two full scale circular filament winding CFFT with 4 mm and 8
umns. The footing reinforcing cages were assembled and placed
mm thickness were tested under lateral cyclic load with constant
in the formwork. After placing the reinforcing cages, the tube
axial load.
was embedded into the formwork to the required embedment
length as shown in Fig. 2.
3. Materials properties In Phase II, Two full-scale circular filament winding tube have
324 mm internal diameter were filled with concrete. The speci-
In phase I, Circular glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) pul- mens have 2600 mm total length (2200 mm clear height above
truded tube manufactured by the Creative Pultrusions Company the footing top face and 400 mm embedded into the footing. The
was used. Table 1 shows the mechanical properties of the GFRP shear span from the face of the footing to the load point is
tubes provided by the manufacturer. Steel reinforcing bars of sizes 2045 mm. The footing was designed with 1.2 m 1.2 m and
10 M and 15 M were used for the reinforced concrete footings with 0.6 m depth to resist the loads which transfer from the column
a modulus of elasticity 200 GPa and yielding tensile strength to the footing. One specimen was manufactured with 4 mm tube
420 MPa. Ready-mixed normal strength concrete with target com-
pressive strength of 35 MPa was used.
In phase II, Circular glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) fila-
ment winding tube manufactured in the Composite Material Rein-
forcement Laboratory of the Sherbrooke University with stacking
sequences of (90/±65/90) and (90/±65/90)2 giving an approximate
tube thickness of 4 and 8 mm, respectively. The mechanical prop-
erties of the GFRP tubes shown in Table 2. Steel reinforcing bars of
Table 1
Phase I, Material Mechanical Properties of GFRP Tubes.*
Category ASTM standard

Average Flexural Strength 480 MPa D6109
Average Axial Compression Strength 480 MPa –
Average Modulus of Elasticity 40.7 GPa D6109 Fig. 1. Phase I, Specimen preparation, (a): Applying the epoxy resin using paint
Bending Stiffness (EI) 5.17E + 11 kg.mm2 D6109 rollers. (b): Specimen after sand-coating process. (c): Establish of the steel holder
Average Moment Capacity 392 kN.m D6109 with the embedded strain gauges and wood end-plate. (d): inserting of the steel
holder inside the tube and the strain gauges aligned with north and south of the
*
Provided by the manufacturer. specimen. (e): specimen after closing the bottom end.
A.M. Ali et al. / Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (2017) xxx–xxx 3
Fig. 2. Phase I, Footing reinforcement.

Fig. 4. Phase I, Column head details.
wall thickness (S0PS2V4: S0 means no stirrups, PS2: means 2% of

steel reinforcement ratio and V4: means 4 mm thickness of the surface of the tube were measured at different heights, 50, 152.5,
FRP Tube) and the other was manufactured with 8 mm tube wall 305, 457.5, 610, and 762.5 mm above the footing surface level
thickness (S0PS2V8: S0 means no stirrups, PS2: means 2% of steel using electrical strain gauges. Embedded concrete strain gauges
reinforcement ratio and V8: means 8 mm thickness of the FRP were installed inside the columns before casting of concrete at
Tube). Also one conventional RC column S75PS2V0 is tested for heights, 152.5, 457.5, and 762.5 mm above the footing surface level
comparison purposes (S75PS2V0: S75, means steel stirrups at and were positioned at 30 mm measured from the interior tube
75 mm spacing, PS2: means 2% of steel reinforcement ratio and wall in the loading directions. The axial electric strain gauges were
V0: means without FRP Tube). distributed on the tube surface at the maximum compression, ten-
sion, and corresponding to the embedded concrete strain gauges to
be able to the draw the strain profile of the cross section of the tube
5. Test setup and instrumentations and compare it with the concrete strains. Two LVDTs were used to
measure the slippage between the tube and the footing surface.
Phase I, the test setup was designed to resist the maximum lat- Two metal rings were installed at 100 mm and 710 mm from the
eral load capacity of the 500 kN which equal to the capacity of the footing surface level, having two potentiometers to measure the
hydraulic actuator. Two rigid frames connected together by two rotation at the plastic hinge zone. Another two potentiometers
rectangular steel beams which used to provide a lateral guide sys- were used at the top of the column to measure any slippage hap-
tem to prevent any out-off plan movement of the columns. The pen between the tube and the concrete core. Fig. 5 illustrates the
steel frame, which connected to the actuator has 4 struts/ties to instrumentation distribution cross the specimens.
reduce any deflection or movement of the frame. The footings were Phase II, A 250 kN hydraulic actuator connected to a rigid reac-
anchored to the laboratory floor using four dywidag high strength tion shear wall was used to apply the lateral cyclic load. Two dywi-
bars at the corners of the footing. Each dywidag bar was stretched dag high strength bars were used to apply 145 kN axial load per bar
by 400 kN tension force to resist the overturning of the footing. using Enerpac load-cells to control the axial load level. The dywi-
Fig. 3 describes the test setup details. Steel column head was used dag bars connected to the footing with a hinge connection which
to connect the actuator to the columns. The steel head has four mean that the dywidag bars don’t resist the lateral movement
rigid plastic cylinders covered by lubricating grease to reduce the and rotation of the column as shown in Fig. 6. Electric strain gauges
friction between the cylinders and the lateral guide beams as bonded to the reinforcing steel bars and the tube surface were used
shown in Fig. 4. Six potentiometer were used to measure the lateral to monitor the steel strains during the tests and determine the
displacement of the specimen at different heights, 120, 350, 500, yielding strain of the steel rebar. These strain gauges distributed
800, and 1930 mm above the footing surface level, the remaining from 200 mm below the footing surface level to 600 mm above
potentiometer was connected to the footing to measure any move- the footing surface level. The rotation of the plastic hinge zone
ment happen to the footing. The axial and the hoop strains on the was measured using 4 potentiometers on two metal rings at 50,
500 mm above the footing surface level. The slippage between
the tube and the footing was measured using 4 LVDTs. Four poten-
tiometers were used at heights, 125, 225, 325, 425 mm from the
footing surface level to measure the displacement in the plastic
hinge. One potentiometer was placed at 2045 mm above the top
face of the footing, at the same elevation of the lateral force, which
was applied by the hydraulic actuator. Fig. 7 shows the instrumen-
tation details for phase II.
6. Test procedure
Phase I, The specimens were tested under cyclic lateral load

using a 500 kN capacity hydraulic actuator as shown in Fig. 3.
The two specimens were tested under lateral cyclic load only
because it is the worthiest loading case to study the bond effect .
The cyclic lateral load was applied by displacement control up to
Fig. 3. Phase I, Test setup details. the failure of the specimen using a displacement rate of 0.4 mm/s.
Fig. 5. Phase I, Layout of the specimen instrumentation.
Fig. 7. Phase II, Instrumentation in the plastic hinge of the column.
specimen. Fig. 8 shows the loading regime as a relationship

between the drift percentage and the number of cycles.
Phase II, The first cycle of loading consist of applying 75% of the
expected yield load. The second cycle is to apply the load until the
steel rebar reach their yielding point. The subsequent cycles are
repeated twice with a maximum displacement of 1.5, 2, 3. . . etc.
times the yield displacement up to failure.
7. Test results
The experimental results and observations of the two phases

are presented in the following section. The flexural strength, failure
mode, cracking moment, and the hysteretic response curves are
presented to illustrate the effect of the bond and tube thickness
on the flexural behavior of circular CFFT columns.
Fig. 6. Phase II, Details of specimen. 7.1. Phase I: Experimental observation and failure mode
The specimens fail in flexural mode at the same loading side

Two complete cycles at the same amplitude were applied. The and with the same manner ‘‘compression failure mode”. The failure
loading increment was 0.25% drift to reach 1% total drift after that happened on the tube surface above the footing level due to
the drift increment increased to be 1% up to the failure of buckling of the tube wall which accrued due to the excessive
Fig. 8. Phase I, Schematic descriptions of cyclic loading regime.
Fig. 10. Specimens failure modes.
Fig. 9. Specimens at maximum deflection.
compression force in the compression side of the column at the

failure level. The column with sand-coating ‘‘C12S” fail at 255 kN
lateral force and 168 mm lateral top displacement (8.7% drift).
The other column without sand-coating ‘‘C12” fail at 206 kN lateral
force and 169 mm lateral top displacement (8.75%). The specimens
C12S and C12 achieved approximately the same drift ratio at the
failure level with different in the capacity about 24% higher for
C12S. Fig. 9 shows the deformation of the specimens before failure.
A vertical rupture in the compression tube wall surface happened
before the buckling of the tube wall as shown in Fig. 10 (a), (b),
and (c). An explosion sound was heard at the failure of the two
specimens, failure sound of ‘‘C12” was higher than ‘‘C12S” failure
sound. Fine radial cracks were observed in the footing top surface
as shown in Fig. 10(d), and (e) started at 4% drift ratio. After the
buckling of ‘‘C12S” column the test did not stop and the loading
cycle completed to 180 mm lateral displacement then the loading
direction was reversed in the other direction regarding to the load-
ing regime. The rupture of the tube surface which suffer from
buckling was accrued due to the exposing of the surface to tension
as shown in Fig. 10(f).
7.2. Phase I: Hysteretic behavior
The experimental results of the lateral load-lateral displace-

ment curves of the both columns are shown in Fig. 11, column
‘‘C12” fail in the first cycle of 200 mm amplitude at 169 mm lateral
top displacement and 205 kN lateral force although the column
completed the previous two cycles with +180 and two cycles with
180 mm amplitude. The recorded lateral loads in the first and the Fig. 11. Phase I, Experimental Hysteretic lateral load-lateral displacement
second cycles of +180, and 180 mm amplitudes were 224 kN, relationship.
Fig. 13. Phase I, Average columns stiffness (pulling and pushing) -lateral displace-
ment relationship.
Fig. 12. Phase I, Experimental Envelope lateral load-lateral displacement
relationship.
the relation between the stiffness of the columns ‘‘pulling and push-
ing” and the average measured lateral displacement. The columns
215 kN, 227 kN, and 216 kN respectively. Column ‘‘C12S” fail in
started approximately with the same stiffness, then the stiffness
the first cycle of 180 mm amplitude at 168 mm and lateral force
of the ‘‘C12” decreased more than ‘‘C12S” with the increasing of
255 kN although the column achieved 272 kN in the cycle with
the lateral displacement. Sand-coating increases the stiffness of
160 mm amplitude and 250 kN in the cycle with +160 amplitude.
the column, which mean decreases of deformation as shown in
The degradation of the stiffness of the column ‘‘C12” due to the sec-
Fig. 13.
ond cycles is observed significantly more than the stiffness degra-
dation of ‘‘C12S” as shown in Figs. 11 and 12. The residual or
permanent displacement in the column ‘‘C12” is higher than 7.4. Phase I: Slippage between the tube, footing, and concrete core
‘‘C12S” as shown in Fig. 11. No yielding plateau happened in the
two columns. Fig. 12 shows envelop lateral load- lateral displace- CFFTs (without internal reinforcement) are carried out exces-
ment curves for the two CFFT columns. The column ‘‘C12” fails at sive slip may occur between the concrete core and FRP tube
moment capacity equal 397.6 kN.m, it is approximately the same ‘‘Fam and Rizkalla, 2002”. No slippage happened between the tube
as the average moment capacity of the empty tube (without con- and the concrete core in ‘‘C12S” on the other hand 6 mm slippage
crete), which was provided by the manufacturer in Table 1 measured between the tube and the concrete core in ‘‘C12” as
(392 kN.m) as shown in Fig. 12. The advantage of increasing the shown in Fig. 14 that means, sand-coating improves bond between
flexural capacity by filling the FRP tube with concrete will not be the concrete core and the interior surface of the tube. The slippage
available if there is no bond between the FRP tube and the con- between the footing and the tube started early at 0.5% drift ratio
crete. The difference between the two columns was the sand- and increased gradually till reach 8 mm slippage for ‘‘C12” and
coating so that, sand-coating leads to increase the flexural capacity 8.8 mm slippage for ‘‘C12S” at the failure as shown in Fig. 15.
and decrease the stiffness degradation and the permanent dis-
placement of the CFFT column. 7.5. Phase I: Effect of sand-coating on the composite action of the
column section
7.3. Phase I: CFFT measured column stiffness
The strains on the tube surface were measured, and used to
The lateral deflection of any structural member consisted of draw strain distribution cross the section of the column. The max-
bending deformation and shear deformation. In case of cantilever imum and minimum strains measured in the tube surface at the
columns, it was found that, the value of the shear deformation section above the footing level were 0.155 and 0.09, respectively.
was very small if it compared with the bending deformation, so The concrete strains were measured by the embedded strain
that the lateral deformation of cantilever columns equal to the gauges and compared with the results of the vertical electric strain
bending deformation and neglect the shear deformation. The can- gauges in the tube surface, which were placed at the same level
tilever column bending deformation depends on the applied load and position. The comparison between the envelope concrete
value and structural bending stiffness of the element. According strains and the envelope tube strains shown in Fig. 16 which,
to the basics of the structure analysis, the bending stiffness of shows comparison between the tube strain of column C12 and
the cantilever calculated from Eq. (1). C12S also. The identification of the curves on Fig. 16 depends on
K ¼ ð3EIÞ=ðL3 Þ ¼ P=D ð1Þ
where ‘‘K” is the cantilever stiffness, ‘‘E” is the young’s modulus of

the composite section, ‘‘I” is the moment of inertia of the hybrid
section, ‘‘L” is the shear span of the cantilever, ‘‘P” is the applied lat-
eral load, and ‘‘D” is the lateral displacement at the loading point.
‘‘I” depends on many parameters like the cracking of the section
and the composite action between the tube and the concrete core.
The value of ‘‘K” can be extracted from the experimental measured
results of the lateral displacement as shown in Eq. (1). Fig. 13 shows Fig. 14. Phase I, Slippage between the tube and the concrete core.
strain curve seems to be linear in the column ‘‘C12S” and nonlinear

in column ‘‘C12”. The tube and concrete tension strains are not
compatible because of the small tension strength of concrete and
the crack propagation on the concrete due to tension. Sand-
coating improves the bond between the tube and the concrete core
and achieved the full composite action it is clear in Fig. 16.
7.6. Phase II: Experimental results and observations
Figs. 17(a), (b) and (c) show the lateral load-lateral displace-
ment curves for the three specimens, S75PS2V0, S0PS2V4, and
S0PS2V8, respectively. The control column (S75PS2V0) is consid-
ered failed after it had lost more than 20% of its maximum applied
load. Rupture of the column was due to the excessive crushing of
the concrete in the plastic hinge. The maximum applied load was
48.4 kN at 2.10% drift in the positive direction and 55.1 kN at
2.09% drift in the negative direction. For the specimens S0PS2V4
Fig. 15. Phase I, Slippage between the tube and the footing. and S0PS2V8, the failure occurred in the negative direction where
20% loss of the maximum load has been reached. Rupture of the
GFRP tube happened in both columns ‘‘S0PS2V4 and S0PS2V8” at
the column (C12 or C12S), ‘‘T” is used for tube strain, ‘‘C” is used for lateral displacement equal to ‘‘3Dy” and ‘‘5Dy”, then continued to
the concrete strain, and the number refers to the strain location complete rupture at ‘‘5Dy” at ‘‘7Dy” respectively, where ‘‘3Dy” lat-
height measured above the footing level (0.5D, 1.5D, and 2.5D), eral displacement equal to three times the corresponding yield dis-
where ‘‘D = 305 mm” is the tube diameter. The curves illustrate placement . The test was continued after the tube rupture until
that, the strains of the tube ‘‘C12” and ‘‘C12S” are closed together tearing up of one of the steel rebar of specimen ‘‘S0PS2V4” at
and have the same manner. The compression tube strains of the ‘‘10Dy”. Failure of one of the Dywidag bars happened in column
two specimens at the failure are approximately equal in the three ‘‘S0PS2V8” at lateral displacement equal to ‘‘8Dy” which caused a
heights as shown in Fig. 16, which prove that, the two tubes partial damage in the column head and stopping of the test. Local
reached the maximum compression strain at the failure then the buckling of the GFRP tube was observed in column‘‘S0PS2V4” at
buckling of the tube wall happened. The concrete and tube com- lateral displacement equal to ‘‘9Dy” at 125 mm above the footing
pression strains curves of the column ‘‘C12S” are identical in the level. The maximum applied loads on ‘‘S0PS2V4 and S0PS2V8”
three heights. On the other hand in column ‘‘C12”, there is signifi- were 68.0 kN and 82.4 kN at 8.94% and 5.61% drift ratios in the pos-
cant variation in the strains especially at the heights ‘‘0.5D” and itive direction and 70.0 kN and 77.3 kN at 10.24% and 4.52% drift
‘‘2.5D”. In the tension strain zone, the behavior of the concrete ratios in the negative direction respectively. The maximum drift
Fig. 16. Phase I, Lateral load–strain envelope curves.
Fig. 17a. Control Specimen S75PS2V0, Load displacement curve, (Up) West side, (Down) East side.
Fig. 17b. CFFT Specimen S0PS2V4, Load displacement curve, (Up) West side, and (Down) East side.
Fig. 17c. S0PS2V8, Load displacement curve, (Up) West side, (Down) East side.
ratios achieved by the columns ‘‘S0PS2V4 and S0PS2V8” were the CFFT columns with the control column, we obtain for S0PS2V4
11.16% and 10.02% in the positive direction and 11.38% and & V8 respectively, 44% and 46% more first cracking moments; 26%
10.33% in the negative direction respectively. Fig. 18 shows the and 41% for yielding moments, and 21% and 45% for the ultimate
damage in the concrete core after removing the GFRP tube. Table 3 flexural moments. The ductility of CFFT columns are also better
presents a summary of the test results of the three specimens. than typical RC column with the CFFT specimen reaching 11.38%
and 10.33% compared to 8.47% for the control. The drift ratio of
the thicker tube is supposed equal or higher to the one thinner.
7.7. Phase II: Effect of tube thickness on the column flexural behavior
Thus the CFFT columns drift ratio are 34% higher than the control
column. This difference is explained by the failure mode, which
The strength of the CFFT columns is by far stronger than the
is from the rupture of the longitudinal steel reinforcement
typical RC column as shown by the above results. When comparing
columns can be cost effective. Increasing the tube thickness from

4 mm in column S0PS2V4 to 8 mm in column S0PS2V8 leads to
increase the flexural capacity by 17.7% as shown in Fig. 19 which
presents a comparison between the envelope load-drift curves of
the three columns. The yielding point of column S0PS2V8 is higher
than the S0PS2V4 by 10%. The thicker tube (S0PS2V8) enables the
column to reach a higher lateral loading in addition to prevent the
local buckling of the FRP tube in compression. The complete failure
of the FRP in the longitudinal direction happens later with speci-
men S0PS2V8 at a drift ratio of 5.61% versus 3.37% with the thinner
tube (S0PS2V4). The enhancing in the capacity (strength) and duc-
tility of the column improve the amount of energy dissipated by
the column during the earthquake. Presence of the steel rebar pro-
vide high ductility, it’s clear in yielding plateau in Fig. 19.
8. Conclusion
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the sand-

coating bond performance and the tube thickness on the CFFT cyc-
lic and flexural behaviors. Four full-scale CFFT columns connected
to rigid reinforced concrete footing were tested under lateral cyclic
load. The experimental results were discussed and compared
together. The following conclusions can be drawn from this study:
Fig. 18. Phase II, Damage of the concrete core after removing the GFRP tube.
1- The presence of sand-coating provides full composite action
Table 3 between the interior surface of the tube and the concrete
Phase II, Results summary. core, which increases the column flexural capacity by 24%,
Mcr (kNm) My (kNm) Mult (kNm) Max Drift (%)
approximately.
2- The ultimate flexural capacity of the un-bonded CFFT section
S75PS2V0 26.58 80.54 112.62 8.47
is approximately equal to the moment capacity of the empty
S0PS2V4 40.09 106.55 143.17 11.38
S0PS2V8 40.09 117.56 168.53 10.33 FRP tube, so that the bond between the tube and the con-
crete has a significant effect on the flexural capacity of the
unreinforced CFFT sections.
3- Sand-coating can be used to prevent the slippage between
compared to the crushing of concrete for the RC column. This the concrete core and the FRP tube in the unreinforced CFFT
behavior explains the absence of notable loss in strength under structural members.
high displacement compared to the RC column, where we can 4- The stiffness degradation of the sand-coated specimen can
see a notable reduction in strength. These great gains in strength be neglected compared to un-bonded specimen.
and ductility enhance the quantity of energy ready to be dissipated 5- Bond between the concrete core and the FRP tube should be
during an earthquake giving higher structural response to seismic taken as an important parameter in the CFFT flexural design
loads. The durability of concrete structure is directly dependant on and shall be taken into account in the design equations.
the presence of cracks, which gives the opportunity for water to 6- For Phase II. CFFT columns enhanced the ultimate strength
infiltrate. Concrete cracks appear due to shrinkage and loading, and maximum drift ratio compared to typical RC column.
which appear as soon as Mcr is reached. As for the CFFT column, They also present little loss of strength and reduced damage
the concrete is protected till the FRP starts failing in the longitudi- at high displacement. Moreover, they change the failure
nal direction. In the specimen S0PS2V4 & V8 the tube stops mode to rupture of the longitudinal steel reinforcement
protecting the concrete at 3.36% drift (3Dy) and 5.61% (5Dy) instead of crushing of the concrete core, which leads to the
respectively. The FRP Tubes protect the concrete against aggressive buckling of the steel rebar. Increasing the FRP tube thickness
environments even after low to moderate earthquakes. Thus, CFFT by 100% increases the CFFT column capacity by 17.7%. It
increases also the column stiffness and delay the yielding
Load-Dri envelope curve of the steel reinforcement by 10%.
100
Applied load (kN)
50 Acknowledgements
The reported research in this paper is sponsored by the Natural

0 Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC).
SS75PS2V0 Special thanks to the manufacturer (Creative Pultrusions, PA,
USA) for providing FRP tubes.
-50 SS0PS2V4
SS0PS2V8
-100
References
-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12
Drri (%) Abouzied, A., Masmoudi, R., 2014, Flexural behavior of new partially concrete-filled
filament-wound rectangular FRP tube beams. In: 4th International Structural
Fig. 19. Phase II, Experimental Envelope lateral load-drift relationship. Specialty Conference (CSCE 2014), Halifax, NS, Canada, CST-171:1–10.
Abouzied, A., Masmoudi, R., 2015. Structural performance of new fully and partially Mohamed, Hamdy M., Masmoudi, Radhouane., 2010. Flexural strength and behavior
concrete-filled rectangular FRP-tube beams. Elsevier, Eng. Struct. J 101, 652– of steel and FRP-reinforced concrete-filled FRP tube beams. Elsevier, Eng. Struct.
660. J. 32, 3789–3800.
Abouzied, A., Masmoudi, R., 2017. Flexural behavior of rectangular FRP-tubes filled Ozbakkaloglu, T., Idris, Y., 2014. Seismic Behavior of FRP-High-Strength Concrete-
with reinforced concrete: experimental and theoretical studies. Elsevier, Steel Double-Skin Tubular Columns. J. Struct. Eng. 140 (6), p. 04014019 (14 pp.).
Construct. Build. Mater. 133, 59–73. Ozbakkaloglu, T., Saatcioglu, M., 2004. ‘‘Seismic performance of High-Strength
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Fam, A., Rizkalla, S., 2002. Flexural Behavior of Concrete-Filled Fiber-Reinforced Ozbakkaloglu, T., Saatcioglu, M., 2006. Seismic behavior of high-strength concrete
Polymer Circular Tubes. J. Compos. Constr., 123–132 columns confined by fiber-reinforced polymer tubes. J. Compos. Constr. 10 (6),
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composite tubes in flexure: optimization of partial filling and a design method Ozbakkaloglu, T., Saatcioglu, M., 2007. Seismic performance of square high-strength
for poles. Elsevier, Eng. Struct. J. 30, 2667–2676. concrete columns in FRP stay-in-place formwork. J. Struct. Eng. 133 (1), 44–56.
Idris, Y., Ozbakkaloglu, T., 2013. Seismic behavior of high-strength concrete-filled Shao, Y., Mirmiran, A., 2005. Experimental investigation of cyclic behavior of
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Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences xxx (2017) xxx–xxx

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Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences

Experimental investigation of bond and tube thickness effect on the

Category ASTM standard

Fig. 2. Phase I, Footing reinforcement.

wall thickness (S0PS2V4: S0 means no stirrups, PS2: means 2% of

Phase I, The specimens were tested under cyclic lateral load

Fig. 5. Phase I, Layout of the specimen instrumentation.

Fig. 7. Phase II, Instrumentation in the plastic hinge of the column.

specimen. Fig. 8 shows the loading regime as a relationship

The experimental results and observations of the two phases

The specimens fail in flexural mode at the same loading side

Fig. 8. Phase I, Schematic descriptions of cyclic loading regime.

Fig. 10. Specimens failure modes.

Fig. 9. Specimens at maximum deflection.

compression force in the compression side of the column at the

7.2. Phase I: Hysteretic behavior

The experimental results of the lateral load-lateral displace-

K ¼ ð3EIÞ=ðL3 Þ ¼ P=D ð1Þ

where ‘‘K” is the cantilever stiffness, ‘‘E” is the young’s modulus of

strain curve seems to be linear in the column ‘‘C12S” and nonlinear

7.6. Phase II: Experimental results and observations

Fig. 16. Phase I, Lateral load–strain envelope curves.

columns can be cost effective. Increasing the tube thickness from

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the sand-

The reported research in this paper is sponsored by the Natural

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